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1.
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2.
近30 年来长江口岸滩沉积物与地貌演变特征   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
通过对长江口潮间带宽度、表层和浅地层柱状样沉积物、典型水下岸坡剖面的现场测量,以及对潮间带宽度及水下岸坡剖面的多幅历史海图分析,研究近30 年长江口岸滩演变特征及岸滩演变的主要原因。结果表明:(1) 岸滩沉积物整体上呈“北细南粗”的变化特征,横沙东滩北岸、长江和东海大桥下等主要大型工程附近潮间带柱状样粒序向上显著变粗;(2) 长江口部分潮间带宽度减少90%以上;水下岸坡由1980 年的“S”形向凹形、斜坡形等侵蚀型形态转变,岸坡明显变陡,侵蚀型岸滩特征凸显;南汇嘴至芦潮港岸段水下岸坡闭合水深1978-2004 年为-8 m,近10 年来滩底发生侵蚀,刷深约1 m;(3) 流域来沙量锐减导致长江口侵蚀型水下岸滩格局的形成;河口大面积围垦、青草沙水库和长江与东海大桥等大型工程建设是造成潮间带大面积损失和局部沉积物粗化的主要原因;沙体变迁是狭长型河槽局部岸滩演变的主要影响因素。  相似文献   

3.
在对样本港口和样本船型进行选择的基础上,运用海洋船舶航运利润核算方法,通过航运利润指标对北极航线和传统航线地理区位优势进行了比较分析。结果表明：（1）与传统航线相比,在北极航线需要破冰服务时,北极航线的航运利润高56%左右;在北极航线无需破冰服务时,北极航线的航运利润高105%左右;（2）在欧亚大陆西端的港口中,勒阿佛尔港以北港口至上海港选择北极航线更具地理区位比较优势,而其以南港口至上海港选择北极航线则处于劣势;在北美东海岸的港口中,纽约港以北港口至上海港选择北极航线更具比较优势,而其以南港口至上海港选择北极航线则处于劣势;（3）与俄罗斯、法国、加拿大、美国、挪威和英国的其它港口相比,上海港至俄罗斯北部、法国西北部、加拿大北部、美国东北部、挪威北部、英国东北部的港口,选择北极航线更具地理区位比较优势;（4）与北极航线需要破冰服务时相比,在无需破冰服务时,上海港至俄罗斯、法国（西北部）、加拿大、美国（东北部）、挪威和英国的港口,选择北极航线地理区位比较优势更大。  相似文献   

4.
Helene Burningham   《Geomorphology》2008,97(3-4):300-320
Sediment-rich estuaries typically exhibit considerable dynamicity, with channel shifts and shoreline erosion/deposition occurring over timescales of years to decades. Contemporary behaviour is usually attributed to the immediate effect of short-term events (such as storms), longer-term forcing (such as sea-level change) or anthropogenic modifications to system controls (such as wave–tidal–fluvial regime and sediment supply). In this context, geological control is understood to provide an inherited framework within which an estuary will evolve. This paper examines the morphodynamics of two sand-filled, but sediment-limited, mixed-energy estuaries of Loughros Bay in northwest Ireland. Analysis of ebb channel morphometry shows that estuaries can be divided into upper and lower estuary components, which appear to represent a down-valley increasing energy gradient. Examination of historical ebb channel migration reveals three morphodynamic zones delimited by a significant spatial variability in channel mobility that reflects the distribution of specific structural controls along the estuary and their influence on the changing energy gradient. Based upon analysis of low tide channel migration over the last 172 years, three phases of geomorphic response are identified. In Loughros More, the behaviour is characterised by a 19th century phase of steady-state equilibrium; a subsequent period of dynamic response to extrinsic (storm) forcing; and, most recently, adjustment to intrinsically forced changes in structural control. In Loughros Beg, the phases are comparable, but contrast specifically in inlet and ebb-tidal behaviour. This analysis illustrates discontinuities in decadal- to century-scale forcing and morphological response, identified here as complex response. It suggests that the sedimentary evolution of coastal systems that have no appreciable external sediment supply is potentially more strongly determined by local variability in system character than climate or sea-level driven mechanisms.  相似文献   

