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1.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(2)
由于地层的各向异性与黏滞性,地震波在传播过程中表现出方向上的各向异性和振幅值的吸收衰减特征.若简单地将地下介质视为各向同性,实际地质结构的地震波响应可能会被曲解,甚至忽略了有效信息.为了得到深部储层的高精度成像,本文将标准线性固体模型(SLS)扩展到各向异性介质中,并结合各向异性拟声波方程,推导出时间空间域的各向异性介质黏声波方程组,该方程中用伪微分算子来表述地震波的衰减特征.在逆时偏移的过程中,为了解决高频不稳定问题,文中通过引入规则化算子来构建稳定的逆时传播算子.模型的正演模拟表明该方程既能准确的描述各向异性介质下的标量波的传播规律,又能体现地层的吸收衰减效应. 相似文献
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地震波在非弹性介质中的衰减效应常用品质因子Q度量.相对准确的Q模型对提高强衰减介质中地震波成像的质量至关重要.本文提出了黏声介质反射波形反演(QRWI)方法来重建地下宏观Q模型.在缺乏大偏移距和低频地震数据时,该方法以黏声波方程为波场传播引擎,利用反射波核函数对模型中深部的敏感性去提取背景Q值.当速度高、低波数成分均已知时,基于波形拟合的QRWI可以获得较高分辨率的反演结果.由于地下介质速度的高波数扰动很难准确估计,本文通过引入峰值频移目标函数,极大地降低了QRWI对速度高波数成分的依赖.理论合成数据实验结果表明,本文方法反演得到的宏观Q模型可以满足衰减补偿逆时偏移成像的要求. 相似文献
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地下介质通常具有黏滞性,地震波在地下介质的传播过程中将不可避免地伴随着振幅衰减和速度频散,进而影响地震成像的准确性和分辨率.基于黏滞介质的衰减补偿逆时偏移能沿地震波的传播路径恢复其所经历的振幅衰减和相位畸变,有效提升成像效果.然而,由于地层对地震波的吸收衰减效应呈指数变化,衰减补偿过程中高低频分量的非同步增长易导致补偿算法数值不稳定.为此,本文提出了一种基于正则化策略的稳定衰减补偿逆时偏移方法.该方法基于解耦的常Q分数阶拉普拉斯算子黏滞声波方程描述地震波在地下介质中的传播效应,将振幅正则化因子引入该方程的时间-波数域的解析解中,以确保在补偿过程中地震波场能稳定延拓.二维、三维合成数据以及实际资料的偏移算例均证实了该方法的可行性和有效性,所提出的方法能有效地处理衰减补偿中的不稳定问题,明显提升地震资料的偏移成像质量. 相似文献
4.
随着计算机硬件技术的发展以及高分辨率勘探需求的增加,我们希望能够更准确地模拟地下介质,得到更丰富的地层信息.然而,传统的声学假设并不能描述实际地层所存在各向异性和黏滞性,使得成像分辨率较低.为了实现深部储层的高精度成像,本文同时考虑了介质的各向异性和黏滞性,从TI介质弹性波的基本理论出发,结合各向异性GSLS理论,并通过声学近似方法导出基于GSLS模型的各向异性衰减拟声波方程.数值模拟表明该方程既能准确地描述各向异性介质下的准P波运动学规律,又能体现地层的吸收衰减效应;模型逆时偏移结果表明,在实现成像过程中考虑各向异性和黏滞性的影响,能对高陡构造清晰成像,且剖面振幅相对均衡,分辨率较高. 相似文献
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吸收衰减是地震波在实际地球介质中传播的固有特征.在实际应用中,通常假设表征吸收衰减特征的品质因子Q在地震频带范围内不随频率变化.高阶广义流变模型能够在时间域内精确的表征品质因子Q不随频率变化的特征,为黏弹性介质波动方程精细模拟奠定了基础.基于广义标准线性体模型理论,采用最小二乘拟合方法对Q值不随频率变化特征进行拟合,分析了不同阶次广义标准线性体模型对黏弹性介质Q值特征的拟合程度,在权衡计算精度和三维计算量的基础上,确定了五阶广义标准线性体模型并建立了相应的三维黏弹性波的速度-应力方程,结合CFS-PML边界条件开展了高精度三维黏弹性波正演模拟.通过均匀介质正演模拟,验证算法的正确性,明确了地震波的传播时的吸收衰减特征,对三维盐丘模型进行数值模拟,表明了五阶广义标准线性体可以精确的模拟黏弹性介质地震波吸收衰减特征. 相似文献
6.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(2)
<正>演是反演的基础,有效正确的正演差分格式可以保证反演结果的精度和效率.本文通过声波波动方程域间转换提出标量地震波Laplace-Fourier域数值模拟方法,并推导了同时引入衰减因子和频率的Laplace-Fourier域标量波方程的9点法有限差分格式和Laplace-Fourier域对应的加入PML(perfectly matched layer)吸收边界条件的差分格式,并通过模型试算验证了本文提出的Laplace-Fourier域正演方法的有效性和准确性,通过与时间域正演方法得到的地震记录比较,可以看出该方法能满足正演数值模拟的要求,为下一步进行Laplace-Fourier域标量波全波形反演奠定了基础. 相似文献
7.
