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1.
以天水市税湾地震黄土滑坡为例, 依据野外调查和室内测试结果, 总结天水地区历史地震黄土滑坡特点, 剖析地震黄土滑坡发生的力学机制, 初步提出历史地震黄土滑坡的识别标志。税湾滑坡及柳沟右岸滑坡群属典型的地震黄土滑坡, 具有规模大、滑动面切割深、滑坡坡度小、成群成带分布和高位下滑等特点, 可作为识别历史地震黄土滑坡的重要标志。税湾滑坡及柳沟右岸滑坡群坡体具有明显的黄土/泥岩二元斜坡结构, 极易沿黄土/泥岩接触面滑动。当坡体受到地震力作用时, 地震产生的循环动荷载一方面降低滑坡岩土体的抗剪强度, 另一方面改变滑坡体的力学状态, 坡体应力平衡遭到破坏, 地震力增加坡体下滑力、减小坡体抗滑力, 导致坡体失稳发生滑坡。目前, 税湾滑坡处于欠稳定状态, 遇地震或强降雨有可能再次失稳下滑, 因而有必要进一步开展地震黄土滑坡的成灾模式研究, 为潜在强震区防灾减灾提供科学依据。 相似文献
2.
该滑坡泥石流特征为,流域面积小,流程短,规模小,以坡面型为主,多由滑坡崩塌转化而来,发生频率低,突发性强,危害大。文章揭示在植被覆盖的花岗岩地区,持续强降雨引发群发性浅层土质滑坡,在斜坡微凹处或小沟谷,易转化成泥石流,形成灾害链。对该类型滑坡泥石流特征及成因进行分析,为福建省乃至全国同类型滑坡-泥石流的防治提供经验。 相似文献
3.
在甘肃天水地区每年由降雨诱发的黄土-泥岩滑坡灾害事故很多,给当地人民生命财产造成巨大损失。为探索该类斜坡的滑动破坏过程与机理,在野外地质调查、工程地质钻探及岩土体力学测试的基础上,通过室内大型物理模型实验,研究“上部黄土+下部泥岩”二元结构类型斜坡在强降雨作用下的动态变形演化过程,揭示该类斜坡的破坏机理和破坏模式。结果表明:强降雨作用下斜坡变形破坏以滑动破坏为主,水分的作用主要表现为增加土体自重、引起土体强度降低、降低结构面的抗滑力、产生孔隙水压力及降低有效应力等几个方面,斜坡的破坏模式则主要表现为坡肩侵蚀→微裂隙产生、发展、贯通→斜坡局部滑动破坏→斜坡整体滑动破坏。研究结果对天水地区该类滑坡的早期识别有重要的参考意义,可为该类滑坡的防灾减灾提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
Continuous 5-day (August 4–9, 2019) torrential rainfall in the monsoon season triggered more than 90 landslides on northwest-southeast extended mountain range of Mon State, Myanmar. In this study, remote sensing images, DEM, and limited fieldworks were used to create the landslide inventory. The topography features of these landslides are analyzed via ArcGIS. The largest one occurred on 9 August 2019 and caused 75 deaths and 27 buildings were damaged. This landslide occurred on gentle topography (slope angle, 23°) with long run-out, in which the angle of reach was relatively low (10°). The volume was 111,878 m3 was mainly composed of weathered granite and red soil and the sliding depth was approximately 7.5 m. Topographic characteristics including the relative slope height, angle of reach, and slope angle of source area of 35 landslides with areas?>?4000 m2 were analyzed. The spatial distribution characteristics and topographic features of the 35 landslides below are distinguished: (1) the concentration of most of landslides on southwest-facing slopes showing the heterogeneous spatial distribution of landslide; (2) an uncommon landslide distribution in which more than half of landslide originates from upper slope; (3) the range of the angle of the source area (17°–38°) compatible with the internal friction angle of soils in tropical regions (17°–33°); and (4) the tangent of the angle of reach is generally smaller than 0.5 (angle of reach?<?27°) shows a relative high mobility and the relation between landslide mobility and the slope angle of the landslide source area is similar to the one of earthquake-triggered landslides, even though the triggering mechanism, landslide type, and landslide volume are dramatically different.
