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1.
Reconnaissance observations are presented on the building damage caused by the May 19, 2011, Kütahya–Simav earthquake in Western Turkey as well as an overview of strong ground motion data recorded during the earthquake is given. According to Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey, the magnitude of the earthquake is 5.7 in local magnitude scale. Although the earthquake can be regarded as a moderate event when considering its magnitude and strong motion recordings, it caused excessive structural damage to buildings in Simav district and several villages in the near vicinity. During the field investigation, different types of structural damage were observed mainly in the reinforced concrete frame buildings with infill walls and masonry buildings with various types of construction materials. Observed damage resulted from several deficiencies in structural and non-structural components of the buildings. Poor construction materials and workmanship, non-conforming earthquake-resistant design and construction techniques and non-ductile detailing are the main reasons for such an extensive damage, as observed in many past earthquakes in Turkey. 相似文献
2.
Dogan Gamze Ecemis Ali Serdar Korkmaz Serra Zerrin Arslan Musa Hakan Korkmaz Hasan Husnu 《Natural Hazards》2021,109(1):161-200
A 6.8-magnitude earthquake that occurred on January 24, 2020, has been effective in Turkey’s eastern regions. The earthquake, with recorded peak ground acceleration (PGA) value of 0.292 g, caused the destruction or heavy damage of buildings, especially in the city center of Elaz?? province. The purpose of this paper was to share the results of detailed investigation in the earthquake-stricken area. Additionally, the causes of damages and failures observed in the buildings were compared to those that had occurred in previous earthquakes in Turkey. In this study, the damages observed in especially RC buildings as well as in masonry and rural buildings were summarized, the lessons learned were evaluated, and the results were interpreted with reference to Turkish earthquake codes. In the study, it was particularly emphasized why the building stock underwent such damage even though the buildings were exposed to earthquake acceleration well below the design acceleration values.
相似文献3.
Seismic risk assessment of buildings in Izmir,Turkey 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Izmir, the third largest city and a major economic center in Turkey, has more than three million residents and half million
buildings. In this study, the seismic risk in reinforced concrete buildings that dominate the building inventory in Izmir
is investigated through multiple approaches. Five typical reinforced concrete buildings were designed, modeled and assessed
for seismic vulnerability. The sample structures represent typical existing reinforced concrete hospital, school, public,
and residential buildings in Izmir. The seismic assessments of the considered structures indicate that they are vulnerable
to damage during expected future earthquakes. 相似文献
4.
Shaghayegh Karimzadeh Aysegul Askan Murat Altug Erberik Ahmet Yakut 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(3):1371-1397
Estimation of seismic losses is a fundamental step in risk mitigation in urban regions. Structural damage patterns depend on the regional seismic properties and the local building vulnerability. In this study, a framework for seismic damage estimation is proposed where the local building fragilities are modeled based on a set of simulated ground motions in the region of interest. For this purpose, first, ground motion records are simulated for a set of scenario events using stochastic finite-fault methodology. Then, existing building stock is classified into specific building types represented with equivalent single-degree-of-freedom models. The response statistics of these models are evaluated through nonlinear time history analysis with the simulated ground motions. Fragility curves for the classified structural types are derived and discussed. The study area is Erzincan (Turkey), which is located on a pull-apart basin underlain by soft sediments in the conjunction of three active faults as right-lateral North Anatolian Fault, left-lateral North East Anatolian Fault, and left-lateral Ovacik Fault. Erzincan city center experienced devastating earthquakes in the past including the December 27, 1939 (Ms = 8.0) and the March 13, 1992 (Mw?=?6.6) events. The application of the proposed method is performed to estimate the spatial distribution of the damage after the 1992 event. The estimated results are compared against the corresponding observed damage levels yielding a reasonable match in between. After the validation exercise, a potential scenario event of Mw?=?7.0 is simulated in the study region. The corresponding damage distribution indicates a significant risk within the urban area. 相似文献
5.