基于弹性波动理论的多波多分量高斯束偏移具有计算效率高和成像准确等优点.但是目前此方法没有考虑实际地下介质的黏弹性对地震波传播的影响,从而无法补偿能量衰减和校正相位畸变,这使得该方法对一些含高黏弹性地层的成像效果不佳.针对衰减区域的成像问题,本文提出一种黏弹性衰减补偿高斯束偏移方法,该方法以多波多分量矢量波场弹性高斯束偏移方法为基础,在偏移过程中沿射线路径通过引入品质因子Q来考虑黏弹性影响并进行衰减补偿.该方法能够在偏移过程中实现PP波和PS波的自动分离及分别成像.同时,本文给出了在矢量波场偏移过程中提取角度域共成像点道集的方法,以便用于成像质量控制,并为后续速度和黏弹性参数反演提供所需的数据.本文利用2D层状模型和洼陷模型进行了方法测试,其成像结果验证了本文所提出的黏弹性衰减补偿高斯束偏移方法的可行性和有效性. 相似文献
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地震波在地下介质传播过程中由于非弹性衰减的存在将导致能量损失和相位变化,精确的速度与衰减参数建模对油气识别、提高强衰减介质中地震波成像的质量都起着至关重要的作用.常分数阶拉普拉斯算子黏声方程由于完全分离的速度频散项与振幅衰减项的优势,以及在强非均质衰减介质中可以高精度求解的特点,已被应用于速度与衰减参数的建模中.本文将二阶常分数阶拉普拉斯算子黏声方程拆分为等价的一阶方程组,并在此一阶方程组的基础上推导出新的梯度公式与伴随方程,建立了一种新的速度与衰减参数同时重建的全波形反演方法.相较于原二阶常分数阶拉普拉斯算子黏声方程建立的全波形反演流程,数值实验表明,新建立的反演流程可以有效避免原梯度数值计算中的噪声,尤其是可以有效提高衰减参数梯度的反演精度,从而显著提高反演的收敛速度与反演精度. 相似文献
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以二维声波方程为模型,在时间域深入研究了全波形速度反演.全波形反演要解一个非线性的最小二乘问题,是一个极小化模拟数据与已知数据之间残量的过程.针对全波形反演易陷入局部极值的困难,本文提出了基于不同尺度的频率数据的"逐级反演"策略,即先基于低频尺度的波场信息进行反演,得出一个合理的初始模型,然后再利用其他不同尺度频率的波场进行反演,并且用前一尺度的迭代反演结果作为下一尺度反演的初始模型,这样逐级进行反演.文中详细阐述和推导了理论方法及公式,包括有限差分正演模拟、速度模型修正、梯度计算和算法描述,并以Marmousi复杂构造模型为例,进行了MPI并行全波形反演数值计算,得到了较好的反演结果,验证了方法的有效性和稳健性. 相似文献
12.
