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Henry Sivak 《Geographical review》2013,103(4):556-574
Forest fires in Algeria in the 1850s and 1860s suggest a link between environmentally induced catastrophes and the geographies of property and territory in the colony. In eastern Algeria, these fires helped fuel a discussion over the security and reliability of European settlers’ property rights and of the colonial state's ability to guarantee them. Following a brief analysis of forestry policy in France and Algeria, this paper analyzes some of the correspondence and official reports that emerged in the wake of major conflagrations. By the early 1860s, settlers and private forestry companies were calling the colonial state's credibility into question and demanding far‐reaching changes to the property law and land‐use regimes in place in the colony. Eventually, colonial authorities moved to help cement settlers’ property claims, eliminating enclaves and imposing new rules on “native” Algerians’ rights to use the forest. This essay concludes by suggesting that the process of making property private, in Algeria and elsewhere, is informed by perceptions of risk and by the modes of awareness inspired by environmentally induced catastrophic events. 相似文献
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从微尺度考察农村居民点演变为解决当前农村发展中出现的问题提供了重要视角。构建农村居民点功能演变的分析框架,采用参与式农村评估（PRA）、GIS与遥感影像相结合方法,以山东省沂水县核桃园村为例进行实证。结果表明,农业生产功能一直是农村居民点生产功能的主导,但不同阶段有不同的内容。农业生计主导阶段（1949~1977年）,农户以种植业为主要生计来源,利用庭院及房前屋后种植蔬菜;生计多样化阶段（1978~1999年）,农户生计策略演变为种植、养殖和外出务工相结合,农户在宅基地内修建猪圈养猪,在庭院内散养家禽;生计非农转化阶段（2000~2012年）,农户以种植和外出务工相结合为生计策略,将庭院硬化用来晾晒粮食、猪圈改造为储物间存放粮食和农机具。农村居民点用地一直以宅基地为主导,缺乏非农生产用地;随着生计成果的逐渐丰富,农户对农村居民点生活功能追求不断强化,表现在对住宅建筑材料的优化、居住空间的扩展及旧住宅的翻新。农村居民点内部土地利用结构及其功能承载状况是与农户生计需求相适应的,农村居民点整理应充分尊重这一客观事实。 相似文献
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Alec Thornton Tony Binns Maria Talaitupu Kerslake 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2013,34(3):357-372
This paper presents findings from a study about the relationships between social change and settlement change in Samoa, where a form of landlessness is emerging in low income areas of the main town, Apia. It examines changing reciprocal kinship arrangements with respect to customary rural village plantation land and changes in both individual and household relationships with the church. Although these relationships are typically closely bound in Pacific island societies, recent field‐based research has revealed the expansion of landless urban settlements with households that are alienated from rural village‐based kin and, by extension, customary land. 相似文献
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湘西自治州,属武陵山区,共有荒山78.3万公顷,占总土地面积的37％,以往开发中存在的主要问题是:毁林开荒,生态环境恶化,水土流失严重,旱涝灾害频繁。对策是:大量发展经济林和用材林,营造水源涵养林和薪炭林,实行林牧结合,提高山地利用率。 相似文献
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科尔沁沙地巴克窑地区近150年的环境演变* 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
在沉积和花粉分析的基础上,对科尔沁沙地东南部巴克窑地区过去150年的植被和环境演变进行了重建。巴克窑等湖泡的诞生时间是在上个世纪前期,约1837年前后。这个时间也正是科尔沁沙地东南部地区首次大规模人口移入和垦荒年代。突然增加的人类活动导致了沙丘植被的迅速破坏,而植被减少和沙丘活化引起区域水文循环的重新调整,即原来通过植物蒸腾作用输出的水量明显减弱,致使地下潜水位上升,形成一系列湖泡。以后,沙地系统的演化主要是在人类活动、气候和系统内部反馈机制的共同作用下完成的。 相似文献
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Drivers of afforestation in Northern Vietnam: Assessing local variations using geographically weighted regression 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Floriane Clement Didier Orange Meredith Williams Corinne Mulley Michael Epprecht 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2009,29(4):561-576
This article identifies drivers of forest transition in a province of Northern Vietnam between 1993 and 2000 by applying geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis to remotely sensed and statistical data. The regression model highlighted the spatial variation of the relationship between the percentage of land afforested and its proximate causes. Factors identified as having a major impact on afforestation are: the presence or proximity of a wood-processing industry, the distance to highways, and land allocation to households. Whereas the two former variables are in most areas of the province positively correlated with afforestation, an unexpected negative correlation was observed for the latter. The analysis of these results, supported by an in-depth knowledge of the area and of the political context, leads to the conclusion that, during the time period considered, afforestation was largely driven by state organisations on protected state-owned land, and forestry was not a significant component of household economic activities. 相似文献
