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1.
1976年唐山大地震的孕震环境:密集地震台阵观测得到的结果 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
1976-07-28唐山地区发生了震惊中外的7.8级大地震。为什么在华北古老克拉通内部的唐山地区能够发生如此的大地震一直是一个令人费解的问题。是否会在唐山地区再次出现同样的破坏性地震值得认真研究。利用流动地震观测台阵数据和接收函数反演方法,我们研究了唐山地区60 km深度范围内的三维地壳上地幔速度结构。结果表明:(1)由活动断裂切割的唐山断块与周围介质存在明显差异,围限唐山断块的断裂均为超壳的活动断裂;(2)唐山大震区中上地壳具有明显的非均匀壳内低速体;(3)该地区壳幔界面表现为明显的断块式隆升,与两侧相比,唐山菱形地块下方的上地幔顶部异常隆起的高度达到10 km左右,下伏的上地幔具有异常的非均匀结构;(4)唐山大震区可能有幔源物质较大规模的侵入,形成了中、上地壳内的低速体。由于较已往的研究结果有更高的空间分辨率,我们得到了一些以往尚未发现的有关唐山地区深部结构的异常特征;(5)首都圈地区内破坏性地震发生的地点绝非偶然,它们均与其相应的深部构造背景密切有关,这为强震发生地点的预测提供了可能。根据本文结果,我们认为,1976年唐山大地震的主因源于上地幔的垂向运动变形及壳幔之间物质及能量的交换,区域水平向应力场为次要作用。这有助于解释为什么能够在我国华北古老克拉通地区发生7级以上强震,在唐山地区再次发生7级以上大地震的可能性值得给予进一步的研究和关注。 相似文献
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对西准噶尔及周边地区壳幔结构的研究是揭示准噶尔盆地演化的重要基础.利用最新的卫星重力场模型, 通过计算得到西准噶尔及周边地区的布格重力异常, 进而采用三维反演技术, 对西准噶尔及周边地区的地壳与上地幔顶部进行密度成像, 得到了0~80 km深度范围的密度异常结构.地壳密度分布显示古准噶尔洋壳有可能向NE和NW分别俯冲于西伯利亚板块和西准噶尔地块之下.上地幔顶部密度变化表明: 阿尔泰褶皱带具有相对较低的密度, 可能为古大陆巨厚的硅铝层所致; 哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔盆地具有相对完整的高密度结构; 天山褶皱带区域的密度大幅度变化刻画了超岩石圈断裂对岩石圈的切割以及岩石圈形变与构造活动的痕迹. 相似文献
3.
用物理模拟实验研究走滑断裂和拉分盆地 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
本文按照下地壳和岩石圈地幔塑性流动控制上地壳构造变形的思想,采用脆延性双层模型,在考虑模型相似性的条件下,通过延性层流动驱动脆性层进行走滑断裂和拉分盆地模拟实验。实验结果表明,在左行走滑阶段发育两条"S"型左行右阶断裂带;在右行走滑改造阶段,早期左行右阶断裂带被改造为"Z"型右行右阶断裂带。走滑断裂发育过程中共有三种类型的拉张伸展:(1)"S"型破裂逐渐伸展,形成多个菱形盆地;(2)几个相邻的斜列"S"型断裂在剪切作用下端部被错断连通,形成"地堑-地垒"构造;(3)在右行走滑阶段,沿右行右阶断裂拉张形成拉分盆地。先存的上隆拱张断裂限制了走滑断裂的位置和方向。脆性层强度对走滑断裂的形成和发展具有约束作用,脆性层结构对脆延性的层间耦合作用和走滑断裂特征具有显著影响。 相似文献
4.
青藏高原卫星重力场及所反映的壳幔结构和深部… 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
针对青藏高原地壳－上地幔结构十分复杂的特点，利用地球重力场模型ＷＤＭ８９的位系数，计算了多个阶窗的卫星重力异常。结合其他地球物理资料的初步分析表明，低阶窗的异常图形，可能反映了板块碰撞挤压所造成的深部密度重新分布的特征；中阶窗的异常，则显示出板块运动过程中可能形成的深部构造痕迹，如超壳深断裂等，高阶窗的异常图，可以与实测的空间异常图及均衡异常图相对比，它醒目地指出了青藏高原边缘一些不均衡的地带，利 相似文献
5.