Empirical, theoretical or hybrid methods can be used for the vulnerability analysis of structures to evaluate the seismic
damage data and to obtain probability damage matrices. The information on observed structural damage after earthquakes has
critical importance to drive empirical vulnerability methods. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the damage distributions
based on the data observed in Erzincan-1992, Dinar-1995 and Kocaeli-1999 earthquakes in Turkey utilizing two probability models—Modified
Binomial Distribution (MBiD) and Modified Beta Distribution (MBeD). Based on these analyses, it was possible (a) to compare
the advantages and limitations of the two probability models with respect to their capabilities in modelling the observed
damage distributions; (b) to evaluate the damage assessment for reinforced concrete and masonry buildings in Turkey based
on these models; (c) to model the damage distribution of different sub-groups such as buildings with different number of storeys
or soil conditions according to the both models. The results indicate that (a) MBeD is more suitable than the MBiD to model
the observed damage data for both reinforced concrete and masonry buildings in Turkey; (b) the sub-groups with lower number
of stories are located in the lower intensity levels, while the sub-groups with higher number of stories depending on local
site condition are concentrated in the higher intensity levels, thus site conditions should also be considered in the assessment
of the intensity levels; (c) the detailed local models decrease the uncertainties of loss estimation since the damage distribution
of sub-groups can be more accurately modelled compared to the general damage distribution models. 相似文献
6.
A probabilistic model is presented to obtain a realistic estimate of earthquake insurance rates for reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey. The model integrates information on seismic hazard and information on expected earthquake damage on engineering facilities in a systematic way, yielding to estimates of earthquake insurance premiums. In order to demonstrate the application of the proposed probabilistic method, earthquake insurance rates are computed for reinforced concrete buildings constructed in five cities located in different seismic zones of Turkey. The resulting rates are compared with the rates currently charged by the insurance companies. The earthquake insurance rates are observed to be sensitive to the assumptions on seismic hazard and damage probability matrices and to increase significantly with increasing violation of the code requirements. 相似文献
7.
Seismic risk assessment of buildings in urban areas: a case study for Denizli,Turkey 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
This study aims to carry out a seismic risk assessment for a typical mid-size city based on building inventory from a field
study. Contributions were made to existing loss estimation methods for buildings. In particular, a procedure was introduced
to estimate the seismic quality of buildings using a scoring scheme for the effective parameters in seismic behavior. Denizli,
a typical mid-size city in Turkey, was used as a case study. The building inventory was conducted by trained observers in
a selected region of Denizli that had the potential to be damaged from expected future earthquakes according to geological
and geotechnical studies. Parameters that are known to have some effect on the seismic performance of the buildings during
past earthquakes were collected during the inventory studies. The inventory includes data of about 3,466 buildings on 4,226
parcels. The evaluation of inventory data provided information about the distribution of building stock according to structural
system, construction year, and vertical and plan irregularities. The inventory data and the proposed procedure were used to
assess the building damage, and to determine casualty and shelter needs during the M6.3 and 7.0 scenario earthquakes, representing
the most probable and maximum earthquakes in Denizli, respectively. The damage assessment and loss studies showed that significant
casualties and economic losses can be expected in future earthquakes. Seismic risk assessment of reinforced concrete buildings
also revealed the priorities among building groups. The vulnerability in decreasing order is: (1) buildings with 6 or more
stories, (2) pre-1975 constructed buildings, and (3) buildings with 3–5 stories. The future studies for evaluating and reducing
seismic risk for buildings should follow this priority order. All data of inventory, damage, and loss estimates were assembled
in a Geographical Information System (GIS) database. 相似文献
8.
Naeimifar Ibrahim Yasrobi Shahaboddin Golshani Ali Akbar Joneidi Mehdi 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2021,39(6):4265-4285
Excavation-induced ground movements and the resulting damages to adjacent structures and facilities is a source of concern for excavation projects in urban areas. The concern will be even higher if the adjacent structure is old or has low strength parameters like masonry building. Frame distortion and crack generation are predictors of building damage resulted from excavation-induced ground movements, which pose challenges to projects involving excavations. This study is aimed to investigate the relation between excavation-induced ground movements and damage probability of buildings in excavation affected distance. The main focus of this paper is on masonry buildings and excavations stabilized using soil nail wall method. To achieve this purpose, 21 masonry buildings adjacent to 12 excavation projects were studied. Parametric studies were performed by developing 3D FE models of brick walls and excavations stabilized using soil nail wall. Finally, probability evaluations were conducted to analyze the outputs obtained from case studies. Based on the obtained results, simple charts were established to estimate the damage of masonry structures in excavation affected distance with two key parameters including “Displacement Ratio” and “Normalized Distance”. The results also highlight the effects of building distance from excavation wall on its damage probability.
