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1.
Monitoring for natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides in New Zealand is under taken by GNS Science through the GeoNet project, funded by the Earthquake Commission (EQC). The volcano monitoring function, which includes seismograph and GPS networks, visual observations, webcams, deformation, gas and chemical measurements, assesses the status of New Zealand’s 12 active volcanoes and disseminates warnings as necessary. Interaction with the Wellington VAAC addresses aviation concerns. Near-real-time data is obtained from the monitoring networks and processed via two data centres, with two Duty Officers who respond to pager alerts. Through the National Civil Defence Plan, the volcano monitoring function is delegated to GNS Science, which is responsible for setting the volcanic alert level at each volcano. The Alert level is then used by responding agencies, industries, utility providers and the public to set their response. The New Zealand alert level system is based on the current status of the volcano, and is not necessarily predictive. The aviation industry is one of these responding industries. As a consequence of the 1995 and 1996 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano, it became apparent that the aviation industry required more information than the standard VAAC data and an additional service known as VAAS (NZ Volcanic Ash Advisory System) was established by MetService NZ and GNS Science. This arrangement provides enhanced services to the airlines and ensures rapid dissemination and quantification of information like SIGMET and NOTAM. GNS Science has informal relationships with similar geological based organisations in SW Pacific countries, especially Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands, and is able to quantify information about eruptions in those countries. Similarly, MetService NZ has relationships and is able to obtain pilot reports and updates from the meteorological and air traffic control organisations. 相似文献
2.
Christopher J. Daughney Matthias Raiber Magali Moreau-Fournier Uwe Morgenstern Rob van der Raaij 《Hydrogeology Journal》2012,20(1):185-200
Baseline monitoring of groundwater quality aims to characterize the ambient condition of the resource and identify spatial or temporal trends. Sites comprising any baseline monitoring network must be selected to provide a representative perspective of groundwater quality across the aquifer(s) of interest. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) has been used as a means of assessing the representativeness of a groundwater quality monitoring network, using example datasets from New Zealand. HCA allows New Zealand??s national and regional monitoring networks to be compared in terms of the number of water-quality categories identified in each network, the hydrochemistry at the centroids of these water-quality categories, the proportions of monitoring sites assigned to each water-quality category, and the range of concentrations for each analyte within each water-quality category. Through the HCA approach, the National Groundwater Monitoring Programme (117 sites) is shown to provide a highly representative perspective of groundwater quality across New Zealand, relative to the amalgamated regional monitoring networks operated by 15 different regional authorities (680 sites have sufficient data for inclusion in HCA). This methodology can be applied to evaluate the representativeness of any subset of monitoring sites taken from a larger network. 相似文献
3.
The technique to retrieve Green’s functions by cross-correlation of seismic noise that is now often referred to as seismic interferometry opened the way to a completely new type of seismological observation – the continuous monitoring of changes in the subsurface medium. In this paper we review Passive image interferometry (PII) as the technique that makes use of the possibility to repeatedly retrieve Green’s functions in order to precisely infer medium changes by comparing Green’s functions that are retrieved at different times. PII is capable of identifying velocity changes below 0.1% and was applied successfully in different tectonic situations. We review three investigations of PII that demonstrate the wide range of possible applications. The first application that introduced the concept of PII in 2006 revealed hydrology related changes of subsurface velocity at Merapi volcano. The second application we present was the first noise based observation of co-seismic changes. And we finally review a recent investigation that documented velocity variations in the shallow subsurface of the moon. 相似文献
4.
胡瑞忠 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》1996,(1)
新西兰陶波酸性火山岩Ｓｒ－Ｏ同位素体系胡瑞忠Ｐ．ＢｌａｔｔｎｅｒＩ．Ｊ．Ｇｒａｈａｍ（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）（新西兰地质与核科学研究所下哈特）关键词陶波酸性火山岩，Ｓｒ－Ｏ同位素体系，岩石成因新西兰北岛呈ＮＥ向分布的陶波（Ｔａｕ... 相似文献
5.
The National Flash Flood Prevention Project, which mainly consists of non-structural and supplementary structural measures, has been conducted for 6 years in China. Some preliminary achievements have contributed to the prevention of flash flood in China. Based on the latest information, this article introduces China’s flash flood prevention system, primarily from the perspective of its development process, components, investment, and characteristics. To date, the system has incorporated many distinguished large-scale features such as the largest rain gauge network (approximately 0.5 million stations) in the world, massive disaster observation and preparedness networks, people-and-expert combined monitoring and forecasting data integration system, and a vast implementation area. Based on its early achievements and some typical case investigations of such flash flood prevention system, the article also discusses China’s prospects for preventing flash flood disasters in the future. 相似文献
6.