月球“质量瘤”盆地的深部结构与撞击演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
月球"质量瘤"是指具有等轴状、高幅值重力异常的撞击盆地区域,重力异常是高密度月幔物质隆起与月海玄武岩充填共同作用的结果。研究这种高密度物质异常成因、来源、空间展布特征以及"质量瘤"盆地的深部结构,可以推测其形成与演化历史。利用嫦娥一号激光测高数据与LP165P月球重力场模型计算获得月球布格重力异常,采用新的垂直圆柱体重力异常计算公式,模拟月海充填玄武岩与月幔隆起,使其模拟计算的重力异常与测量的相对布格重力异常相吻合。计算结果表明,月球正面月海区域"质量瘤"盆地充填的玄武岩较高地区域的厚,在典型"质量瘤"盆地的布格重力异常中,月幔隆起是主要因素。计算还发现雨海与澄海下部月壳厚度比正面其他盆地的厚,而且澄海区域的地形表现为中心突起,下部月幔呈一定凹形,推测由于风暴洋区克里普岩的存在使得该区域月壳内部温度高,物质流动性增强,演化后期月壳物质横向压力均衡调整导致月壳物质向盆地中心回流,使得盆地下部月壳增厚,月幔凹陷,盆地地表出现一定程度的抬升。 相似文献
6.
塔里木盆地卫星重力异常与油气资源的相关性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用中国地区３６０阶局部重力场模型ＩＧＧ９３Ｅ，计算出不同阶窗的卫星重力异常，然后利用Ｍｏｌｏｄｅｎｓｋｙ单层密度积分方程将卫星重力转化为分层面密度异常，结合其他地球物理资料，分析并探讨了塔里木盆地油气资源与卫星重力异常的相关性。研究表明：塔里木盆地油气资源分布与１０１－１８０阶卫星分同密度异常图中负密度异常带关系密切。而１８１－３６０阶卫重分层面异常图则对盆地内生油、储油的坳陷、隆起等构造有较９ 相似文献
7.
为了揭示粤北地区岩石圈深部结构、深大断裂性质及花岗岩分布规律等科学问题,布设了乳源-潮州宽频带大地电磁探测剖面。由二维反演得出的电性结构,讨论了粤北地区岩石圈导电性结构特点。沿剖面存在3个花岗岩分布区,呈现不同的类型,可能代表不同的成因模式。沿剖面划分3条北东向断裂带:吉安-四会断裂、赣江断裂于韶关东形成宽度近20km的低阻区域,其间形成断陷盆地;河源-邵武断裂带,其两侧发育壳幔高导层并发育壳幔混合型花岗岩,深部电性结构复杂,可能为壳幔剧烈作用的场所;丽水-海丰断裂带,控制了燕山晚期花岗岩的分布。韶关、连平之间和龙川、丰顺之间50～150km存在2个巨大的低阻体,可能是地幔物质底侵作用的"通道";且底侵方向指向连平和龙川之间的区域,由于底侵作用力贡献,发育了一系列的壳内和上地幔高导层。粤北地区岩石圈从西向东逐渐减薄,从100余km减薄到60km,反映了太平洋板块对欧亚板块的消减作用。潮州100km深度以下的中-低阻特征,推断为太平洋板块俯冲作用留下的"洋壳"物质。 相似文献
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9.
为了探讨月球大型撞击盆地形成后的壳幔物质迁移, 采用新近的月球重力场数据研究壳幔界面的起伏情况, 这对撞击盆地的形成演化研究有重要意义.通过对虹湾-雨海盆地地区玄武岩引起的重力异常进行正演模拟, 发现该部分重力异常仅约占布格重力异常幅值的8%, 布格重力异常主要与壳幔界面起伏有关.对该地区不同解算高度的剩余布格重力异常进行场源边界提取, 发现虹湾-雨海西北部的壳幔界面随深度增加向雨海中心倾斜, 在此区域下方, 壳幔界面会有一个向虹湾方向的额外上隆, 可能为月幔物质曾向此方向涌动造成.分析表明这种月幔上涌情况可能在雨海撞击时形成, 或者可能是形成虹湾的撞击对雨海盆地壳幔结构产生了二次影响, 在虹湾地区的壳幔回弹过程中, 拖动雨海下方的物质向虹湾方向运移造成的. 相似文献
10.