不同类别参数间的相互耦合使多参数地震全波形反演的非线性程度显著增加,地震波速度与各向异性参数取值数量级的巨大差异也会使反演问题的性态变差.合理使用Hessian逆算子可以减弱这两类问题对反演的影响,提高多参数反演的精度,而截断牛顿法是一种可以比较准确地估计Hessian逆算子的优化方法.本文采用截断牛顿法在时间域进行了VTI介质的声波双参数同时反演的研究.不同模型的反演试验表明,在VTI介质声波双参数同时反演中,截断牛顿法比有限内存BFGS(Limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno,L-BFGS)法能更准确地估计Hessian逆算子,进而较好地平衡两类不同参数的同时更新,得到了比较精确的反演结果. 相似文献
13.
A new wave equation is derived for modelling viscoacoustic wave propagation in transversely isotropic media under acoustic transverse isotropy approximation. The formulas expressed by fractional Laplacian operators can well model the constant-Q (i.e. frequency-independent quality factor) attenuation, anisotropic attenuation, decoupled amplitude loss and velocity dispersion behaviours. The proposed viscoacoustic anisotropic equation can keep consistent velocity and attenuation anisotropy effects with that of qP-wave in the constant-Q viscoelastic anisotropic theory. For numerical simulations, the staggered-grid pseudo-spectral method is implemented to solve the velocity–stress formulation of wave equation in the time domain. The constant fractional-order Laplacian approximation method is used to cope with spatial variable-order fractional Laplacians for efficient modelling in heterogeneous velocity and Q media. Simulation results for a homogeneous model show the decoupling of velocity dispersion and amplitude loss effects of the constant-Q equation, and illustrate the influence of anisotropic attenuation on seismic wavefields. The modelling example of a layered model illustrates the accuracy of the constant fractional-order Laplacian approximation method. Finally, the Hess vertical transversely isotropic model is used to validate the applicability of the formulation and algorithm for heterogeneous media. 相似文献
14.
In this paper we propose a 3D acoustic full waveform inversion algorithm in the Laplace domain. The partial differential equation for the 3D acoustic wave equation in the Laplace domain is reformulated as a linear system of algebraic equations using the finite element method and the resulting linear system is solved by a preconditioned conjugate gradient method. The numerical solutions obtained by our modelling algorithm are verified through a comparison with the corresponding analytical solutions and the appropriate dispersion analysis. In the Laplace‐domain waveform inversion, the logarithm of the Laplace transformed wavefields mainly contains long‐wavelength information about the underlying velocity model. As a result, the algorithm smoothes a small‐scale structure but roughly identifies large‐scale features within a certain depth determined by the range of offsets and Laplace damping constants employed. Our algorithm thus provides a useful complementary process to time‐ or frequency‐domain waveform inversion, which cannot recover a large‐scale structure when low‐frequency signals are weak or absent. The algorithm is demonstrated on a synthetic example: the SEG/EAGE 3D salt‐dome model. The numerical test is limited to a Laplace‐domain synthetic data set for the inversion. In order to verify the usefulness of the inverted velocity model, we perform the 3D reverse time migration. The migration results show that our inversion results can be used as an initial model for the subsequent high‐resolution waveform inversion. Further studies are needed to perform the inversion using time‐domain synthetic data with noise or real data, thereby investigating robustness to noise. 相似文献
15.
Jun-Hua Zhang Jun Li Wen Xiao Ming-You Tan Yun-Ying Zhang Shi-Ling Cui Zhi-Peng Qu 《应用地球物理》2016,13(2):307-314
The phase velocity of seismic waves varies with the propagation frequency, and thus frequency-dependent phenomena appear when CO2 gas is injected into a reservoir. By dynamically considering these phenomena with reservoir conditions it is thus feasible to extract the frequency-dependent velocity factor with the aim of monitoring changes in the reservoir both before and after CO2 injection. In the paper, we derive a quantitative expression for the frequency-dependent factor based on the Robinson seismic convolution model. In addition, an inversion equation with a frequency-dependent velocity factor is constructed, and a procedure is implemented using the following four processing steps: decomposition of the spectrum by generalized S transform, wavelet extraction of cross-well seismic traces, spectrum equalization processing, and an extraction method for frequency-dependent velocity factor based on the damped least-square algorithm. An attenuation layered model is then established based on changes in the Q value of the viscoelastic medium, and spectra of migration profiles from forward modeling are obtained and analyzed. Frequency-dependent factors are extracted and compared, and the effectiveness of the method is then verified using a synthetic data. The frequency-dependent velocity factor is finally applied to target processing and oil displacement monitoring based on real seismic data obtained before and after CO2 injection in the G89 well block within Shengli oilfield. Profiles and slices of the frequency-dependent factor determine its ability to indicate differences in CO2 flooding, and the predicting results are highly consistent with those of practical investigations within the well block. 相似文献
16.