5.
Dungeness Foreland is a large sand and gravel barrier located in the eastern English Channel that during the last 5000 years has demonstrated remarkable geomorphological resilience in accommodating changes in relative sea-level, storm magnitude and frequency, variations in sediment supply as well as significant changes in back-barrier sedimentation. In this paper we develop a new palaeogeographic model for this depositional complex using a large dataset of recently acquired litho-, bio- and chrono-stratigraphic data. Our analysis shows how, over the last 2000 years, three large tidal inlets have influenced the pattern of back-barrier inundation and sedimentation, and controlled the stability and evolution of the barrier by determining the location of cross-shore sediment and water exchange, thereby moderating sediment supply and its distribution. The sheer size of the foreland has contributed in part to its resilience, with an abundant supply of sediment always available for ready redistribution. A second reason for the landform's resilience is the repeated ability of the tidal inlets to narrow and then close, effectively healing successive breaches by back-barrier sedimentation and ebb- and/or flood-tidal delta development. Humans emerge as key agents of change, especially through the process of reclamation which from the Saxon period onwards has modified the back-barrier tidal prism and promoted repeated episodes of fine-grained sedimentation and channel/inlet infill and closure. Our palaeogeographic reconstructions show that large barriers such as Dungeness Foreland can survive repeated “catastrophic” breaches, especially where tidal inlets are able to assist the recovery process by raising the elevation of the back-barrier area by intertidal sedimentation. This research leads us to reflect on the concept of “coastal resilience” which, we conclude, means little without a clearly defined spatial and temporal framework. At a macro-scale, the structure as a whole entered a phase of recycling and rapid progradation in response to changing sediment budget and coastal dynamics about 2000 years ago. However, at smaller spatial and temporal scales, barrier inlet dynamics have been associated with the initiation, stabilisation and breakdown of individual beaches and complexes of beaches. We therefore envisage multiple scales of “resilience” operating simultaneously across the complex, responding to different forcing agents with particular magnitudes and frequencies.  相似文献   

6.
长江口潮滩有机质来源的C、N稳定同位素示踪   总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25  
依据长江河口潮滩自然环境特征和受人文活动影响的差异性,沿长江河口南岸潮滩选取了12个典型的监测站位,并分别于洪水季节 (7月份) 和枯水季节 (2月份) 在各监测站位进行了表层 (0~2 cm) 沉积物样品的采集。对表层沉积物有机质中稳定碳、氮同位素进行分析与测试发现,7月份稳定碳同位素值普遍低于2月份的稳定碳同位素值,其变化范围分别为 -29.8‰ ~ -23.7‰和-27.3‰ ~ -25.6‰;7月份和2月份稳定氮同位素分别为1.0‰ ~ 5.5‰和1.7‰~ 7.8‰。研究区域内,稳定碳、氮同位素的地区分布和季节变化特征揭示,有机质中的稳定碳、氮同位素组成不仅受陆源和海源有机质输入量之间消长变化的影响,同时一系列的生物地球化学过程、人为有机质的输入和沉积物粒度与叶绿素对碳、氮同位素组成均存在不同程度的改造作用。此外,利用稳定碳同位素质量平衡混合模型,还对陆源有机质输入量的贡献率进行了初步定量估算。  相似文献   

7.
The Holocene sediments of two catchments in the southern Upper Rhine valley have been quantified as part of the German LUCIFS Programme (RheinLUCIFS), which aims to quantify sediment fluxes in the Rhine catchment since the onset of agriculture in the Neolithic about 7500 years ago.The spatial distribution of the alluvial and colluvial sediments was derived using geological maps, with information on the thickness of these sediments from various sources including auger profiles and data from excavations. The sediments were subdivided into characteristic sedimentary storage types according to the different types of landscapes. For each of the sedimentary storage types an average thickness was assessed so that an integral sediment balance for the Holocene could be derived.For the different types of landscapes in the study area, 32 Holocene sedimentary storage types were determined, 21 in the Elz catchment (1500 km2) and 11 in the Möhlin catchment (230 km2). By adding up the sediment volumes of all single sedimentary storage types the total Holocene sediment volumes for the two catchments were calculated. Erosion depths were determined by dividing the sediment volumes through the potential erosion areas (slope > 2%) and by assuming a sediment delivery ratio (SDR) between 0 and 0.4. The total erosion for the potential erosion areas during the Holocene was calculated as 31–61 cm in the Elz catchment and 44–79 cm in the Möhlin catchment.  相似文献   