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从河南黄河下游自然和社会经济情况入手,在深入分析林业综合开发的土地、树种、湿地资源潜力以及木材、经济林产品和森林旅游需求的基础上,提出了河南黄河下游林业发展对策;对林业综合开发的投资和效益进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
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科学认识1978年改革开放以来农业村落转型过程和规律,是落实新时代乡村振兴战略的关键环节。本文以河北省邢台市宁晋县历城村为例,通过田野调查,从聚落空间、经济形态、社会生活三个维度,探讨了1978年改革开放以来冀南平原农业村落转型特征与成长机制。研究表明：① 农业村落建设用地规模显著增加,住宅用地不断扩展,工业用地沿村落边缘扩张,聚落空间转型经历了缓慢发展、快速扩张、加速重构三个阶段;② 农业机械化率和农产品商品化率不断提高,农户非农收入占比逐渐增加,农户生产和消费的社会化趋势显著,村落经济形态转型经历了生计农业、农户兼业化、农户非农化与兼业化三个阶段;③ 村落社会网络不断开放,村民社会生活不断重构,村落社会生活转型经历了传统村落共同体、职住空间分离、聚居关系重塑三个阶段;④ 自然禀赋、行为主体（村委会、农户、企业）、城乡互动、政策环境分别是农业村落转型的基础性约束力、内部推力、外部拉力、方向调控力,它们相互作用,共同促进了农业村落的转型成长。研究提出了新型“村镇共同体”理念,为落实乡村振兴发展战略、破解中国农业村落转型发展困境,提供了理论参考。 相似文献
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青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
利用分层随机抽样、参与式农村评估及其工具、地块调查、数理统计等方法,对63个农户、272个地块进行了系统的调查与取样,研究了青藏高原东部山地农牧区金川县克尔马村的生计多样化与耕地利用模式。结果表明:①不同类型农户的生计策略选择、组合及收入不同,生计多样化,引入并扩大非农活动是当地生计策略的发展趋势,但不利的自然环境和社会经济条件以及农户自身素质共同影响了生计和土地利用的可持续性;②各种生计策略对土地利用的影响不同,主要影响土地利用类型和土地利用集约化水平;③以非农活动为主的生计多样化可能是该区构建可持续生计的核心,同时也是实现土地可持续利用的根本途径。 相似文献
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太行山区河谷内居民点的特征及其分布格局的研究--以河北省阜平县为例 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
以河北省阜平县的5条河流主流河谷为案例，全面分析了河谷内居民点的斑块特征和分布格局，表明，河谷内的居民点位置基本是在的向阳一侧靠近坡脚的地方，一般以狭长形状为主；居民点面积在河谷面积中所占的比例在各个河段的变化很大，但不同河流居民点面积占河谷面积的比例十分接近，在10%-17%的范围内变支。在研究区内，河段内居民点的面积与河谷面积、河谷内农田面积是呈正相关的，表明本地区河谷内的居民对河谷土地具有很强的依赖性；河谷内的居民点增加使河谷林木急剧减少，但居民点内部和周围的河谷林木为其安全性、舒适性提供了保障。 相似文献
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赣南生态屏障区林地时空变化分情景模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于2000年和2010年土地利用遥感数据,从自然、区位、交通、人口和经济4个角度选取驱动因子,利用Logistic-CA-Markov土地利用综合模型预测赣南森林有林地、灌木林、疏林地和其它林地4种林地类型在当前模式、规划模式和保护模式3种情景下的空间演变格局。结果表明：① 到2020年,在当前模式和规划模式,林地总面积将减少,在保护模式则出现增加,3种情景都体现出有林地和其它林地增加、疏林地和灌木林缩减的趋势,只是增减幅度不同,但不论何种情形林地的组成结构都将发生较大程度的变化;② 3种情景都是以疏林地→有林地、有林地→其它林地和灌木林→有林地这3种类型的转化为主,向有林地的转化分布都比较分散,而向其它林地的转化却集中在安远、信丰、于都、赣县四县交界处;③ 相较于当前模式,在规划模式下集中在安远县及其周边的有林地向其它林地的转化出现大量缩减,在保护模式下这种缩减更加明显。 相似文献
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Variations of the Treescape in Relation to Urban Development in a Chinese City: The Case of Nanjing*
Urban trees, as prominent and pertinent landscape elements of cities, are increasingly studied by both practitioners and academics. Trees in Chinese cities have hitherto received little detailed analysis from the viewpoint of urban forestry or landscape analysis. This study attempts a comprehensive evaluation of the tree population in Nanjing, focusing on the association between urban development and treescape attributes. Six districts, covering the main built‐up area of 130 km2, formed the study area. Nine land‐use types with varied urban morphology and three urban zones with different development history were identified, within which subareas and trees were sampled for field study of tree dimensions, tree performance, and site characteristics. Statistical analyses on the 6,527 surveyed trees verify that tree performance is significantly associated with land use, site condition, and related human activities. Treescape is associated with housing ownership, town planning, and the history of urban expansion. The relationship between treescape and urban landscape units can furnish hints for improved urban forest planning and management and better coordination between planners and landscape professionals. 相似文献
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川江流域防护林区森林地面积仅占全区林地面积的44％,而疏林地、灌木林地、未成林造林地、宜林地等尚需抚育或营造的林地占56％,其中宜林地尚有20％。在分析区内林地利用现状的同时,指出了各类林地的主要土壤类型、主要问题及造林或抚育的难易。着重从森林营造和管理角度,提出了相应的保护林地措施。 相似文献