根据气候要素的特征周期, 利用小波分析方法, 从大气对流层甲烷体积混合比产品中分解、识别并去除气候和人为因素对应甲烷浓度变化分量, 从而提取出地质活动所引起的甲烷异常幅值变化信息.在此基础上, 以龙门山和玉树地区为例, 研究了甲烷异常幅值与地震活动间的关系.研究表明: 甲烷异常幅值与地震活动存在明显的对应关系; 龙门山地区3年间(2004—2006年)共出现甲烷异常峰值13次, 玉树地区2年间(2004—2005年)共出现14次; 其中21次(78%)甲烷异常峰值与地震峰值出现的时间间隔不超过2个月; 两个研究区的间隔天数随时间演化非常同步, 均呈现先降后升的规律; 龙门山地区异常增幅与地震能量峰值存在明显的正相关关系, 而玉树地区则不存在.最后, 初步探讨了甲烷异常产生和变化的原因, 认为地源甲烷来源于壳-幔流体的上涌; 其值的波动与韧性流变层中地质流体的存储状态及中上地壳"微破裂"、"破裂链"的发育过程有密切关系. 相似文献
11.
中国海城地震区地壳与上地幔构造特征的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究表明,海城地震区地壳与上地幔构造特征可以归纳为如下四点:1.震区所处的辽南地区,其地壳是由高速与低速相间的成层介质组成,地壳与上地幔结构不论纵向和横向都是不均匀的,且被深大断裂切割为若干块体;2.本区地壳按其界面分布特征可分为上层地壳、中层地壳和下层地壳;3.本区地壳介质在纵向及横向上均存在明显的不均一性;4.海城地震震源区位于耿庄——海城上地幔局部隆起东侧的中层地壳上部。 相似文献
12.
青藏高原及邻区三角形发震构造域是全球大陆最显著的地震多发区.脆性活动断层及其弹性回跳模式无法合理解释该区深度集中分布在10~40 km的点状震源.针对发震构造和地震机理不明确这一重大科学问题, 以大陆动力学和地球系统动力学新思想为指导, 对青藏高原及邻区发震构造系统进行域、层、带、点相关研究, 阐明大陆地震构造系统的结构型式, 认为下地壳固态流变及其韧性剪切带是提供地震能量的孕震构造, 中地壳韧-脆性剪切带是累积地震能量的发震构造, 上地壳脆性断裂是释放地震能量的释震构造.在研究青藏高原及邻区地震构造系统及其形成背景的基础上, 进一步论证了大陆地震热流体撞击的形成机理: 地幔墙导致大洋中脊之下的软流圈热流物质层流到大陆特定部位汇聚加厚并底辟上升, 造成大陆下地壳部分熔融和固态流变, 并改变莫霍面的产状, 固态流变物质侧向非均匀流动, 形成大陆盆山体系, 流动的韧性下地壳与脆性上地壳之间具有韧-脆性剪切滑脱性质的中地壳不断积累由下地壳热能转换而来的应变能, 形成发震层, 震源定位于下地壳热流物质富集带("热河")中的固态-半固态流变物质撞击到强弱层块之间的构造边界, 不同热构造环境和撞击角度产生5种不同类型的地震.从而为大陆地震的科学预测奠定了全新的理论基础. 相似文献
13.
秦岭造山带的壳幔结构及其形成,演化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
地处华北地块和扬子地块之间的秦岭造山带是一个壳幔结构十分复杂的地带,它的形成、演化也有其漫长而复杂的过程。本文依据近年来在该地带及邻区取得的地球物理资料所显示的多种信息来推断其壳幔结构及其形成、演化的某些特征,并尝试利用反映不同深度范围物质密度分布不均信息的卫星重力资料,探讨其地球动力学等背景。 相似文献
14.
《Tectonophysics》1987,142(1):15-26
The paleo-Oslo Rift/Oslo Graben system is geophysically characterized by a pronounced gravity high. A reinterpretation of gravity data in the region using a flexible inversion scheme indicates that the causative body has a density contrast of 0.06 g/cm−3. The inversion results also suggest that this body is most likely located in the upper part of the lower crust and extends eastward well outside the graben area proper. Estimates of crustal thicknesses before and after the rifting aborted, suggest that rifting commenced in the south and then progressed northwards. The corresponding pole of rotation was located approximately 240 km NNE of the city of Oslo. The hypocentres of 7 small local earthquakes were found to be located on the periphery of the anomalous body as derived from gravity modeling. Seismic investigations, including 3-D imaging using NORSAR data, have failed to provide conclusive evidence on intrusion of asthenospheric material in the lithosphere as part of the Oslo Graben taphrogenesis. The explanation proposed here is that the geophysical imprints of Oslo Rift/Oslo Graben evolutionary processes within the upper mantle have been considerably weakened over the associated time span of some 150–200 Ma. Finally, it is hypothesized that the asthenospheric injection into the lithosphere took place over a relatively small cross-sectional area of the Moho. The further ascent of the gabbroic magma was partly hindered by the relatively rigid upper crust, thus causing extensive lateral flow eastwards, outside the Oslo Graben proper, in the 10–20 km depth range. 相似文献
15.