8.
近20年辽河三角洲地貌演化   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  
运用钻探和浅地层探测等最新调查成果,对近20年的辽河三角洲潮流沉积进行了研究.根据不同时期水深地形和卫星影像资料对比分析了现代辽河三角洲潮流地貌变化.现代辽河三角洲的沉积主体位于双台子河口.研究区10 m深度内的地层主要包括:潮滩相、潮道相和浅海相沉积,其下为古三角洲相.潮滩相沉积物以砂和粉砂为主,分选中等,跳跃和悬浮组分各占50%左右:浅海相和潮道相沉积物主要为软弱的粘土质粉砂和粉砂质粘土,以悬浮组分为主.全新世以来至1896年,研究区为古辽河、古大凌河和绕阳河之间的小海湾.1896年,双台子河被人工开挖为分洪河道以来,口门外形成盖州滩等潮滩,并快速发育.1958年,双台子河建闸后,人海径流量和输沙量减小.目前.双台子河口整体处于淤积状态,潮滩面积不断增加,整体向南、西、北3个方向扩展.潮滩最大淤进速率为87～683 m/a,平均淤积速率为0.189 m/a.潮滩东侧局部发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为0.122 m/a.潮道面积缩小,具有向西、向北迁移的趋势,最大迁移速率为48～200m/a.双台子河口地貌发育受径流、海洋动力和人类活动的影响,沉积物的主要来源由双台子河河流输沙演变为潮流和沿岸流输沙.  相似文献   

9.
The construction of multiple dams and barrages in many Indian River basins over the last few decades significantly reduced river flow to the sea and affected the sediment regime. More reservoir construction is planned through the proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP), which will transfer massive amounts of water from the North to the South of India. The impacts of these developments on fertile and ecologically sensitive deltaic environments are poorly understood and quantified at present. In this paper an attempt is made to identify, locate and quantify coastal erosion and deposition processes in one of the major river basins in India—the Krishna—using a time series of Landsat images for 1977, 1990 and 2001 with a spatial resolution ranging from 57.0 m to 28.5 m. The dynamics of these processes are analyzed together with the time series of river flow, sediment discharge and sediment storage in the basin. Comparisons are made with similar processes identified and quantified earlier in the delta of a neighboring similarly large river basin—the Godavari. The results suggest that coastal erosion in the Krishna Delta progressed over the last 25 years at the average rate of 77.6 ha yr− 1, dominating the entire delta coastline and exceeding the deposition rate threefold. The retreat of the Krishna Delta may be explained primarily by the reduced river inflow to the delta (which is three times less at present than 50 years ago) and the associated reduction of sediment load. Both are invariably related to upstream reservoir storage development.  相似文献   

10.
基于实测地形和水文资料,探讨人类活动对近期磨刀门水道河床地形和枯季潮汐动力变化的影响。研究结果表明:(1) 磨刀门上游河段大规模河床挖沙引起河床高程显著降低,水深增大,河槽容积增加,底坡降减小;口门围垦整治导致磨刀门口门区水域面积变小,入海口门向海延伸,入海水道增深。(2) 磨刀门水道河床地形变化引起枯季潮汐动力发生变化:上游河段低潮位降低,潮差增大,进潮量增加,潮汐动力明显增强;口门区潮差减小,横洲水道潮能汇聚,水位壅高;水面坡降减小,潮波传播速度增加,咸水界上移。  相似文献   