Christopher Rosin 《GeoJournal》2008,73(1):45-54
Audit schemes dictating the parameters of environmentally and socially acceptable management practice have emerged as a pervasive feature of global agri-food production. While the impacts of such schemes on the global movement of food and fibre and the evolving terrains of power in agri-food relations are well documented, the associated reconstruction of farming identities in the localities where audits are implemented has received less attention. The emerging responses to audit schemes in the New Zealand kiwifruit and dairy sectors are key examples of the contentious nature through which auditing is incorporated within farming practice. Analysis of these responses reveals the potential for audits to alter the spirit of farming in New Zealand, initiating new conventions of interaction between producers and industries. Within a convention theory framework, the incorporation of auditing within standard management practice involves a negotiated process in which the farmers employ strategic justifications of their capability (and value) relative to the quality designations established by the audit. Rather than evaluate the relative merits of a farm, its product and its owner through the craft and skill of the independent land manager, successful farming is increasingly associated with the individual’s ability to conform to an audit’s structures. The global trend toward audit schemes suggests that similar challenges to the spirit of farming may be replicated in other contexts. 相似文献
7.
We have analyzed the July 15,2009,Fiordland earthquake(M_w 7.8),which occurred in the southwestern part of the South Island of New Zealand.This thrust-related earthquake in the southern Fiordland subduction zone is the largest New Zealand earthquake in the past 80 years.We have constrained a rupture model for this earthquake using coseismic offsets derived from the continuous geodetic network(Global Positioning System) of the New Zealand Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS Science).Our anal... 相似文献
8.
A deterministic seismic risk and monetary loss model is presented for the capital of Santorini volcanic Island, the town of Fira, on a building block scale. A local seismic source of M5.6 inferred from a recent volcano unrest in 2011–2012, detailed seismic vulnerability of 435 buildings and site conditions deduced from free-field ambient noise measurements were combined toward assessing the EMS-98 damage grade and its probability to occur. The seismic scenario yielded no damage or slight damage for 84% of the buildings, 16% of the constructions are expected to present moderate-to-heavy damage, while the economic loss amounts to 4 million euros. Although the model predicts low damage and direct economic loss, interaction with the touristic business activities might produce cascade side effects for the economy of the island and consequently Greece’s GDP, an important part of which emanates from Santorini. 相似文献
9.
随着空间技术，空间对地预测技术和天测技术的发展，已经逐渐在陆域强震及火山灾害的监测预测领域发挥作用。近几年，有关部门进行了陆域强震及火山活动前兆异常的卫星热红外遥感（TIRS）、全球卫星定位系统（GPS）、合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（D-INSAR）、天文时纬残差异常、引潮力触震机制和地理信息系统（GIS）等地震与火山短临期监测预测的实验与预研究，在基础理论和应用方法方面都有了相当的研究基础，实验和研究认为，这些空天观测技术是响应高频地壳运动的有效手段，如果将这些分散的科研力量和研究成果通过集成比较完整的空天监测预测体系，争取在我国主要强震火山省区建成强震火山灾害的空间、天测、地面、深部地质与宏观异常（简称空天地深宏）相结合的立体监测系统，将使我国的地震监测预报水平进入高技术发展阶段。 相似文献
10.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(9-11):747-754
This paper describes an integrated ground deformation and gravity network aimed at monitoring volcano-tectonic movements in the Campanian area (Southern Italy). It covers an area of more than 3000 km2, including the volcanic centres of Somma-Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei caldera and Ischia island. Levelling, EDM and gravity networks, as well as periodic and continuous GPS measurements are carried out. The aim of the network is twofold: monitoring ground deformations in the above mentioned volcanic areas, and studying the complex tectonics of the Campania Plain, a graben-like structure in which the Neapolitan volcanism is concentrated, in relation to the tectonics of the Southern Apennines and of the Tyrrhenian Basin. The monitoring network consists of larger-scale levelling, EDM and GPS networks covering the whole Campania Plain, connected to the relatively stable areas of Apennines, together with smaller scale networks aimed at accurately monitoring the Somma-Vesuvius volcano, one of the most dangerous over the World due to the high degree of urban development. The Somma-Vesuvius is monitored by levelling network, over 200 km long, by periodic EDM and GPS measurements and by a small network of continuously recording GPS receivers. Moreover, high precision gravimetry is also employed to deep the knowledge of the dynamic framework of the area. The main results indicate that Mt. Vesuvius and the island of Ischia are currently quiescent, while Campi Flegrei are subject to significant slow vertical ground movements, known as “bradyseism”. Recently, two large uplifts, both of about 1.8 m, affected the area respectively in 1970–72 and 1982–84. 相似文献
11.