相似文献5.
Identification of deformation and failure characteristics in cataclinal slopes using physical modeling 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This study investigates the deformation characteristics of cataclinal slopes in central Taiwan prior to landslide failure. Field surveys and physical model tests were performed to explain the gravitational deformation characteristics of cataclinal slopes under various conditions and to derive the deformation process and failure characteristics. The results show that the distribution of erosion gullies (different length of the slope mass), the extent of erosion (different thickness of the slope mass), the foliation dip angle, and the geological material critically affect the deformation of cataclinal slope masses in the study area. The results of physical model tests indicate that increasing the foliation dip angle, the thickness and the length of sliding mass, particle size (spacing between foliations) increases the depth of slope deformation. Foliation dip angle is the most critical factor that controls the deformation of slate slopes. When the cataclinal slopes reached maximum deformation, a shear failure and translational slide occurred within a short period. The deformation zone exhibited significant cracking at the scarp and the bulging of the slope toe, which facilitated the infiltration of surface water and groundwater, accelerating the deformation to failure. 相似文献
6.
Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau: an example of the 14 April 2010, Ms 7.1, Yushu, China earthquake 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
On 14 April 2010 at 07:49 (Beijing time), a catastrophic earthquake with Ms 7.1 struck Yushu County, Qinghai Province, China. A total of 2,036 landslides were interpreted from aerial photographs and satellite images, verified by selected field checking. These landslides cover about a total area of 1.194 km2. The characteristics and failure mechanisms of these landslides are presented in this paper. The spatial distribution of the landslides is evidently strongly controlled by the locations of the main co-seismic surface fault ruptures. The landslides commonly occurred close together. Most of the landslides are small; there were only 275 individual landslide (13.5 % of the total number) surface areas larger than 1,000 m2. The landslides are of various types. They are mainly shallow, disrupted landslides, but also include rock falls, deep-seated landslides, liquefaction-induced landslides, and compound landslides. Four types of factors are identified as contributing to failure along with the strong ground shaking: natural excavation of the toes of slopes, which mean erosion of the base of the slope, surface water infiltration into slopes, co-seismic fault slipping at landslide sites, and delayed occurrence of landslides due to snow melt or rainfall infiltration at sites where slopes were weakened by the co-seismic ground shaking. To analyze the spatial distribution of the landslides, the landslide area percentage (LAP) and landslide number density (LND) were compared with peak ground acceleration (PGA), distance from co-seismic main surface fault ruptures, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, and lithology. The results show landslide occurrence is strongly controlled by proximity to the main surface fault ruptures, with most landslides occurring within 2.5 km of such ruptures. There is no evident correlation between landslide occurrences and PGA. Both LAP and LND have strongly positive correlations with slope gradient, and additionally, sites at elevations between 3,800 and 4,000 m are relatively susceptible to landslide occurrence; as are slopes with northeast, east, and southeast slope aspects. Q4 al-pl, N, and T3 kn 1 have more concentrated landslide activity than others. This paper provides a detailed inventory map of landslides triggered by the 2010 Yushu earthquake for future seismic landslide hazard analysis and also provides a study case of characteristics, failure mechanisms, and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by slipping-fault generated earthquake on a plateau. 相似文献
7.
强震、极端气候条件和人类活动是滑坡发生的主要诱发因素。这些强扰动会使滑坡的物理参数和软弱结构面力学参数发生变化,从而影响滑坡的有效预警。在监测中如何直接有效分析滑坡在地震及降雨作用下力学参数的变化,是工程中亟需解决的一大难题。提出了地震等强扰动作用下一种新的识别滑坡安全指标的快速评价方法;运用激光测振技术,测定滑坡等不良地质体的自振频率;根据结构动力学理论,基于测得的自振频率,可定量反映出内部结构参数变化。根据简化的滑坡体模型,模拟滑坡在地震或强降雨等条件下潜在滑移面的抗滑应力损失。结果表明：由自振频率可以得到滑坡在受到较大扰动情况下的应力折减系数等监测指标;非接触式的快速监测能快速实现对滑坡体的评价。激光测振技术将会在防灾、减灾和抢险救灾等工程实际中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
8.