11.
Integrating remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and fractal theory, change characteristics of tidal flats and tidal creeks in the Huanghe (Yellow) River Delta over the period of 1986-2001 were discussed. The results show that evolutions of tidal fiats throughout the Huanghe River Delta are influenced by various factors, and that progressive succession and regression of tidal flats concur in different coastal segments of the delta. Human activities have played an increasingly important role in the succession process of tidal flats. Due to land reclamation in coastal zones of the delta in the last 15 years, lots of tidal flats were occupied, the artificial coastline migrated seaward (the maximum change rate was 0.8 kmyr^-1) and tidal creeks became sparser (the highest decreasing rate of length of tidal creeks was 14.9 kmyr^-1). Except for two coastal segments from the Tiaohe Estuary to the 106 Station and from the south of the Huanghe River mouth to the north of the Xiaodao River Estuary,fractal dimension values of tidal creeks in the remaining coastal segments of the delta decreased. In addition, the time dimension, sediment fluxes into the sea, waves and tidal-currents have profound influences on the evolution process of tidal flats. Four types of tidal flats-river-dominated tidal flats,tide-dominated tidal flats, wave-dominated tidal flats and man-dominated tidal flats can be identified.Owing to the intensification of human activities in coastal zones of the delta, man-dominated tidal flats have become the main kind of tidal flats.  相似文献   

12.
Shallow Miocene salt deposits located below the city of Tuzla (BiH) have been exploited during the last 60 years by means of wells extracting salt-saturated groundwater brines. The massive extraction activities have led to severe subsidence accommodated by collapse and strain localization. Surface topography and geomorphology have been influenced and modified by several faults and fractures.A series of sequential topographical survey data collected during the last 50 years have been used to obtain the total subsidence envelope surface. In order to analyze the salt dissolution-related morphological development of the Tuzla topography and to identify the location of faults and fractures in the deformed area, we applied curvature analysis to the subsidence surface by means of two different analytical methods: the directional, two-dimensional curvature and the analytic Gaussian curvature. The comparison of the curvature maps with those of surface fractures visible in the area shows a good spatial agreement between the directional curvature and fracture intensity, whereas the subsurface normal faults are more evident in the Gaussian curvature maps.  相似文献   

13.
We have monitored and analyzed, through remote sensing and ancillary field surveys, the rapid (O(1) year) development of a tidal network within a newly established artificial salt marsh in the Venice Lagoon. After the construction of the salt marsh, a network of volunteer creeks established themselves away from an artificially constructed main channel (with mean and maximum annual headward-growth rates of 11 m/yr and 18 m/yr, respectively). The rapid formation of this system of tidal creeks provides a unique opportunity to test the reliability of a model of tidal network initiation and development, previously proposed by the authors. The restored marsh presents the characteristics of a controlled environment analogous to a large-scale field laboratory, as it allows comparison of the morphologic features of real and simulated network structures under the reasonable assumption of neglecting accretion and deposition processes over the timescales of observation. Our results compare favorably with observational evidence, showing that the model proves reasonably capable of reproducing the main features of the actual channel-network patterns. The model reproduces statistical network characteristics of eco-morphodynamic and hydrodynamic relevance and captures the dominant modes of the network-incision process.  相似文献   

14.
Flux and fate of Yangtze River sediment delivered to the East China Sea   总被引：57，自引：0，他引：57  
Numerous cores and dating show the Yangtze River has accumulated about 1.16 × 1012 t sediment in its delta plain and proximal subaqueous delta during Holocene. High-resolution seismic profiling and coring in the southern East China Sea during 2003 and 2004 cruises has revealed an elongated ( 800 km) distal subaqueous mud wedge extending from the Yangtze River mouth southward off the Zhejiang and Fujian coasts into the Taiwan Strait. Overlying what appears to be a transgressive sand layer, this distal clinoform thins offshore, from  40 m thickness between the 20 and 30 m water depth to < 1–2 m between 60 and 90 m water depth, corresponding to an across shelf distance of less than 100 km. Total volume of this distal mud wedge is about 4.5 × 1011 m3, equivalent to  5.4 × 1011 t of sediment. Most of the sediment in this mud wedge comes from the Yangtze River, with some input presumably coming from local smaller rivers. Thus, the total Yangtze-derived sediments accumulated in its deltaic system and East China Sea inner shelf have amounted to about 1.7 × 1012 t. Preliminary analyses suggest this longshore and across-shelf transported clinoform mainly formed in the past 7000 yrs after postglacial sea level reached its mid-Holocene highstand, and after re-intensification of the Chinese longshore current system. Sedimentation accumulation apparently increased around 2000 yrs BP, reflecting the evolution of the Yangtze estuary and increased land erosion due to human activities, such as farming and deforestation. The southward-flowing China Coastal Current, the northward-flowing Taiwan Warm Current, and the Kuroshio Current appear to have played critical roles in transporting and trapping most of Yangtze-derived materials in the inner shelf, and hence preventing the sediment escape into the deep ocean.  相似文献   