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Commercial alpine medicinal plants are collected from the wild by local rural households throughout the Himalaya and sold in order to increase household incomes. Recent studies indicate that this annual trade amounts to thousands of tonnes of roots, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, etc., worth millions of US dollars. The main market is in India. Based on a national survey, including the most commonly traded species, and a village study this paper investigates the importance of the alpine medicinal plant trade at national and local levels in Nepal. The national survey included standardized open-ended interviews with 232 harvesters, 64 local traders, 66 central wholesalers, 47 regional wholesalers, and 16 production companies. The village survey is based on the daily records of household activities in 15 households in a one-year period. The annual Nepalese alpine and sub-alpine medicinal plant trade is conservatively estimated to vary from 480 to 2500 t with a total harvester value of US$0.8–3.3 million; the average harvester value is estimated at US$66.0 ± 99.0. The trade in 1997/98 amounted to 1600 t with a harvester value of US$2.3 million and an export value equivalent to 2.5% of total export from Nepal. Medicinal plant harvesting was found to constitute an integrated part of local livelihood strategies, contributing from 3 to 44% (average of 12%) of the annual household income. Importance at household level depended on land and animal holdings, and the availability of adult male labour. The validity and reliability of methods and analyses is evaluated, and issues of conservation and management of alpine medicinal plant species under the community forestry scheme are discussed. 相似文献
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经济发达地区乡村聚落用地模式演变——以无锡市惠山区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于空间形态与功能结构视角,运用空间分析和参与式评估方法,利用聚落用地现状与多时相遥感影像数据,分析经济发达地区乡村聚落用地格局与功能演变特征,总结不同类型村域聚落用地演变模式,从制度变迁视角讨论演变机制与调控路径。结果表明：1980年代以来聚落用地增长近1倍,扩张强度先增后减,呈倒“U”型变化,但集聚分布的格局并未改变;工业、旅游住宿、商贸服务等非居住用地快速增长,以居住为主的用地模式逐步转向居住—工业—旅游—商服多元复合型的用地模式。工业和旅游村聚落用地呈“飞地状”拓展,用地功能多元化、形态规则化,农业村聚落延续以居住为主的用地模式和传统形态。制度变迁引导了乡村功能分异,加速了聚落用地类型及功能多样化,可以因地制宜采用“工业城镇、旅游小镇和柔性集中居住”等模式引导聚落用地布局优化。 相似文献
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基于农户调研的中国农村居民点空心化程度研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
基于中国范围的乡村人居环境调研数据,分析了中国农村宅基地空心现象。结果表明：① 中国农村宅基地空心化严重,93.5%的调研村庄有空心化现象,平均空心化率达到10.2%。② 省域农村宅基地空心化差异明显,其中华北、华东、华中地区普遍较高;③ 多种因素导致农村宅基地空心化,认为是“外出务工”、“户口迁移”、“房屋年久失修”及“一户多宅” 的受访者分别占39.94%,19.51%,25.73%和14.82%。④ 中国农村空心化宅基地再利用潜力巨大,但再利用难度大,需要从改革城乡二元体制和乡村空间重构的角度进行空心村整治。 相似文献
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Assessing Natural and Cultural Determinants of Urban Forest Quality in Nanjing (China) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《自然地理学》2013,34(5):455-473
This study assessed underlying natural and cultural determinants of tree health and ways to improve urban forest performance in compact Nanjing city. Two groups of factors were investigated: (1) habitat conditions, including planting site, ground-cover, land cover, and district; and (2) tree traits, including species provenance and seasonality, and tree dimensions. A stratified sampling strategy selected 6351 trees for detailed assessment. The data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regressions. Institutional, park-garden and industrial trees with more open-space sites with vegetated ground-cover performed better than roadside and residential ones. Poor trees in confined residential sites deviated from those in other cities. Park-garden sites did not always nurture meritorious, large and diversified trees. District differentiation in tree performance was related to land cover. Exotic and evergreen species grew better than indigenous and deciduous, offering hints on species-habitat matching. Detailed field and statistical analyses could yield tree-environment information to enhance urban forestry research and management. 相似文献