黄土高原滑坡灾害形成动力学机制 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
滑坡灾害是威胁黄土高原人民生命和财产安全、城镇与重大工程建设与运营的重大地质问题。针对黄土高原滑坡灾害形成的动力学机制问题,在大量的调查统计、试验与理论分析基础上,总结得出区域构造应力是黄土高原滑坡高发的主要驱动力,它是滑坡分区分带群发的控制因素,是黄土滑坡的"第一元凶";边坡构造应力既造就了结构面,又不断地改造和松动着结构面,持续地肢解着边坡的完整性,它是单体滑坡形成的主要驱动力,是黄土滑坡的"第二元凶";黄土是一种特殊的结构土,具有极强的水敏性,在土体应力驱动下极易灾变,黄土的这种易灾特性是土体灾变的内在原因,是黄土滑坡的"第三元凶";大量的滑坡发生都与水有关,地表水大量渗入黄土浅表部,会引起浅表崩塌和溜滑灾害,而当水沿着微、细、宏观优势通道进入黄土深部后,就可能引起深层滑坡,因此,动水渗透作用是黄土滑坡的"主凶";工程扰动既会改变边坡原有的应力状态,进而扩展和松动已有的结构面,现今,工程扰动已经成为一种诱发地质灾害的重要地质营力,是黄土滑坡的"帮凶"。 相似文献
9.
Shinro Abe Dinh Van Tien Do Ngoc Ha Takashi Hoshide Tadashi Nishitani Toyohiko Miyagi 《Landslides》2018,15(8):1675-1689
Many landslides occur every year during heavy rains at the Hai Van Pass and surrounding area in central Vietnam, where granitic rocks are distributed. As is common in granite areas, these landslides often occur as small-scale flow-type and slump-type landslides. However, several horseshoe-shaped loose slopes of widths and lengths of 500 to 800 m, which incorporate these landslides, are observed on slopes across the area. These topographies resemble those formed by past and present large-scale landslides. The presence of such a topography and the repeated occurrences of landslides within this topography are rare in granite areas, where shallow flow-type landslides are generally frequent. To understand the mechanism causing the landslides in the Hai Van region, and as a support for future risk assessment, the factors and processes leading to the formation of such a topography and their relationship with these landslides must be identified and assessed. This study investigated the history of past landslide movement in the Hai Van Pass and surrounding area through observations of drill cores and outcrops, and analysis of the direction of remanent magnetism in the granitic rocks. Mineral compositions, cracks, degrees of weathering, and topographic shapes of the granitic rocks and their relationship to the landslides occurring today were also investigated. The results of the study reveal no variation in the direction of remanent magnetism in the granitic rocks in the region that would indicate disturbance of the ground due to a past large-scale landslide. No evidence of such an event could also be found both in the drill cores and the rock outcrops. Further, results of the analysis of cracks and weathering pattern confirm that the topography of the region is affected by the weathering of the granitic rocks that progresses in concentric circles of various sizes. Thus, it can be concluded that these topographies were not formed by a singular large-scale landslide of the past, but rather by a composite of relatively shallow landslides occurring on the slope of dome structures unique to granite areas, which are formed by differential weathering and denudation regulated by cracks. 相似文献
10.