相似文献9.
Earthquake characteristics and building damage in high-intensity areas of Wenchuan earthquake II: Dujiangyan and Pengzhou City 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
On May 12, 2008, a massive earthquake occurred along the Longmen Mountain Central Fault in Sichuan Province, China, causing serious damages to buildings near the fault. As the Longmen Mountain Central Fault and the Anterior Fault both traversed Dujiangyan and Pengzhou cities, the seismic intensity in these areas reached levels IX?CXI. Therefore, these two cities were among the most seriously damaged regions. In this article, the types of damage to buildings in the two cities and their affiliated towns or villages are investigated and reported. It is found that the damage to a building is related to its structure type, distance from the faults, and so on. The results provide valuable information on the seismic resistance of buildings in similar areas. 相似文献
10.
Dynamic analysis of ground with rigorous use of strain dependency and its application to seismic microzonation of alluvial plane 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Seismic microzonation is one of the most important measures to mitigate earthquake hazards in urban areas. Because the ground motion varies significantly with the subsurface geology, it is needed for microzonation to account as much as possible for the local soil conditions. Noteworthy is that nonlinear deformation properties of soil play essential roles in amplification of strong ground motion. It is desired furthermore to focus on the expected damage extent in addition to the calculated maximum acceleration and/or velocity. The present study first developed a computer code for one-dimensional response analysis of ground that reasonably takes into account nonlinear dynamic soil properties. Second, correlations between the calculated ground motion and damage extent were obtained by examining seismic damages during the past earthquakes. By combining these two issues, seismic microzonation was carried out, and detailed damage distribution was assessed. The product of this study covers not only the damage caused by ground shaking but also liquefaction problem and lifeline damage. 相似文献
11.
Catastrophic damages reported during an earthquake include building damages, excessive ground shaking, uneven settlements and liquefaction. While most of the seismic hazard studies map the probable level of ground shaking at the bedrock level, their use in assessing the above damages is very limited until the response of the local soil is also taken into account. Determination of the local soil response needs regionally recorded ground motions, dynamic soil properties, in situ geotechnical details, etc., which most of the time are not readily available for the region under study. In the present work, the response of local soil for Nepal has been studied indirectly taking into account the surface level of ground shaking during various past as well as recent EQs observed at various locations. Based on the present analysis, a low value of amplification factor for high peak horizontal acceleration and vice versa is observed in central, western as well as southern parts of Nepal. These observations suggest nonlinear soil behavior and are in accordance with the available literature. Further, the ground motion records during 2015 Nepal EQ show maximum soil response at 0.3 s which is exactly matching with the site class C obtained from in situ data for the above locations. Based on the above observations, various correlations between the high peak horizontal acceleration and the surface spectral acceleration are proposed to obtained site specific surface response spectrum for Nepal. 相似文献
12.
E. L. Lekkas 《Natural Hazards》2002,25(1):23-35
A number of cases where earthquake-induced damage was massive or presented interesting distribution patterns in recent earthquakes are presented.The highly serious damage along reactivated seismic faults and fractures is discussedfor the earthquakes of Pyrgos (Greece), Egio (Greece) and Kobe (Japan). Additionally, we describe characteristic types of building failure in the earthquake of Egio,caused by the coexistence of surficial faulting and liquefaction. Of particularinterest is the damage pattern in the Kobe and Dinar earthquakes, attributed to seismicwave directivity, caused by migration of the earthquake source. Finally, a specialcase of building damage is described for the case of the Adana, Turkey earthquake,which is connected to the shape and the azimuthal location of buildings in respectto the epicentre. All the above cases are valuable sources of information and can be utilizedin the reduction of seismic risk in constructions and urban complexes. 相似文献
13.