15.
The Tyrrhenian coastal sector of North Calabria, stretching between Torre S. Nicola and the Lao river, belongs to the inner extensional sector of the Neogene Apennines thrust belt. It is characterised by a stair of Quaternary marine and fluvial terraces representing the geomorphic response to the interaction between the Quaternary sea level fluctuations and the regional trend of tectonic uplift experienced by the margins of the Tyrrhenian back-arc basin. Since the last century, several authors studied the North Calabria coasts, where the flight of terraces preserves significant marine and continental successions, and proposed several paleo-geomorphological and tectonic reconstructions. In this paper we present a new stratigraphic and morphostructural setting of the North Calabria coasts based on both chronostratigraphical constraints obtained from marine deposits and detailed geomorphological analysis. A ten order stair of marine terraces, stepping between 240 and 0 m a.s.l., was recognized and time-constrained by the age of the Fornaci S. Nicola marine succession which was ascribed by integrated paleoecological, biostratigraphical and paleomagentic analyses to the early Middle Pleistocene (MIS 19–15). In particular, the 240, 200 and 160 m a.s.l. high strandlines were ascribed to the Early Pleistocene and the ones between 100 and 15 m a.s.l. to the Middle Pleistocene. The total amount of the vertical motion experienced by the studied area was estimated, and evaluation of the average rates of uplift for the Middle and Late Pleistocene times were also given. Considering the elevation a.s.l. of the oldest terraces, a tectonic uplift of at least 240 m was calculated for the North Calabria coasts since the Early Pleistocene times, 100 m of which gained from the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. On the other hand, the 8-m high Late Pleistocene strandlines display a negligible vertical displacement affecting the area during the last 130 ka. The entire staircase of terraces preserves a record of slowing down in the rate of uplift, which attained an average value of 0.15 mm/year during the Middle Pleistocene.  相似文献   

16.
基于前期工作,采取粒度端元分析方法,结合沉积物粒度参数、研究区水深以及水动力等对福建省泉州湾海域采集的65个表层沉积物样品进行了沉积动力学解析判别,量化研究区表层沉积物复杂的沉积动力特征。结果表明：样品粒度数据中可以至少分离出4个不同的端元组分,其粒径范围大致分布在0.2~200、20~30、50~500、80~1 000 μm,可能分别代表了水动力较弱的滞流沉积作用环境、台风作用下的改造作用、潮汐作用下的较强的水动力以及人类活动作用下的扰动作用。由于沉积动力的持续进行及分选沉积作用,可能掩盖了粒度的物源效应,所以只呈现出不同的沉积动力学特点。  相似文献   

17.
New theories to explain how tides and river flow determine estuarine bathymetries have been developed. The range of validity of these theories has been subsequently assessed against a recently available observational data set.Success in reproducing the evolution of estuarine bathymetries that has occurred over the last 10 000 years provides the basis for the translation, here, of these theories into new typologies. These then provide reference frameworks to enhance our perspective on existing morphologies and identify ‘anomalous’ estuaries. Further refinement of these new theories requires analyses of causal factors responsible for such anomalies drawing on classical morphological experience. These frameworks can also be used for calculating likely future bathymetric adjustments for prescribed changes in mean sea level, tidal amplitudes, river flow and sediment supply.  相似文献   