Past landslides have been recognized in the Battice area in E-Belgium. In contrast to the other inactive landslides, the Manaihan landslide responded immediately to heavy rainfall events in the last two decades. This study aims to map its spatial extent and the dominant surface features; to measure surface displacement using GPS; to investigate subsurface structure with Cone penetration test (CPT) and corings; and to determine the depth of the shear surface by inclinometers. Results show a partial landslide reactivation. Surface velocities range between 20 and 40 cm/year and are strongly dependent on winter rainfall. CPT results give clear boundaries between the landslide mass and the undisturbed bedrock in the head scarp. Distinct shear surfaces have been determined with displacement rates up to 15.8 mm in 21 days. Further research should apply geophysical methods for two-dimensional information on the ground, investigate geotechnical properties of the landslide mass, model slope instability, and determine the influence of a sewage pipe crossing the central landslide mass as a potential cause for landslide activity. 相似文献
11.
坡脚开挖诱发古滑坡复活的机制分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄土地区存在许多古滑坡体,由于滑后土体土质疏松,裂隙发育,在坡脚开挖作用下极易发生变形破坏,造成大量财产损失,同时也对开挖施工安全构成了极大的威胁,因此对坡脚开挖诱发古滑坡复活的失稳机制的研究十分迫切和必要。以延安市王窑村滑坡为例,通过室内试验分析了三轴应力环境下围压、含水量对土体变形破坏的影响,并运用数值模拟研究了开挖过程中最危险滑面上的应力及强度变化趋势,揭示了坡脚开挖诱发古滑坡复活的变形破坏机理。研究结果表明:坡脚开挖改变了坡体中下部的应力分布,抗滑段土方开挖减小了滑坡抗滑力,增大了下滑力,最终滑坡下滑力超过抗滑力,导致古滑坡复活。 相似文献
12.
Quanfu Niu Xinghai Dang Yuefeng Li Yingxue Zhang Xiaolin Lu Wenxing Gao 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(7):294
Loess Plateau is one of the ecologically fragile regions in China. It is one of the slippery strata of which landslides often developed. The formation and development of landslides are mainly affected by various natural environments, triggering factors, the vulnerability of landslide-bearing bodies, and topography has a controlling effect on landslides and determines landslide distribution. As important environmental elements, the selection and reclassification of topographic factors are the basis for loess landslide vulnerability map. In this study, our research suggests an effective workflow to select and analyze the topographic factors in the loess landslides. Nine hazard-formative environmental factors [e.g., slope, aspect, slope shape (SS), slope of slope (SOS), slope of aspect (SOA), surface amplitude (SA), surface roughness (SR), incision depth (ID) and elevation variation coefficient (EVC)] are prepared for landslide suitability analysis. The models of certainty factor, sensitivity index and correlation coefficient are combined to select and analyze the suitability of these factors. Four topographic factors (i.e., slope, SOS, SS and SR) were ultimately selected to carry out the landslide vulnerability mapping with other factors. Our results showed that most of the landslides were located in medium and high classes and accounting for 75.3%, and these places also coincided with higher economies and intense human activities. Our research also suggested that in situ measurements are necessary to determine how to reclassify these topographic factors and how many grades these topographic factors divided, which would further improve the reliability of landslide vulnerability map for the decision makers to deal with the possible future landslides in terms of safety and human activities. 相似文献
13.
