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目前,工程水文领域面临诸多问题有待解决,例如怎样合理地将现有水文观测成果外推至无资料流域,这也成为国际水文科学协会"无测站流域水文预测计划(PUB)"所遭遇的理论瓶颈。一个可行的方法就是依据流域结构特征构建水文相似因子,并对流域进行分类,在相似框架下完成观测成果向无(缺)测站流域的转化。分析发现,水文学缺乏类似于水力学、化学和生物学的分类与相似理论体系。通过对不同学科相似理论的回顾,定义了水文相似的概念,给出了构成流域水文相似的三要素,即驱动力、结构和水动力要素。最后,讨论了可用于水文相似研究的两类方法:数理解析法和量纲分析法,并给出了其用于实际流域水文相似研究时存在的问题及解决途径。 相似文献
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参数区域化方法是解决资料缺乏地区水文模拟和预报的有效手段,主要包括回归法、空间邻近法和属性相似法三类方法,可将有资料流域的水文模型参数移用到资料缺乏流域。首先回顾了区域化方法的基本原理和应用方法,并分析了三类主要区域化方法的适用性。从流域特征因子、水文模型及参数、不确定性探讨三个方面综述了区域化方法的研究进展。分析发现,当前区域化方法缺乏完善的理论基础,流域特征因子选择存在主观性,水文模型及参数的适用性方面研究不足。最后展望了未来的研究重点：（1）多维度适用性比较;（2）水文过程和参数的空间分布规律;（3）参数的尺度问题;（4）参数区域化的不确定性问题。 相似文献
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提出水文计算中相似流域选择的模糊集模型与方法,以改进水文计算中选择相似流域的经验性方法.原则上模型也可用于其他水文相似问题. 相似文献
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区划方法是目前国际上解决无资料地区水文预报问题的常用方法,是近20年水文学界热点问题之一。本文通过介绍当前国际应用区划方法解决无资料地区水文预报问题的研究进展、存在问题和应用前景,为国内无资料地区水文模拟研究提供借鉴和参考。文章将区划方法分为3类:临近流域替代法、水文相似流域替代法和回归法。通过文献梳理及案例分析,本文指出各类方法的问题、适用范围及不同资料条件下方法选择。最后,通过对国际上无资料地区水文预报的总结分析,提出我国无资料地区研究亟待解决的5个问题。 相似文献
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喀斯特流域空间尺度对洪、枯水水文特征值影响初探——以贵州河流为例 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
本文根据贵州省境内７０多个水文测站多年观测资料,研究对比了喀斯特流域和非喀斯特流域因流域空间尺度差异引起的洪、枯水流量特征值的变化,并指出喀斯特流域结构产生的特殊水文效应将随着流域面积的增大而逐渐减弱 相似文献
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黑河流域生态—水文观测试验与水—生态集成管理研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
对黑河流域水—生态—经济系统研究的主要内容“流域生态—水文观测试验与流域水—生态集成管理”做了概要论述。认为流域水循环、生态水、集成水管理三大科学问题的解决必需加强该领域的研究;结合黑河流域的前期基础、研究现状和能力建设,提出了近期研究的4个领域：流域水循环、水平衡与可利用水资源;流域生态—水文过程与生态环境用水;人类活动驱动的流域水—生态系统演变;流域生态—水文野外平台与流域集成环境。对此进行了进一步的阐述,对该方面研究的方法论和技术难点亦做了简述。 相似文献
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论述了流域水文模型出现的必然性,剖析了现有流域水文模型的局限性和用于水文预报需要解决的问题,并提出了若干建议,以期能推进流域水文模型的研究 相似文献
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Yuyu Zhou Yeqiao Wang Arthur J. Gold Peter V. August Thomas B. Boving 《GeoJournal》2014,79(2):155-166
In this study, we investigated the relationship between watershed characteristics and hydrology using high spatial resolution impervious surface area (ISA), hydrologic simulations and spatial regression. We selected 20 watersheds at HUC 12 level with different degrees of urbanization and performed hydrologic simulation using a distributed object-oriented rainfall and runoff simulation model. We extracted the discharge per area and ratio of runoff to base flow from simulation results and used them as indicators of hydrology pattern. We derived percentage of ISA, distance from ISA to streams, and stream density as the watershed characteristics to evaluate the relationship with hydrology pattern in watersheds using ordinary least square, spatial error and spatial lag regression models. The comparison indicates that spatial lag regression model can achieve better performance for the evaluation of relationship between ratio of runoff to base flow and watershed characteristics, and that three models provide similar performance for the evaluation of relationship between discharge per area and watershed characteristics. The results from regression analyses demonstrate that ISA plays an important role in watershed hydrology. Ignorance of spatial dependence in analyses will likely cause inaccurate evaluation for relationship between ISA and watershed hydrology. The hydrologic model, regression methods and relationships between watershed characteristics and hydrology pattern provide important tools and information for decision makers to evaluate the effect of different scenarios in land management. 相似文献
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数字水文系统建设——信息时代的水文技术变革 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：17
在回顾２０世纪水文科学发民历程和分析当前面临的挑战和机遇的基础上,提出在数字化的信息时代,必须充分利用数字技术对传统水文进行全面的改革,建设数字水文系统,将站点观测的水文数据与数字地球中的有并数据,经过同化整合,产生数字化的、覆盖整个空间（流域或区域）的、多重尺度（时间和空间）的、多种要素的水文数据产品,为经济建设各有关部门和地球科学各个关领域服务。 相似文献
