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We have investigated the role of convective parameterization in simulations of heavy precipitation systems at grey-zone (2–10 km) resolutions using an approach similar to that used in “observing system simulation experiment”. Simulations with a 1-km grid serve as benchmark simulations. The impacts of convective parameterization at greyzone resolutions (i.e., 3, 6, and 9 km) are then investigated. This study considers two heavy precipitation systems including one associated with a mesoscale cyclone generated over the Shandong Peninsula on 24–25 July 1991, and the other associated with a cloud cluster occurred on 15–16 July 2009. The present study indicates that convective parameterization does not affect much the simulations of the two heavy precipitation systems with 3-km grid size. However, it significantly affects simulations for grid sizes of 6 and 9 km. Simulations with the Kain-Fritsch scheme produce deficiencies such as relatively small heavy rainfall area, smaller maximum precipitation rate, wider area of weak precipitation, etc. Simulations without convective parameterization have also some negative effects such as the overprediction of area-averaged precipitation rate and others. A modified trigger function in the Kain-Fritsch scheme is found to improve the simulations of the heavy precipitation systems over the Korean Peninsula by reducing excessive trigger of convection, especially for simulations with 6- and 9- km grids. 相似文献
3.
Kyu-Myong Kim William K.-M. Lau Yogesh C. Sud Gregory K. Walker 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(1):115-126
Effects of aerosol radiative forcing on the diurnal and seasonal cycles of precipitation over West Africa and eastern Atlantic
Ocean are investigated for the boreal summer season: June–July–August. An eight year (2000–2007) average of GCM simulated
rainfall data is compared with the corresponding TRMM rainfall data. The comparison shows that the amplitude of the diurnal
cycles of rainfall over land and ocean are reasonably well simulated. Over land, the phase of the simulated diurnal cycle
of precipitation peaks several hours earlier than that of the TRMM data. Corresponding differences over the ocean(s) are relatively
smaller. Some of the key features of the aerosol induced model simulated field anomalies are: (a) aerosol direct radiative
forcing which increases the atmospheric stability and reduces the daytime moist convection and convective precipitation; (b)
the aerosol induced changes in the diurnal cycle of precipitation are out of phase with those of the TRMM data over land,
but are in-phase over the ocean; (c) aerosols reduce the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of precipitation over land and enhance
it over ocean. However, the phase of the diurnal cycle is not affected much by the aerosol radiative forcing both over land
and ocean. During the boreal summer, aerosol radiative forcing and induced circulation and precipitation cool the Sahel and
the southern part of Sahara desert more than the adjacent areas to the north and south, thereby shifting the peak meridional
temperature gradient northward. Consequently, an anomalous easterly jet is found north of its climatological location. This
anomalous jet is associated with increased cyclonic circulation to the south of its axis, resulting in an anomalous monsoon
rain belt in the Sahel. 相似文献
4.
利用2009~2017年7~9月福建省逐小时地面加密自动站资料和2015~2017年7~9月厦门站的探空资料,通过K均值聚类法和中尺度数值模式(WRF3.9.1.1版本)理想数值模拟,分析了我国东南沿岸及复杂山地(福建)后汛期降水日变化特征,揭示了地形热力环流以及海陆风环流在热对流降水日变化形成中的作用,探讨了环境温湿廓线及风垂直廓线对热对流降水日峰值强度和日峰值出现时间的影响。结果发现:我国东南沿岸复杂山地(福建)后汛期降水日变化受地形热力环流和海陆风环流的影响和调制,白天辐射加热在复杂山地形成的局地热力环流激发出对流降雨带,午后受海风环流的影响,对流降雨带组织发展达到峰值,之后随着地形热力环流和海风环流减弱雨带逐渐减弱。武夷山及周边复杂山地的降水日变化主要受地形热力环流的影响,在午后对流降水达到峰值,夜间减弱几近消失。理想数值试验进一步证实了我国东南沿岸复杂山地地形热力环流对对流降雨的触发以及海陆风环流在山地对流雨带组织发展中的作用,环境温湿廓线以及风垂直廓线对热对流降水日峰值强度以及日峰值出现的时间具有重要影响,其中环境温湿廓线的大气抬升凝结高度、大气可降水量、大气的对流不稳定度以及大气中低层湿度分布的不同,会影响热对流降水日峰值强度,并通过影响山地热力对流触发时间,改变热对流降水日峰值时间,而环境风垂直廓线的低层气流强度和方向、中低层垂直风切变的不同,会影响地形热力对流系统的启动、组织发展和移动等特征,进而影响热对流降水日峰值强度以及热对流降水日峰值时间。 相似文献
5.