强降雨可诱发新近纪软岩质滑坡滑移变形。1955年至今,降雨在陕西宝鸡诱发超过十起大型滑坡灾害。2011年9月19日,宝鸡市区72 h内的降雨量达到332 mm,北坡金鼎寺、簸箕山与高家崖滑坡出现裂缝,威胁市区居民安全。为分析滑坡的变形机制与降雨触发的滑体内地下水位的波动关系,2012—2015年,开展了降雨量、地下水位、孔隙水压力、滑坡应力与位移等物理量的实时监测,统计分析了它们的频率、活动强度及累积变化规律,提出了滑坡的位移扩展模型。研究显示:(1)地下水的活动会影响新近纪软岩质滑坡的变形,但降雨量、地下水位、孔隙水压力、滑坡体应力与位移等物理量变化机制有差异,地下水位、孔隙水压力呈周期性变化,滑坡体的应力、位移的变化具有累积效应;(2)宝鸡市北坡滑坡运动变形具有蠕变、快速滑移两个阶段。降雨会触发的滑坡体各物理量出现加速变化,地下水位波动幅度为0.27~1m,孔隙水压力的变化幅度为10kPa,滑体浅层的水平应力变化幅度为5.6kPa;(3)在判断降雨能否诱发滑坡快速滑移过程中,既需分析滑体应力、位移变化的累积效应,又需分析新近纪软岩质滑带的摩擦破坏机制。 相似文献
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以东南沿海地区花岗岩残积土为代表性土样,以土体斜坡坡度、降雨强度为控制变量,设计了降雨滑坡模拟试验方案,在大雨、暴雨、大暴雨、特大暴雨等四种不同降雨等级条件下对四种不同坡度的斜坡模型进行了强降雨模拟试验,研究降雨强度和斜坡坡度对其滑塌破坏的影响特征。结果表明:降雨强度越大,发生深层破坏或浅层整体破坏的趋势越明显,其变形跨塌滑块尺寸越大,破坏范围越集中,破坏程度增强;同时土体裂纹出现的时间越早,斜坡滑塌破坏所需的降雨时长逐渐减少。随斜坡坡度的增大,破坏形式由滑落滑坡逐步转化散落崩塌破坏,其相应斜坡滑塌破坏所需的降雨时长减少。研究结论对揭示降雨引发残积土滑坡等地质灾害发生规律具有重要的理论和现实意义。 相似文献
16.
Statistical analysis of landslides caused by the Mw 6.9 Yushu,China, earthquake of April 14, 2010 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The April 14, 2010 Yushu, China, earthquake (Mw 6.9) triggered a great number of landslides. At least 2,036 co-seismic landslides, with a total coverage area of 1.194 km2, were delineated by visual interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images taken following the earthquake, and verified by field inspection. Based on the mapping results, a statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of these landslides is performed using the landslide area percentage (LAP), defined as the percentage of the area affected by the landslides, and landslide number density (LND), defined as the number of landslides per square kilometer. The purpose is to clarify how the landslides correlate the control factors, which are the elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope position, distance from drainages, lithology, distance from the surface rupture, and peak ground acceleration (PGA). The results show that both LAP and LND have strongly positive correlations with slope angle and negative correlations with distance from the surface rupture and distance from drainages. The highest LAP and LPD values are in places of elevations from 3,800 to 4,000 m. The slopes producing landslides are mostly facing toward NE, E, and SE. The geological units of Q4 al-pl, N, and T3 kn 1 have the highest concentrations of co-seismic landslides. No apparent correlations are present between LAP and LND values and PGA. On both sides of the surface rupture, the landslide distributions are almost similar except a few exceptions, likely associated with the nature of the strike-slip seismogenic fault for this event. The bivariate statistical analysis shows that, in descending order, the earthquake-triggered landslide impact factors are distance from surface rupture > slope angle > distance from drainages > lithology > PGA. Besides, as the detailed co-seismic landslides inventories related to strike-slip earthquakes are still few compared with that of thrusting-fault earthquakes, this case study would shed new light on the subject. For instance, the landslide spatial distribution on both sides of the strike-slip seismogenic fault is rather different from that of thrusting-fault earthquakes. It reminds us to take different strategies of measures for prevention and mitigation of landslides induced by earthquakes with different mechanisms. 相似文献
17.
本文对永窝、大寨滑坡-碎屑流形成机制进行了初步分析,认为斜坡坡体结构面发育,主要存在3组陡倾构造节理以及一组原生节理,将岩体切割成楔形体,其中一组构造节理形成的古断裂面,为滑坡形成的主控因素;连续的干旱,然后持续的强降雨,诱发滑坡的发生。 相似文献
18.