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Yuanbo Liu Guiping Wu Xiaosong Zhao Xingwang Fan Xin Pan Guojing Gan Yongwei Liu Ruifang Guo Han Zhou Ying Wang Ruonan Wang Yifan Cui 《地球科学进展》2020,35(5):488-496
With significant development since the beginning of the 21st century, hydrologic remote sensing becomes one of the most active disciplines in earth sciences, offering numerous opportunities and advances for watershed hydrology and other disciplines of geography. This commentary highlights the specialty and restriction of remote sensing for watershed hydrology on three aspects: watershed closure in water budget, watershed-scale effectiveness of hydrologic parameter retrievals, and watershed model inputs for data assimilation. The current challenges include rational watershed-scale validation, uncertainty control in retrievals, and error sources in data assimilation. 相似文献
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A fully distributed, physically-based hydrologic modeling system, MIKE SHE, was used in this study to investigate whole-watershed
hydrologic response to land use changes within the Gyeongancheon watershed in Korea. A grid of 200 × 200 m was established
to represent spatial variations in geology, soil, and land use. Initial model performance was evaluated by comparing observed
and simulated streamflow from 1988 to 1991. Results indicated that the calibrated MIKE SHE model was able to predict streamflow
well during the calibration and validation periods. Proportional changes in five classes of land use within the watershed
were derived from multi-temporal Landsat TM imageries taken in 1980, 1990 and 2000. These imageries revealed that the watershed
experienced conversion of approximately 10% non-urban area to urban area between 1980 and 2000. The calibrated MIKE SHE model
was then programmed to repeatedly analyze an artificial dataset under the various land use proportions identified in the Landsat
TM imageries. The analysis was made to quantitatively assess the impact of land use changes (predominantly urbanization) on
watershed hydrology. There were increases in total runoff (5.5%) and overland flow (24.8%) as a response to the land use change. 相似文献
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The role of hydrology in annual organic carbon loads and terrestrial organic matter export from a midwestern agricultural watershed 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Brent J. Dalzell Timothy R. Filley Jon M. Harbor 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(6):1448-1462
Defining the control that hydrology exerts on organic carbon (OC) export at the watershed scale is important for understanding how the source and quantity of OC in streams and rivers is influenced by climate change or by landscape drainage. To this end, molecular (lignin phenol), stable carbon isotope, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) data were collected over a range of flow conditions to examine the influence of hydrology on annual OC export from an 850 km2 Midwestern United States agricultural watershed located in west central Indiana. In years 2002 and 2003, modeled annual DOC loads were 19.5 and 14.1 kg ha−1yr−1, while 71% and 85%, respectively, of the total annual OC was exported in flow events occurring during less than 20% of that time. These results highlight the importance of short-duration, high-discharge events (common in smaller watersheds) in controlling annual OC export. Based on reported increases in annual stream discharge coupled with current estimates of DOC export, annual DOC loads in this watershed may have increased by up to 40% over the past 50 years. Molecular (lignin phenol) characterization of quantity and relative degradation state of terrestrial OC shows as much temporal variability of lignin parameters (in high molecular weight dissolved organic carbon) in this one watershed as that demonstrated in previously published studies of dissolved organic matter in the Mississippi and Amazon Rivers. These results suggest