Simulating the diurnal cycle of rainfall in global climate models: resolution versus parameterization 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Paul A. Dirmeyer Benjamin A. Cash James L. Kinter III Thomas Jung Lawrence Marx Masaki Satoh Cristiana Stan Hirofumi Tomita Peter Towers Nils Wedi Deepthi Achuthavarier Jennifer M. Adams Eric L. Altshuler Bohua Huang Emilia K. Jin Julia Manganello 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(1-2):399-418
The effects of horizontal resolution and the treatment of convection on simulation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation during boreal summer are analyzed in several innovative weather and climate model integrations. The simulations include: season-long integrations of the Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) with explicit clouds and convection; year-long integrations of the operational Integrated Forecast System (IFS) from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts at three resolutions (125, 39 and 16 km); seasonal simulations of the same model at 10 km resolution; and seasonal simulations of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) low-resolution climate model with and without an embedded two-dimensional cloud-resolving model in each grid box. NICAM with explicit convection simulates best the phase of the diurnal cycle, as well as many regional features such as rainfall triggered by advancing sea breezes or high topography. However, NICAM greatly overestimates mean rainfall and the magnitude of the diurnal cycle. Introduction of an embedded cloud model within the NCAR model significantly improves global statistics of the seasonal mean and diurnal cycle of rainfall, as well as many regional features. However, errors often remain larger than for the other higher-resolution models. Increasing resolution alone has little impact on the timing of daily rainfall in IFS with parameterized convection, yet the amplitude of the diurnal cycle does improve along with the representation of mean rainfall. Variations during the day in atmospheric prognostic fields appear quite similar among models, suggesting that the distinctive treatments of model physics account for the differences in representing the diurnal cycle of precipitation. 相似文献
6.
Impact of Horizontal Resolution and Cumulus Parameterization Scheme on the Simulation of Heavy Rainfall Events over the Korean Peninsula 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this paper, we present the results from high-resolution numerical simulations of three heavy rainfall events over the Korean Peninsula. The numerical results show that the prediction accuracy for heavy rainfall events improved as horizontal resolution increased. The fine-grid precipitation fields were much closer to the real precipitation fields in the case of large synoptic forcing over the Korean Peninsula. In the case of large convective available potential energy and weak synoptic forcing, it seems that even when using a high resolution, the models still showed poor performance in reproducing the observed high precipitation amounts. However, activation of the cumulus parameterization scheme in the intermediate resolution of 9 km, even at a grid spacing of 3 km, had a positive impact on the simulation of the heavy rainfall event. 相似文献
7.
Summary Chaco jet events (CJEs) are a subset of South American low-level jet events to the east of the Andes, characterized by enhanced
poleward penetration and by a strong impact on precipitation over southeastern South America. The present study uses the Eta
model short range weather forecasts produced operationally in the Brazilian Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies
(Centro de Previs?o de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, CPTEC) to characterize the CJEs and the related precipitation during the
1997–1998 warm season.
An enhanced diurnal cycle in precipitation with respect to that found during the warm season mean can be recognized during
CJEs in Eta/CPTEC model output, with preference for a nocturnal maximum over southern Brazil, Uruguay, and the central part
of northern Argentina, and a daytime maximum near high topography (northwestern Argentina, the Brazilian Planalto). The analysis
of thermodynamic and dynamic forcing appearing during CJEs, helps to explain the modeled precipitation cycle: the nocturnal
maximum is mostly explained by enhanced low-level convergence at night, while the diurnal one is mainly a response to radiative
warming. Boundary-layer convergence, and convective instability, present within the CJEs environment, work together to provide
both dynamic forcing and potential for convection. The simulated precipitation cycle is complemented with surface observations
of “current weather” that corroborate the main oscillations found in simulated precipitation. 相似文献
8.