A deterministic seismic risk and monetary loss model is presented for the capital of Santorini volcanic Island, the town of Fira, on a building block scale. A local seismic source of M5.6 inferred from a recent volcano unrest in 2011–2012, detailed seismic vulnerability of 435 buildings and site conditions deduced from free-field ambient noise measurements were combined toward assessing the EMS-98 damage grade and its probability to occur. The seismic scenario yielded no damage or slight damage for 84% of the buildings, 16% of the constructions are expected to present moderate-to-heavy damage, while the economic loss amounts to 4 million euros. Although the model predicts low damage and direct economic loss, interaction with the touristic business activities might produce cascade side effects for the economy of the island and consequently Greece’s GDP, an important part of which emanates from Santorini. 相似文献
14.
汶川8.0级地震液化震害及特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过现场详细地调查,归纳总结了汶川地震液化导致的工程震害的现象、分布、规律和特征。结果表明,此次地震液化震害现象显著,位于德阳地区的3个液化区域震害严重,都江堰地区、绵阳游仙区以及江油市区的3个液化区域震害中等,其他地区轻微,液化震害分布与液化分布有一定关系,但二者有所不同;液化场地上房屋均不同程度受损,其中结构性差的房屋会直接倒塌,设有圈梁、构造柱的房屋,液化也会导致其整体倾斜、下沉、开裂;学校液化震害具有典型性,部分校区大面积液化,地裂缝纵横,地基不均匀沉降严重,主体结构开裂、倾斜,功能丧失。这次液化震害具有3个显著特征:(1)只要液化出现的地方,震害均比周围重,没有减震现象;(2)Ⅵ度区不仅有液化现象,而且有明显的液化震害;(3)液化伴随地裂缝,是构成此次地震液化震害的主因。 相似文献
15.
Agnieszka Malinowska 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(2):317-334
A framework of applying the classification and regression tree theory (CART) for assessing the concrete building damage, caused by surface deformation, is proposed. The prognosis methods used for approximated building hazard estimation caused by continuous deformation are unsatisfactory. Variable local soil condition, changing intensity of the continuous deformation and variable resistance of the concrete buildings require the prognosis method adapted to the local condition. Terrains intensely induced by surface deformation are build-up with hundreds of building, so the method of their hazard estimation needs to be approximated and relatively fast. Therefore, promising might be addressing problems of reliable building damage risk assessment by application of classification and regression tree. The presented method based on the classification and regression tree theory enables to establish the most significant risk factors causing the building damage. Chosen risk factors underlie foundation for the concrete building damage prognosis method, which was caused by the surface continuous deformation. The established method enabled to assess the severity of building damage and was adapted to the local condition. High accuracy of shown approach is validated based on the independent data set of the buildings from the similar region. The research presented introduces the CART to determination of the risk of building damage with the emphasis on the grade of the building damage. Since presented method bases on the observations of the damages from the previous subsidence, the method might be applied to any local condition, where the previous subsidence is known. 相似文献
16.
17.
Vulnerability index and capacity spectrum based methods for urban seismic risk evaluation. A comparison 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
This article contributes to the development and application of two latest-generation methods of seismic risk analysis in urban
areas. The first method, namely vulnerability index method (VIM), considers five non-null damage states, defines the action
in terms of macroseismic intensity and the seismic quality of the building by means of a vulnerability index. The estimated
damage degree is measured by semi-empirical functions. The second method, namely capacity spectrum based method (CSBM), considers
four no damage states, defines the seismic action in terms of response spectra and the building vulnerability by means of
its capacity spectrum. In order to apply both methods to Barcelona (Spain) and compare the results, a deterministic and a
probabilistic hazard scenario with soil effects are used. The deterministic one corresponds to a historic earthquake, while
the probabilistic seismic ground motion has a probability of exceedence of 10% in 50 years. Detailed information on the building
design has been obtained along years by collecting, arranging, improving, and completing the database of the dwellings of
the city. A Geographic Information System (GIS) has been customized allowing storing, analysing, and displaying this large
amount of spatial and tabular data of dwellings. The obtained results are highly consistent with the historical and modern
evolution of the populated area and show the validity and strength of both methods. Although Barcelona has a low to moderate
seismic hazard, its expected seismic risk is significant because of the high vulnerability of its buildings. Cities such as
Barcelona, located in a low to moderate seismic hazard region, are usually not aware of the seismic risk. The detailed risk
maps obtained offer a great opportunity to guide the decision making in the field of seismic risk prevention and mitigation
in Barcelona, and for emergency planning in the city. 相似文献
18.