A New Zealand Landslide Database has been developed to hold all of New Zealand’s landslide data and provide factual data for use in landslide hazard and risk assessment, including a probabilistic landslide hazard model for New Zealand, which is currently being developed by GNS Science. Design of a national Landslide Database for New Zealand required consideration of existing landslide data stored in a variety of digital formats and future data yet to be collected. Pre-existing landslide datasets were developed and populated with data reflecting the needs of the landslide or hazard project, and the database structures of the time. Bringing these data into a single database required a new structure capable of containing landslide information at a variety of scales and accuracy, with many different attributes. A unified data model was developed to enable the landslide database to be a repository for New Zealand landslides, irrespective of scale and method of capture. Along with landslide locations, the database may contain information on the timing of landslide events, the type of landslide, the triggering event, volume and area data, and impacts (consequences) for each landslide when this information is available. Information from contributing datasets include a variety of sources including aerial photograph interpretation, field reconnaissance and media accounts. There are currently 22,575 landslide records in the database that include point locations, polygons of landslide source and deposit areas, and linear landslide features. Access to all landslide data is provided with a web application accessible via the Internet. This web application has been developed in-house and is based on open-source software such as the underlying relational database (PostGIS) and the map generating Web Map Server (GeoServer). Future work is to develop automated data-upload routines and mobile applications to allow people to report landslides, adopting a consistent framework. 相似文献
12.
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14.
A neural network approach for attenuation relationships: An application using strong ground motion data from Turkey 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper presents an application of neural network approach for the prediction of peak ground acceleration (PGA) using the strong motion data from Turkey, as a soft computing technique to remove uncertainties in attenuation equations. A training algorithm based on the Fletcher–Reeves conjugate gradient back-propagation was developed and employed for three sample sets of strong ground motion. The input variables in the constructed artificial neural network (ANN) model were the magnitude, the source-to-site distance and the site conditions, and the output was the PGA. The generalization capability of ANN algorithms was tested with the same training data. To demonstrate the authenticity of this approach, the network predictions were compared with the ones from regressions for the corresponding attenuation equations. The results indicated that the fitting between the predicted PGA values by the networks and the observed ones yielded high correlation coefficients (R2). In addition, comparisons of the correlations by the ANN and the regression method showed that the ANN approach performed better than the regression. Even though the developed ANN models suffered from optimal configuration about the generalization capability, they can be conservatively used to well understand the influence of input parameters for the PGA predictions. 相似文献
15.
An entropy-based approach is applied to identify redundant wells in the network. In the process of this research, groundwater-monitoring network is considered as a communication system with a capability to transfer information, and monitoring wells are taken as information receivers. The concepts of entropy and mutual information are then applied to measure the information content of individual monitoring well and information relationship between monitoring well pairs. The efficiency of information transfer among monitoring wells is the basis to judge the redundancy in the network. And the capacity of the monitoring wells to provide information on groundwater is the point of evaluation to identify redundant monitoring wells. This approach is demonstrated using the data from a regional-scale groundwater network in Hebei plain, China. The result shows that the entropy-based method is recommendable in optimizing groundwater networks, especially for those within media of higher heterogeneities and anisotropies. 相似文献
16.
《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2014,346(11-12):307-316
We analyze the sensitivity of cross correlations to the anisotropy of the incident field in the context of seismic ambient noise monitoring of small velocity changes. Numerical simulations of elastic waves are performed in a 2D scattering plate with a focus on the comparative character of the direct and coda waves in the cross-correlation. We show that coda waves reconstructed from cross-correlations are far more robust than direct waves in the presence of azimuthal anisotropy of the incident field. We observe similar behavior with real data recorded on Erebus volcano, where a database of impulsive icequakes is used to simulate an anisotropic source field. We propose a simplified approach to evaluate the sensitivity of scattered waves to the anisotropy of the incoming noise field. We rely on previous results obtained for direct waves and on intrinsic properties of scattered waves to predict the errors produced by strong source anisotropy with numerical experiments. These results also yield realistic values for monitoring the accuracy to be expected with real data at crustal scales. Our analysis shows that high-precision noise-based monitoring could be performed with coda waves in the correlation functions, even in the presence of variations in the azimuthal distribution of the ambient noise field. 相似文献
17.