Steven C. Chan Elizabeth J. Kendon Hayley J. Fowler Stephen Blenkinsop Christopher A. T. Ferro David B. Stephenson 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(5-6):1475-1495
Three different resolution (50, 12, and 1.5 km) regional climate model simulations are compared in terms of their ability to simulate moderate and high daily precipitation events over the southern United Kingdom. The convection-permitting 1.5-km simulation is carried out without convective parametrisation. As in previous studies, increasing resolution (especially from 50 to 12 km) is found to improve the representation of orographic precipitation. The 50-km simulation underestimates mean precipitation over the mountainous region of Wales, and event intensity tends to be too weak; this bias is reduced in both the 12- and 1.5-km simulations for both summer and winter. In south–east England lowlands where summer extremes are mostly convective, increasing resolution does not necessary lead to an improvement in the simulation. For the 12-km simulation, simulated daily extreme events are overly intense. Even though the average intensity of summer daily extremes is improved in the 1.5-km simulation, this simulation has a poorer mean bias with too many events exceeding high thresholds. Spatial density and clustering of summer extremes in south–east England are poorly simulated in both the 12- and 1.5-km simulations. In general, we have not found any clear evidence to show that the 1.5-km simulation is superior to the 12-km simulation, or vice versa at the daily level. 相似文献
9.
Assessment of the WRF model in reproducing a flash-flood heavy rainfall event over Korea 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This study examines the ability of the cloud-resolving weather research and forecasting (WRF) model to reproduce the convective cells associated with the flash-flooding heavy rainfall near Seoul, South Korea, on 12 July 2006. A triply nested WRF model with the highest resolution of 3-km horizontal grid spacing was integrated with conventional analysis data. The WRF model simulated the initiation of isolated thunderstorms, and the formation of a convective band, cloud cluster, and squall line at nearly the right time. The corresponding precipitation simulation was also reasonably reproduced in its distribution, although the amount was underestimated. A sensitivity experiment that excludes the orography over the peninsula revealed that orographic forcing over the peninsula is responsible for about 20% increase in precipitation over the heavy rainfall region. It was identified that in addition to the up-lifting local orographic forcing to the west of the mountain range in South Korea, anticyclonic circulation due to the presence of the Gaema Heights in North Korea contribute to the confinement of convective activities in the heavy rainfall region. 相似文献
10.
V. Homar C. Ramis R. Romero S. Alonso J. A. García-Moya M. Alarcón 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1999,71(3-4):169-188
Summary A convective case producing heavy precipitation in the western Mediterranean region, characterized by pronounced upper level
forcing and main rainfall over the sea, is studied. On the day of the event (September 28th, 1994), more than 140 mm of precipitation were recorded in coastal lands of eastern Spain, and 180 mm were estimated over
the sea with radar data. Synoptically, the case appears to combine warm and moist easterly advection at low levels, typically
observed in torrential rainfall events of the region, with a less common strong upper level dynamical forcing. A set of mesoscale
numerical simulations using the Hirlam model is performed to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the convection development,
and to assess the influence of the orography on the rainfall field. Model output diagnosis indicates that in addition to the
lower level forcing, a two-jets interaction is decisive for the triggering and driving of the convection during the event.
Moreover, a non-topographic simulation reveals a relatively weak influence of the orography on this event when compared with
other similar heavy precipitation cases in eastern Spain. Previous studies have shown an orographic influence of more than
90% on the rainfall whereas in this case about 50% of the precipitation over the area is attributed to the orographic forcing.
The study is extended with an analysis of the individual effects of the Atlas and Iberian Peninsula, by means of a factor
separation technique. It is shown that the Atlas range induces a redistribution of the precipitation over the Mediterranean,
whereas local enhancements can be attributed to the Iberian topography.
Received March 2, 1999 相似文献
11.