A number of high-profile seismic events have occurred in recent years, with a wide variation in the resulting economic damage and loss of life. This variation has been attributed in part to the stringency of seismic building codes implemented in different regions. Using the HAZUS Earthquake Model, a benefit?Ccost analysis was performed on varying levels of standard buildings codes for Haiti and Puerto Rico. The methodology computes expected loss assuming a Poisson event process with lognormally distributed event magnitude and idealized damage?Cmagnitude response functions. The event frequency and magnitude distributions are estimated from the historical record, while the damage functions are fit using HAZUS simulation results for events with systematically varying magnitudes and different seismic code levels. To validate the approach, a single-event analysis was conducted using alternative building codes and mean magnitude earthquakes. A probabilistic analysis was then used to evaluate the long-term expected value for alternative levels of building codes. To account for the relationship between lives saved and economic loss, the implicit cost of saving a life is computed for each code option. It was found that in the two areas studied, the expected loss of life was reduced the most by use of high seismic building code levels, but lower levels of seismic building code were more cost-effective when considering only building damages and the costs for code implementation. The methodology presented is meant to provide a basic framework for the future development of an economic-behavioral model for code adoption. 相似文献
19.
We performed large-scale earthquake economic loss estimations for France and cost–benefit analyses for several French cities by developing a semiempirical, intensity-based approach. The proposed methodology is inexpensive and easily applicable in case of a paucity of detailed information regarding the specific regional seismic hazard and the structural characteristics of the building stock, which is of particular importance in moderate-to-low seismic hazard regions. The exposure model is derived from census datasets, and the seismic vulnerability distribution of buildings is calculated using data mining techniques. Several hypothetical, large-scale retrofit scenarios are proposed, with increasing levels of investment. These cities, in their respective reinforced states, are then subjected to a series of hazard scenarios. Seismic hazard data for different return periods are calculated from regulatory accelerations from French seismic zoning. Loss estimations for the original (non-reinforced) configuration show high levels of expected building repair and replacement costs for all time spans. Finally, the benefits in terms of damage avoidance are compared with the costs of each retrofit measure. Relatively limited strengthening investments reduce the probability of building collapse, which is the main cause of human casualties. However, the results of this study suggest that retrofitting is, on average, only cost-effective in the parts of France with the highest seismicity and over the longest time horizons. 相似文献
20.
Mehani Youcef Benouar Djilali Bechtoula Hakim Kibboua Abderrahmane 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(1):529-551
Algeria is a country with a high seismic activity. During the last decade, many destructive earthquakes occurred, particularly
in the northern part, causing enormous losses in human lives, buildings, and equipments. In order to reduce this risk in the
capital and avoid serious damages to the strategic existing buildings, the government decided to invest in seismic upgrade,
strengthening, and retrofitting of these buildings. To do so, seismic vulnerability study of this category of buildings has
been considered. Structural analysis is performed based on a site investigation (inspection of the building, collecting data,
materials characteristics, general conditions of the building, etc.) and existing drawings (architectural plans, structural
design, etc.). The aim of these seismic vulnerability studies is to develop guidelines and a methodology for rehabilitation
of existing buildings. This paper presents the methodology followed in our study and summarizes the vulnerability assessment
and strengthening of one of the strategic buildings according to the new Algerian Seismic Design Code RPA 99/version 2003.
As a direct application of this methodology, both static equivalent method and nonlinear dynamic analysis are performed and
presented in this paper. 相似文献