The aim of seismic inversion methods is to obtain quantitative information on the subsurface properties from seismic measurements. However, the potential accuracy of such methods depends strongly on the physical correctness of the mathematical equations used to model the propagation of the seismic waves. In general, the most accurate models involve the full non-linear acoustic or elastic wave equations. Inversion algorithms based on these equations are very CPU intensive. The application of such an algorithm on a real marine CMP gather is demonstrated. The earth model is assumed to be laterally invariant and only acoustic wave phenomena are modelled. A complete acoustic earth model (P-wave velocity and reflectivity as functions of vertical traveltime) is estimated. The inversion algorithm assumes that the seismic waves propagate in 2D. Therefore, an exact method for transforming the real data from 3D to 2D is derived and applied to the data. The time function of the source is estimated from a vertical far-field signature and its applicability is demonstrated by comparing synthetic and real water-bottom reflections. The source scaling factor is chosen such that the false reflection coefficient due to the first water-bottom multiple disappears from the inversion result. In order to speed up the convergence of the algorithm, the following inversion strategy is adopted: an initial smooth velocity model (macromodel) is obtained by applying Dix's equation to the result of a classical velocity analysis, followed by a smoothing operation. The initial reflectivity model is then computed using Gardner's empirical relationship between densities and velocities. In a first inversion step, reflectivity is estimated from small-offset data, keeping the velocity model fixed. In a second step, the initial smooth velocity model, and possibly the reflectivity model, is refined by using larger-offset data. This strategy is very efficient. In the first step, only ten iterations with a quasi-Newton algorithm are necessary in order to obtain an excellent convergence. The data window was 0–2.8 s, the maximum offset was 250 m, and the residual energy after the first inversion step was only 5% of the energy of the observed data. When the earth model estimated in the first inversion step is used to model data at moderate offsets (900 m, time window 0.0–1.1 s), the data fit is very good. In the second step, only a small improvement in the data fit could be obtained, and the convergence was slow. This is probably due to the strong non-linearity of the inversion problem with respect to the velocity model. Nevertheless, the final residual energy for the moderate offsets was only 11%. The estimated model was compared to sonic and density logs obtained from a nearby well. The comparison indicated that the present algorithm can be used to estimate normal incidence reflectivity from real data with good accuracy, provided that absorption phenomena play a minor role in the depth interval considered. If details in the velocity model are required, large offsets and an elastic inversion algorithm should be used. 相似文献
17.
地震波在地下传播时受到衰减影响,衰减会导致地震波场高频能量的损失和相位畸变.反Q滤波可补偿大地衰减效应.已有的反Q滤波方法存在下列不足:频率域的算法由于算子长度较长,所以计算效率较低;时间域的算法,或者对地震记录上到时较晚的同相轴进行了过度的补偿,或者为防止过度补偿后来的振幅而在最大增益处进行限制,导致振幅的多解性,而且还会影响滤波器的相位效应.本文给出一种通过直接求解时间域的Q模型方程来进行反Q滤波的算法.由于采用带状矩阵解算器,所以具有较高的计算效率,理论数据和实际地震资料的试算结果证明,本方法对地震波的吸收衰减进行了出色的补偿,提高了地震资料的分辨率. 相似文献
18.