The capability of a current state-of-the-art regional climate model for simulating the diurnal and annual cycles of rainfall over a complex subtropical region is documented here. Hourly rainfall is simulated over Southern Africa for 1998–2006 by the non-hydrostatic model weather research and forecasting (WRF), and compared to a network of 103 stations covering South Africa. We used five simulations, four of which consist of different parameterizations for atmospheric convection at a 0.5 × 0.5° resolution, performed to test the physic-dependency of the results. The fifth experiment uses explicit convection over tropical South Africa at a 1/30° resolution. WRF simulates realistic mean rainfall fields, albeit wet biases over tropical Africa. The model mean biases are strongly modulated by the convective scheme used for the simulations. The annual cycle of rainfall is well simulated over South Africa, mostly influenced by tropical summer rainfall except in the Western Cape region experiencing winter rainfall. The diurnal cycle shows a timing bias, with atmospheric convection occurring too early in the afternoon, and causing too abundant rainfall. This result, particularly true in summer over the northeastern part of the country, is weakly physic-dependent. Cloud-resolving simulations do not clearly reduce the diurnal cycle biases. In the end, the rainfall overestimations appear to be mostly imputable to the afternoon hours of the austral summer rainy season, i.e., the periods during which convective activity is intense over the region. 相似文献
12.
The diurnal cycles of precipitation over north China during summer in four strong rainfall years are examined using two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling data. The diurnal signals are analyzed in terms of precipitation budget, fractional rainfall coverage and rain intensity over convective and stratiform rainfall area. The analysis of precipitation budget shows that the diurnal cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation mainly correspond respectively to those of water vapor convergence and transport of hydrometeor from convective rainfall area to stratiform rainfall area in 1964, 1994 and 1995, whereas they mainly correspond to those of water vapor convergence in 2013. The diurnal cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation are mainly associated with those of rain intensity in 1964, 1994 and 1995. In 2013, the diurnal cycle of stratiform precipitation is mainly related to that of fractional rainfall coverage over stratiform rainfall area. The multiple peaks of convective precipitation mainly correspond to the rain intensity maxima associated with strong water vapor convergence. 相似文献
13.
Atmospheric Intercomparison Project simulations of the summertime diurnal cycle of precipitation and low-level winds over subtropical China by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report models were evaluated. By analyzing the diurnal variation of convective and stratiform components, results confirmed that major biases in rainfall diurnal cycles over subtropical China are due to convection parameterization and further pointed to the diurnal variation of convective rainfall being closely related to the closure of the convective scheme. All models captured the early-morning peak of total rainfall over the East China Sea, but most models had problems in simulating diurnal rainfall variations over land areas of subtropical China. When total rainfall was divided into stratiform and convective rainfall, all models successfully simulated the diurnal variation of stratiform rainfall with a maximum in the early morning. The models, overestimating noon-time （nocturnal） total rainfall over land, generally simulated too much convective rainfall, which peaked close to noon （midnight）, sharing some similarities in the closures of their deep convection schemes. The better performance of the Meteorological Research Institute atmospherer. ocean coupled global climate model version 3 （MRI-CGCM3） is attributed to the well captured ratio of the two kinds of rainfall, but not diurnal variations of the two components. Therefore, a proper ratio of convective and stratiform rainfall to total rainfall is also important to improve simulated diurnal rainfall variation. 相似文献
14.
A 3-year climatology of isolated warm season mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) was built for the Mediterranean basin using Meteosat Second Generation infrared imagery and an objective identification and tracking algorithm. A dataset of 4,718 MCS trajectories was constructed for the warm season of the period 2005–2007, which in turn was split into two subsets (deep and weak convective) according to the intensity of convection using a discriminant parameter in the MCS properties. Several parameters related to geographical, temporal, radiative, morphological, and motion related properties were calculated for each MCS. The majority of MCSs are mainly continental and strongly correlated with orography showing an increased formation from April to June when maximum is found. Initiation and dissipation time revealed a distinct diurnal cycle having a strong correlation with the typical diurnal heating cycle of the atmosphere. On average, a typical isolated MCS in the Mediterranean basin initiates between 14:00 and 17:00 local solar time, tends to be small with elongated shape, short-lived, usually moving toward northeast to southeast with a mean velocity of 36 km/h. When comparing the two MCS subsets, some notable differences were revealed. Weak convective MCSs initiate earlier, move faster, travel longer, tend to reach slightly smaller sizes, are more linear, present higher cloud top temperatures, and have lower fractions of convective cloud type areas than deep convective systems. 相似文献
15.