广西地处华南地块、印支地块与西太平洋板块的汇合部位,因特殊的构造部位,广西区内大地构造单元归属、构造单元边界等许多基础地质问题一直存在争议.自新生代以来的板块构造运动对岩石圈的改造,广西地壳与上地幔在地震波速度及温度结构方面具有显著差异.应用卫星重、磁异常数据以及区域重力和航磁资料对广西地区岩石圈密度和磁化率结构及其与上地壳构造的关系开展了研究,结果显示广西地区地壳密度和上地壳磁性结构与现今地表构造较为契合,但下地壳密度结构与上地幔存在不连续现象;此外,岩石圈磁化率结构指示中下地壳存在不同范围和程度的解耦.对广西岩石圈密度与磁性结构的解读认为,在中生代以来岩石圈被大规模改造的背景下,幔源物质上侵至上地壳的规模和范围都有限,这可能是整个广西地区上地幔结构与地壳构造不对应的主要原因. 相似文献
16.
Crust and Upper Mantle Electrical Resistivity Structure in the Panxi Region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and Its Significance 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
ZHANG Gang WANG Xuben FANG Hui GUO Ziming ZHANG Zhaobin LUO Wei CAI Xuelin LI Jun LI Zhong WU Xing 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(2):531-541
The Panxi region is located in the frontal zone of positive squeezing subduction and side squeezing shearing between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The long-period magnetotelluric(LMT) and broadband magnetotelluric(MT) techniques are both used to study the deep electrical conductivity structure in this region; magnetic and gravity surveys are also performed along the profile. According to the 2-D resistivity model along the Yanyuan-Yongshan profile,a highconductivity layer(HCL) exists widely in the crust,and a high-resistivity block(HRB) exists widely in the upper mantle in general,as seen by the fact that a large HCL exists from the western Jinpingshan tectonic zone to the eastern Mabian tectonic zone in the crust,while the HRB found in the Panxi tectonic zone is of abnormally high resistivity in that background compared to both sides of Panxi tectonic zone. In addition,the gravity and magnetic field anomalies are of high value. Combined with geological data,the results indicate that there probably exists basic or ultrabasic rock with a large thickness in the lithosphere in the Panxi axial region,which indicates that fracture activity once occurred in the lithosphere. As a result,we can infer that the high-resistivity zone in the Panxi lithosphere is the eruption channel for Permian Emeishan basalt and the accumulation channel for basic and ultrabasic rock. The seismic sources along the profile are counted according to seismic record data. The results indicate that the most violent earthquake sources are located at the binding site of the HRB and the HCL,where the tectonic activity zone is generally acknowledged to be; however,the earthquakes occurring in the HCL are not so violent,which reflects the fact that the HCL is a plastic layer,and the fracture threshold of a plastic layer is low generally,making high stress difficult to accumulate but easy to release in the layer. As a result,a higher number of smaller earthquakes occurred in the HCL at Daliangshan tectonic zone,and violent earthquakes occurred at the binding site of high- and low-resistivity blocks at the Panxi tectonic zone. 相似文献
17.
1.IntroductionTheManzhouli-SuifenheGeoscienceTransect(M-SGT)isinthenortheastChina,acrosstheprovincesofInnerMongoliaandHeilongiiang.Geologically,itissitllatedamongtheplatesofNorthChina,SiberiaandWesternPacific.ThewholeIengthoftheM-SGTisaboutl3Ookm,whichcrossesmanytectonicunits(Fig.l).ItisclearthatitstectonicsitUationisuniqueanditsgeologicstructUreiscomplex.Deepearthquakeshappenfrequentlya1ongthetransect.Therefore,itisarepresentativeprofileofnortheastChinaandtheNortheastAsia.TheM-S… 相似文献
18.