18.
Muddy floods, i.e. runoff from cultivated areas carrying large quantities of soil, are frequent and widespread in the European loess belt. They are mainly generated in dry zero-order valleys and are nowadays considered as the most likely process transferring material eroded from cultivated hillslopes during the Holocene to the flood plain. The huge costs of muddy flood damages justify the urgent installation of control measures. In the framework of the ‘Soil Erosion Decree’ of the Belgian Flemish region, a 12 ha-grassed waterway and three earthen dams have been installed between 2002–2004 in the thalweg of a 300-ha cultivated dry valley in the Belgian loess belt. The measures served their purpose by preventing any muddy flood in the downstream village, despite the occurrence of several extreme rainfall events (with a maximum return period of 150 years). The catchment has been intensively monitored from 2005–2007 and 39 runoff events were recorded in that period. Peak discharge (per ha) was reduced by 69% between the upstream and the downstream extremities of the grassed waterway (GWW). Furthermore, runoff was buffered for 5–12 h behind the dams, and the lag time at the outlet of the catchment was thereby increased by 75%. Reinfiltration was also observed within the waterway, runoff coefficients decreasing by a mean of 50% between both extremities of the GWW. Sediment discharge was also reduced by 93% between the GWW's inflow and the outlet. Before the installation of the control measures, specific sediment yield (SSY) of the catchment reached 3.5 t ha− 1 yr− 1 and an ephemeral gully was observed nearly each year in the catchment. Since the control measures have been installed, no (ephemeral) gully has developed and the SSY of the catchment dropped to a mean of 0.5 t ha− 1 yr− 1. Hence, sediment transfer from the cultivated dry valley to the alluvial plain should dramatically decrease. Total cost of the control measures that are built for a 20 year-period is very low (126 € ha− 1) compared to the mean damage cost associated with muddy floods in the study area (54 € ha− 1 yr− 1). Similar measures should therefore be installed to protect other flooded villages of the Belgian loess belt and comparable environments.  相似文献   

19.
Jean-Pierre Larue   《Geomorphology》2008,93(3-4):398-420
This work examines the links between tectonics and fluvial dynamics on the north-western margin of the French Central Massif. Geomorphological and sedimentological analyses of detrital deposits were carried out as the basis for correlating the different formations, and for reconstructing the palaeodrainage in the Creuse basin. Cross-sections of the valleys, longitudinal profiles of terraces and glacis indicate post-depositional deformation of about 50 m amplitude: uplift north and south of Guéret and in the Éguzon district. These deformations are related to the Central Massif uplift of 50 m above the Paris Basin since 1.1 Ma (OIS 32). The Creuse incision varies from 140 m in the Crozant anticline to 60 m in the Paris Basin. An Upper Pliocene palaeochannel located on the Sédelle–Ardentes–Issoudun lineament is evidenced by andalusite coming from the Fougères unit. The reactivation of the transverse faults between Le Pin and Le Menoux has distorted the middle terraces. The main knick points are mainly due to tectonics and have been persistent in the landscape since the Upper Pliocene. Their recession rate is controlled both by discharge and lithology. Tributary streams exhibit strong convexities, indicating that the erosional response to Pliocene uplift has not yet propagated into upland surfaces.  相似文献   

20.
Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd), and phosphorous (P) were determined in surface tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze estuary and Shanghai coast. Results demonstrate that there were significant differences among the accumulation of the heavy metals in sediments, following the order: Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The spatial distribution and chemical forms of heavy metals in tidal flat sediments were closely related to the distribution of pollution resources (outlet of sewage) and the local sedimentary and hydrodynamic conditions. The dominated form of non-residual heavy metals is bound to Fe/Mn oxides, and the next form is bound to carbonates. Moreover, contents of total P in sediments range from 18.0 μmol.g-1 to 31.4 μmol.g-1 along the coastline, speciation of P in sediments was different, most of P in tidal flat sediments is associated with calcium phases (as Ca-P) similar to marine sediments.  相似文献   

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