A sustained heavy rainfall event occurred over the Sichuan basin in southwest China during 10–18 August 2020, showing pronounced diurnal rainfall variations with nighttime peak and afternoon minimum values, except on the first day. Results show that the westward extension of the anomalously strong western Pacific subtropical high was conducive to the maintenance of a southerly low-level jet (LLJ) in and to the southeast of the basin, which favored continuous water vapor transport and abnormally high precipitable water in the basin. The diurnal cycle of rainfall over the basin was closely related to the periodic oscillation of the LLJ in both wind speed and direction that was caused by the combination of inertial oscillation and terrain thermal forcing. The nocturnally enhanced rainfall was produced by moist convection mostly initiated during the evening hours over the southwest part of the basin where high convective available potential energy with moister near-surface moist air was present. The convective initiation took place as cold air from either previous precipitating clouds from the western Sichuan Plateau or a larger-scale northerly flow met a warm and humid current from the south. It was the slantwise lifting of the warm, moist airflow above the cold air, often facilitated by southwest vortices and quasi-geostrophic ascent, that released the convective instability and produced heavy rainfall. 相似文献
16.
Changhai Liu Jimy Dudhia Mitchell W. Moncrieff 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,107(1-2):9-15
This paper presents a case study of the impact of land surface treatment on warm season precipitation simulations at convection-permitting grid resolution. Two surface schemes are tested: Dudhia’s five-layer soil model (FLSM) and the Noah land-surface model (NLSM). The experimentation case involves a 1-week episode of active summertime convection over the central United States. The overall precipitation features, such as the diurnal regeneration of zonally propagating rainfall episodes and the spatial distribution of accumulative rainfall, are adequately replicated by the two parameterizations. In comparison, NLSM produces roughly 12% more and broader rainfall than FLSM. This differential rainfall amount is consistent with the differential surface moisture fluxes between the two schemes, whereas the precipitation feedback plays a negligible role. It is also found that FLSM generates comparatively stronger sensible heat transports from the land surface and thus a warmer temperature near the surface. 相似文献
17.
This paper summarizes the recent progress in studies of the diurnal variation of precipitation over con- tiguous China. The main results are as follows. （1） The rainfall diurnal variation over contiguous China presents distinct regional features. In summer, precipitation peaks in the late afternoon over the south- ern inland China and northeastern China, while it peaks around midnight over southwestern China. In the upper and middle reaches of Yangtze River valley, precipitation occurs mostly in the early morning. Summer precipitation over the central eastern China （most regions of the Tibetan Plateau） has two diurnal peaks, i.e., one in the early morning （midnight） and the other in the late afternoon. （2） The rainfall diurnal variation experiences obvious seasonal and sub-seasonal evolutions. In cold seasons, the regional contrast of rainfall diurnal peaks decreases, with an early morning maximum over most of the southern China. Over the central eastern China, diurnal monsoon rainfall shows sub-seasonal variations with the movement of summer monsoon systems. The rainfall peak mainly occurs in the early morning （late afternoon） during the active （break） monsoon period. （3） Cloud properties and occurrence time of rainfall diurnal peaks are different for long- and short-duration rainfall events. Long-duration rainfall events are dominated by strat- iform precipitation, with the maximum surface rain rate and the highest profile occurring in the late night to early morning, while short-duration rainfall events are more related to convective precipitation, with the maximum surface rain rate and the highest profile occurring between the late afternoon and early night. （4） The rainfall diurnal variation is influenced by multi-scale mountain-valley and land-sea breezes as well as large-scale atmospheric circulation, and involves complicated formation and evolution of cloud and rainfall systems. The diurnal cycle of winds in the lower troposphere also contributes to the regional differences 相似文献
18.