In order to account for the effects of elastic wave propagation in marine seismic data, we develop a waveform inversion algorithm for acoustic‐elastic media based on a frequency‐domain finite‐element modelling technique. In our algorithm we minimize residuals using the conjugate gradient method, which back‐propagates the errors using reverse time migration without directly computing the partial derivative wavefields. Unlike a purely acoustic or purely elastic inversion algorithm, the Green's function matrix for our acoustic‐elastic algorithm is asymmetric. We are nonetheless able to achieve computational efficiency using modern numerical methods. Numerical examples show that our coupled inversion algorithm produces better velocity models than a purely acoustic inversion algorithm in a wide variety of cases, including both single‐ and multi‐component data and low‐cut filtered data. We also show that our algorithm performs at least equally well on real field data gathered in the Korean continental shelf. 相似文献
19.
基于单相介质中地震波理论的高频面波法已广泛应用于求取浅地表S波的速度.然而水文地质条件表明,普遍的浅地表地球介质富含孔隙.孔隙中充填的流体会显著地影响面波在浅地表的传播,进而造成频散和衰减的变化.本文研究了地震勘探频段内针对含流体孔隙介质边界条件的面波的传播特性.孔隙流体在自由表面存在完全疏通、完全闭合以及部分疏通的情况.孔隙单一流体饱和时,任何流体边界条件下存在R1模式波,与弹性介质中的Rayleigh波类似,相速度稍小于S波并在地震记录中显示强振幅.由于介质的内在衰减,R1在均匀半空间中也存在频散,相速度和衰减在不同流体边界下存在差异.Biot固流耦合系数(孔隙流体黏滞度与骨架渗透率之比)控制频散的特征频率,高耦合系数会在地震勘探频带内明显消除这种差异.介质的迂曲度等其他物性参数对不同流体边界下的R1波的影响也有不同的敏感度.完全闭合和部分疏通流体边界下存在R2模式波,相速度略低于慢P波.在多数条件下,如慢P波在时频响应中难以观察到.但是在耦合系数较低时会显现,一定条件下甚至会以非物理波形式接收R1波的辐射,显示强振幅.浅表风化层低速带存在,震源激发时的运动会显著影响面波的传播.对于接收点径向运动会造成面波的Doppler频移,横向运动会造成面波的时频畸变.孔隙存在多相流体时,中观尺度下不均匀斑块饱和能很好地解释体波在地震频带内的衰减.快P波受到斑块饱和显著影响,R1波与快P波有更明显关联,与完全饱和模型中不同,也更易于等效模型建立.频散特征频率受孔隙空间不同流体成分比例变化的控制,为面波方法探测浅地表流体分布与迁移提供可能性.通常情况孔隙介质频散特征频率较高,标准线性黏弹性固体可以在相对低频的地震勘探频带内等效表征孔隙介质中R1波的传播特征,特别在时域,可在面波成像反演建模中应用. 相似文献
20.
Liangguo Dong Zhongyi Fan Hongzhi Wang Benxin Chi Yuzhu Liu 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(8):1503-1520
Reflection full waveform inversion can update subsurface velocity structure of the deeper part, but tends to get stuck in the local minima associated with the waveform misfit function. These local minima cause cycle skipping if the initial background velocity model is far from the true model. Since conventional reflection full waveform inversion using two‐way wave equation in time domain is computationally expensive and consumes a large amount of memory, we implement a correlation‐based reflection waveform inversion using one‐way wave equations to retrieve the background velocity. In this method, one‐way wave equations are used for the seismic wave forward modelling, migration/de‐migration and the gradient computation of objective function in frequency domain. Compared with the method using two‐way wave equation, the proposed method benefits from the lower computational cost of one‐way wave equations without significant accuracy reduction in the cases without steep dips. It also largely reduces the memory requirement by an order of magnitude than implementation using two‐way wave equation both for two‐ and three‐dimensional situations. Through numerical analysis, we also find that one‐way wave equations can better construct the low wavenumber reflection wavepath without producing high‐amplitude short‐wavelength components near the image points in the reflection full waveform inversion gradient. Synthetic test and real data application show that the proposed method efficiently updates the background velocity model. 相似文献