that hydrologic variability is at least as important in determining the nature and extent of OC export as geographic variability. Moreover, molecular and bulk stable carbon isotope data from high molecular weight dissolved organic carbon and colloidal organic carbon showed that increased stream flow from the study watershed was responsible for increased export of agriculturally derived OC. When considered in the context of results from other studies that show the importance of flood events and in-stream processing of terrestrial organic carbon, our results show how hydrologic variability in smaller watersheds can reflect landscape-scale carbon dynamics in ways that cannot necessarily be measured at the outlets of large rivers due to multiple source signals and attenuated hydrology. 相似文献
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水文学及水资源的学科前沿和研究需求 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
水资源学发展与水文学发展有很大的不同。水文学已形成一门系统、完整的科学体系,而水资源学尚没有完全形成以知识为纽带的科学体系。水资源的自然属性的研究(如水资源再生机理等)是水文学在水文循环领域的延伸,而水资源学的知识是水文学、工程科学、环境科学、管理科学、经济学等学科在伸向水资源领域的横截面。认识到这一点,对于开展水文学及水资源学科的科学研究和推动水资源学的学科建设是十分必要的。 相似文献
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Worldwide, evidences of water cycle alteration and fresh water resources depletion are frequently reported with various magnitudes. This alteration in the hydrologic cycle is often regarded as a signal of the actual climate change. However, the debate on climate change seems to have preferentially focused on global-scale patterns such that the rich knowledge gathered in the domain is virtually less integrated to decision making at the watershed level. Indeed, the watershed apprehension of climate change is probably an imperative for sustainable water resources planning. The scope of the present study aligns with that imperative as it aims at conciliating patterns of climate change with observations of hydrologic alterations at the watershed level. Specifically, the paper describes the interplay between land-cover changes and the terrestrial water cycle disturbances under climate change at the global level. Thereafter, it reports a watershed-level analysis of streamflow, land-cover, PET and precipitation alteration. Specially, the case study focused on the Brazos River basin, located in the USA and shared by the states of Texas and New Mexico. From both regional and watershed prospects, signals of hydrologic alteration during the time period 1955–2014 are highlighted and then implications of climate change are discussed. The results show an overall longitudinal gradient of precipitation changes and a latitudinal gradient of PET changes across the Brazos watershed. However, these gradients of changes seem to be driven by regional climate components which extend beyond the physical boundary of the Brazos watershed. Mann–Kendall’s analysis of discharge time series (annual average, minimum and maximum) at 10 different stations exhibits meaningful contrasts from upstream to downstream. An assessment of land-cover changes shows critical patterns of landscape change across the watershed. The analyses depicted signals of urbanization sprawl and land-cover degradation. Specially, the significant statistical relationships observed between the time series of maximum green vegetation fraction (MGVF) and streamflow also indicate that the origin of the observed hydrologic alteration is anthropogenic. Ultimately, the results are discussed within the scope of climate change. 相似文献
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水文干旱已成为全球气候变化背景下典型的自然现象,是气象干旱和农业干旱的延续和发展,是最终、最彻底的干旱。岩性是流域下垫面的重要组成物质,其岩性类型及结构控制着地貌及水系的发育、促进流域储水空间的形成,影响流域的储水能力,关系到流域水文干旱的发生。本文在贵州省选择40个典型流域为研究样区,利用面向对象分类技术,提取流域岩性类型的遥感信息;利用主成分分析及灰色理论,研究岩性类型及其结构对流域水文干旱的影响机制。研究表明:1)从岩性类型因素上看,流域岩性类型对水文干旱影响总体较大,影响从大到小排序(关联度)为:K(0.985)Z(0.96)0(0.924)J(0.922)S(0.806)D(0.788)ε(0.75)C(0.69)Pt(0.684)P(0.568)T(0.542);2)岩性类型的主成分因素对流域水文干旱影响从大到小排序(关联度)为:Z_3(0.48)Z_4(0.47)Z_1(0.44)Z_5(0.42)Z_2(0.39);3)岩性类型组合方式对流域水文干旱影响从大到小排序为:Ⅰ、ⅡⅤ、ⅣⅢ。 相似文献