Simulations of a mesoscale convective system (MCS), which propagated across Northern India on 2nd May 2018 - leading to many fatalities when the gust front knocked down homes and tore apart building roofs - have been performed using the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) Unified Model – Regional (4 km horizontal grid spacing), to evaluate the model’s convective treatments. Though the model captures many of the qualitative and quantitative features, it slightly lags behind the observed MCS organisation and movement, produces lesser precipitation, and lacks the spatial separation between two adjacent organised convective systems in the satellite observations – leading to a faintly offset MCS track. Sensitivity simulations are then performed, for this non-equilibrium MCS case, with different partitioning between parametrized and explicit convection to assess the reliance of the convective treatments on the large-scale environment, as well as to test the notion of a breakdown of convective parametrization at the mesoscale model resolution. Fully parametrized (FP) convection produces even lesser rainfall and are dominated by orographic precipitations along the foot hills of Himalayas with no any trace of the MCS. Fully explicit (FE) convection realistically simulates most of the prominent convective cells and enhance precipitation along the MCS track that agree better with the observations, though the ‘two lobes’ of intense precipitation are not resolved; instead it produces a squall line of precipitation. The FE configuration generates the most vigorous convective updraft, along with a vertical shear that is tilted westward. The simulation with partially parametrized and partially explicit convection resembles the fashion in the FP and FE scenarios, with a transition over the duration of the run from parametrized to explicit precipitation. The results are in line with the notion from previous studies; that the majority of successful explicit simulations of mesoscale organisation are those associated with strong large-scale forcing for convection, wherein resolved vertical motions are sufficient to minimise delays in onset. 相似文献
19.
利用天气雷达、地面自动站和微波辐射仪等多种气象探测资料,对2017年7月发生在成都双流机场的一次暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在弱天气系统强迫条件下,大气层结呈现弱对流抑制、低抬升凝结高度、中等对流有效位能,湿层深厚,低层较暖且低层无急流影响。短时强降水由中尺度系统直接产生,午夜前的初始对流由高压西北部偏南暖湿气流与山体下滑冷气流相互作用,结合山前强水平温度梯度产生,之后在冷池和边界层暖湿气流作用下生成新的对流。产生强降水的回波结构密实,暖云特征突出,属于热带低质心降水系统。对抬升凝结高度、自由对流高度、湿层厚度等的分析表明,水汽条件较为极端,但由于系统整体属于前向传播,无明显的"列车效应",限制了实际降水效率。 相似文献
20.
TRMM-observed summer warm rain over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean: Characteristics and regional differences 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on the merged measurements from the TRMM Precipitation Radar and Visible and Infrared Scanner, refined characteristics (intensity, frequency, vertical structure, and diurnal variation) and regional differences of the warm rain over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean (40ffiS-40ffiN, 120ffiE-70ffiW) in boreal summer are investigated for the period 1998-2012. The results reveal that three warm rain types (phased, pure, and mixed) exist over these regions. The phased warm rain, which occurs during the developing or declining stage of precipitation weather systems, is located over the central to western Intertropical Convergence Zone, South Pacific Convergence Zone, and Northwest Pacific. Its occurrence frequency peaks at midnight and minimizes during daytime with a 5.5-km maximum echo top. The frequency of this warm rain type is about 2.2%, and it contributes to 40% of the regional total rainfall. The pure warm rain is characterized by typical stable precipitation with an echo top lower than 4 km, and mostly occurs in Southeast Pacific. Although its frequency is less than 1.3%, this type of warm rain accounts for 95% of the regional total rainfall. Its occurrence peaks before dawn and it usually disappears in the afternoon. For the mixed warm rain, some may develop into deep convective precipitation, while most are similar to those of the pure type. The mixed warm rain is mainly located over the ocean east of Hawaii. Its frequency is 1.2%, but this type of warm rain could contribute to 80% of the regional total rainfall. The results also uncover that the mixed and pure types occur over the regions where SST ranges from 295 to 299 K, accompanied by relatively strong downdrafts at 500 hPa. Both the mixed and pure warm rains happen in a more unstable atmosphere, compared with the phased warm rain. 相似文献