A.P.W. Hodder 《地学学报》1991,3(6):628-630
A chaotic fault interaction model previously developed for the San Andreas Fault System and the Nankai Trough (examples of transform fault and subduction dominated tectonic regimes, respectively) is here applied to the large-event seismicity in the New Zealand region, where the interacting blocks of the model are taken to be those parts of the Indo-Australian plate boundary that are, from north-east to southwest, subduction dominated, ‘transpressional’, and transform-fault dominated. The model suggests a shorter term recurrence of large events than do simple seismic cycle approaches. 相似文献
18.
LIU Guoping OUYANG Ziyuan LI Chunlai LIU Jianfeng National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Peking University of Aeronautics Astronautics Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(5):1104-1108
The data acquisition stations and the data processing center of the Science and Application Center for Lunar and Deep-space Exploration (SACLuDE) are located at different geographical sites. They respectively have their own local networks and interconnect with each other through access to the core data network. This paper describes the clock drift in the computer and other networked devices building up the infrastructure of the above local networks. The network time variance of the stochastic model is also estimated. The poor precision of network synchronization will bring about potential hazards to the network operation and application running in the networks, which is clarified in the present paper. At the end of the paper, a cost-effective and feasible solution is proposed based on the Global Position System (GPS) and the Network Time Protocol (NTP). 相似文献
19.
We describe and test a method for identifying alluvial fans likely to be affected by debris flows. It is based on identifying
catchment parameters by geographical information system interrogation of a digital elevation model, using the Melton ratio
as the discriminating parameter. The method was calibrated using data from debris-flow-generating catchments in Coromandel
and the adjacent Kaimai Ranges, North Island, NZ, and tested against data from the rest of New Zealand. The procedure is remarkably
(but not completely) reliable for identifying debris-flow-capable catchments, and thus fans, across the wide range of climates
and lithologies in New Zealand mountains. A case study illustrates the potential of the method for avoiding future hazards
and emphasises the need for a precautionary approach when field investigations do not detect evidence for past debris flows. 相似文献
20.
The Berchtesgaden National Park (Bavaria, Germany): a platform for interdisciplinary catchment research 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
T. Marke U. Strasser G. Kraller M. Warscher H. Kunstmann H. Franz M. Vogel 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(2):679-694
The Berchtesgaden National Park (Bavaria, Germany), a study site of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere program in the catchment of Berchtesgadener Ache, is introduced as a platform for interdisciplinary research. As the investigation of how human activities affect the natural resources in the park area, which has been defined a main aim of the program, naturally requires expertise from different scientific fields, interdisciplinary research has been fostered in the national park plan since the very beginning of the Man and the Biosphere program in 1981. To analyze the complex interactions and mutual dependencies between socio-economic and natural systems, a variety of monitoring programs have been initialized in different disciplines (e.g. climate sciences, zoology, botany) that are addressed in this paper. As a result of these research efforts, the park offers a profound data basis to be used in future studies (e.g. land cover classifications, maps of geological and soil conditions). Detailed information is provided on a climate monitoring network that has been installed in the park starting in the year 1993. The network has been continuously extended over the years and now provides extraordinary comprehensive information on meteorological conditions in the park, setting the basis for current as well as for potential future climate-related studies. A special characteristic of the station network is the fact that it covers a large range of elevations from 600 m a.s.l in the valleys to 2,600 m a.s.l in the summit regions and is therefore able to capture altitudinal gradients in meteorological variables as typical for Alpine regions. Due to the large number of stations in high elevations (15 stations are in elevations higher than 1,500 m a.s.l) the network provides information on the complex hydrometeorological conditions in summit regions which are often insufficiently represented in observation networks due to the increased costs for maintenance of climate stations in these locations. Beside the various monitoring programs, a variety of numerical models have been (further) developed for application in the park area that make extensive use of the different data collected and therefore largely benefit from the comprehensive data pool. The potential and necessity of the climate monitoring network for modelling studies is demonstrated by utilizing the meteorological recordings in the framework of a hydrometeorological simulation experiment. Further examples of environmental modelling efforts are shortly described together with preliminary model results. 相似文献