《工程地质学报》2016,24(5):732-740
特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡广泛发育于三峡库区重庆段万州城区及云阳地区。基于万州城区太白岩古滑坡以及云阳地区老药铺滑坡两个典型特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡,分析了其结构特征及破坏特点;建立了强降雨作用下特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡破坏的力学模型,解译了此类滑坡的破坏过程,并提出了滑带（面）超孔隙水压力是此类滑坡破坏的诱因。基于孔隙水压力与土体所处的应力状态的内在关系,推导了滑面处每个土条的孔隙水压力及水压力公式,并得出了考虑超孔隙水压力的滑坡稳定系数表达式。云阳地区老药铺滑坡算例表明,若将老药铺滑坡按zk5分为两个滑坡,两个滑坡的中心段是孔隙水压力值较高的区域;本文的孔隙水压力计算值略大于钻孔量测值,计算误差为5.8%～10%,原因在于滑面超孔隙水压力的消散;暴雨工况（含超孔隙水压力）下老药铺滑坡稳定系数为0.862,滑坡处于非稳定状态,并已发生破坏,验证了超孔隙水压力对滑坡体破坏的诱发作用;建议滑坡治理工程中应在按zk5分成的两个滑坡中间段打设排水孔,消除或降低滑面处的超孔隙水压力值,并结合滑坡周围及坡面的截排水工程以及封填裂隙治理老药铺滑坡。 相似文献
19.
Landslide susceptibility mapping using Bayesian approach in the Sultan Mountains (Akşehir,Turkey) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Adnan Ozdemir 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(3):1573-1607
Landslides cause heavy damage to property and infrastructure, in addition to being responsible for the loss of human lives
in many parts of the Turkey. The paper presents GIS-based spatial data analysis for landslide susceptibility mapping in the
regions of the Sultan Mountains, West of Akşehir, and central part of Turkey. Landslides occur frequently in the area and
seriously affect local living conditions. Therefore, spatial analysis of landslide susceptibility in the Sultan Mountains
is important. The relationships between landslide distributions with the 19 landslide affecting parameters were analysed using
a Bayesian model. In the study area, 90 landslides were observed. The landslides were randomly subdivided into 80 training
landslides and 10 test landslides. A landslide susceptibility map was produced by using the training landslides. The test
landslides were used in the accuracy control of the produced landslide susceptibility map. Approximately 9% of the study area
was classified as high susceptibility zone. Medium, low and very low susceptibility zones covered 8, 23 and 60% of the study
area, respectively. Most of the locations of the observed landslides actually fall into moderate (17.78%) and high (77.78.
%) susceptibility zones of the produced landslide susceptibility map. This validates the applicability of proposed methods,
approaches and the classification scheme. The high susceptibility zone is along both sides of the Akşehir Fault and at the
north-eastern slope of the Sultan Mountains. It was determined that the surface area of the Harlak and Deresenek formations,
which have attained lithological characteristics of clayey limestone with a broken and separated base, and where area landslides
occur, possesses an elevation of 1,100–1,600 m, a slope gradient of 25°–35° and a slope aspect of 22.5°–157.5° facing slopes. 相似文献
20.
Comprehensive analyses of the initiation and entrainment processes of the 2000 Yigong catastrophic landslide in Tibet,China 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
The 2000 Yigong landslide was one of the most catastrophic landslides worldwide, resulting in huge casualties and property losses. The dynamic process of the Yigong landslide was very complicated, especially for the initiation and entrainment mechanism during the landslide movement process. The topography, geological condition, traces left by the landslide, and distribution characteristics of the landslide deposits were determined by field investigations, combined with several years of monitoring the temperature and rainfall data in this region. The initiation mechanism of the Yigong landslide is presented. The main reasons for the landslide initiation are as follows: the strength reduction of rock masses (especially for the weak structural surface), the impact from years of freeze-thaw cycles, the superposition of glacier melting and heavy rainfall on the slope, and a slope that was almost at the limit state before the landslide. Laboratory tests and physical modeling experiments were carried out to study the entrainment process of this landslide. Combined with the topographic survey data and theoretical analyses, the entrainment mechanism during the movement process of the Yigong landslide is presented. The old landslide deposits on the lower slope collided with and were scraped by the high-speed debris avalanche, which resulted in the volume amplification of the landslide. The existence of water plays a key role during the landslide initiation and movement processes. 相似文献