为了深入了解日本东北俯冲带的地震构造及火山活动,利用布设在日本列岛上密集地震台网所记录到的高质量浅震及深震到时数据,反演求得了该区域地壳及上地幔的三维P波和S波速度结构。为了最大程度地利用地震数据提取模型空间中更为精细的速度结构信息,采用不规则网格模型采进行地震层析成像反演。所得的高分辨率成像结果清晰地显示,2008年岩手地震(M 7.2)位于高低速异常的转换区,而且震源区的地壳介质非均匀性极强。在震源区的下地壳及上地幔顶部存在着明显的低速异常,可能代表了岛弧岩浆和流体在该深度处的储集。研究结果表明,2008年岩手地震的产生受到了来自上地幔楔的岩浆和流体的影响,且这些岩浆和流体与俯冲太平洋板块的脱水作用有着密切的联系。 相似文献
19.
Comparison of gravity anomaly between mature and immature intra-oceanic subduction zones in the western Pacific 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The western Pacific hosts major subduction systems such as Izu–Bonin–Mariana and Tonga–Kermadec, but also less conspicuous systems such as Yap, Mussau and Hjort trenches which constitute the young, incomplete, or ultraslow-member in the evolutionary spectrum of subduction zones. We used satellite-derived gravity data to compare well-developed and immature subduction systems. It is shown that at spatial resolution > 10–20 km or so, the satellite data have accuracy comparable to ship-board gravity measurements over intra-oceanic subduction zones. In the isostatic residual gravity anomaly map, the width of non-isostatically-compensated region of the mature subduction zones is much wider than that of immature ones. More importantly, when the gravitational attraction due to seafloor is removed, a large difference exists between the mature and immature subduction zones in the overriding plate side. Mature subduction zones exhibit broad low gravity anomalies of ~ 200–250 mGal centered at distances of 150–200 km from the trench which are not found over immature subduction zones. The cause of the broad low gravity anomalies over mature subduction zones is debatable due to lack of information on the deep crust and upper mantle structure and property. We discuss the following four causes: (1) serpentinization of the upper mantle beneath the forearc; (2) presence of partial melt in the mantle wedge caused by release of volatiles from the slab, frictional heating and distributed by mantle circulation; (3) difference in density structure between the overriding and subducting plates caused by difference in age and thermal structures with and without compositional stratification between crust and mantle; and (4) anomalous thickness of the arc not explained by isostasy. Our analysis suggests that serpentinization cannot explain the observed gravity anomaly which appears ~ 150–200 km from the trench. Although the extent and distribution of partial melt within the mantle wedge remain in question, to our best estimate, partial melting contributes little (< 50 mGal) to the total negative gravity anomaly. The difference in density structure reflecting temperature difference can only explain less than half of the low gravity anomaly. The sinking of lighter crustal material produces a large negative anomaly in the forearc but its location does not match the observed gravity anomaly. It appears that one cannot explain the total difference in gravity anomaly without invoking anomalous thickness of the arc. Although we could not identify the sole or combination of factors that give rise to the low gravity anomaly in mature subduction zones, the comparison of gravity anomalies between mature and immature subduction zones is likely to provide an important constraint for understanding the evolution and structure of subduction zones as more complementary evidences become available. 相似文献
20.
A three-dimensional (3D) density model, approximated by two regional layers—the sedimentary cover and the crystalline crust (offshore, a sea-water layer was added), has been constructed in 1° averaging for the whole European continent. The crustal model is based on simplified velocity model represented by structure maps for main seismic horizons—the “seismic” basement and the Moho boundary. Laterally varying average density is assumed inside the model layers. Residual gravity anomalies, obtained by subtraction of the crustal gravity effect from the observed field, characterize the density heterogeneities in the upper mantle. Mantle anomalies are shown to correlate with the upper mantle velocity inhomogeneities revealed from seismic tomography data and geothermal data. Considering the type of mantle anomaly, specific features of the evolution and type of isostatic compensation, the sedimentary basins in Europe may be related into some groups: deep sedimentary basins located in the East European Platform and its northern and eastern margins (Peri-Caspian, Dnieper–Donets, Barents Sea Basins, Fore–Ural Trough) with no significant mantle anomalies; basins located on the activated thin crust of Variscan Western Europe and Mediterranean area with negative mantle anomalies of −150 to −200×10−5 ms−2 amplitude and the basins associated with suture zones at the western and southern margins of the East European Platform (Polish Trough, South Caspian Basin) characterized by positive mantle anomalies of 50–150×10−5 ms−2 magnitude. An analysis of the main features of the lithosphere structure of the basins in Europe and type of the compensation has been carried out. 相似文献