共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
R. H. Maryon 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1989,46(1-2):69-91
A study has been made of the effects of varying the (uniform) grid resolution of a one-dimensional finite-difference numerical model of the dry convective boundary layer. The resolution of the inversion at the top of the boundary layer, and representation of the entrainment at the inversion, are found to influence the development of the momentum and buoyancy flux profiles. The modelled change in potential energy in a developing mixed layer is used to define a mixed layer scale, h
m, which is found to vary systematically with resolution. The discretization errors (which can be large for resolutions poorer than a few tens of metres, particularly in the early stages of mixed-layer development) are quantified. 相似文献
2.
Effects of mesoscale sea-surface temperature fronts on the marine atmospheric boundary layer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Eric D. Skyllingstad Dean Vickers Larry Mahrt Roger Samelson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(2):219-237
A numerical modelling study is presented focusing on the effects of mesoscale sea-surface temperature (SST) variability on
surface fluxes and the marine atmospheric boundary-layer structure. A basic scenario is examined having two regions of SST
anomaly with alternating warm/cold or cold/warm water regions. Conditions upstream from the anomaly region have SST values
equal to the ambient atmosphere temperature, creating an upstream neutrally stratified boundary layer. Downstream from the
anomaly region the SST is also set to the ambient atmosphere value. When the warm anomaly is upstream from the cold anomaly,
the downstream boundary layer exhibits a more complex structure because of convective forcing and mixed layer deepening upstream
from the cold anomaly. An internal boundary layer forms over the cold anomaly in this case, generating two distinct layers
over the downstream region. When the cold anomaly is upstream from the warm anomaly, mixing over the warm anomaly quickly
destroys the shallow cold layer, yielding a more uniform downstream boundary-layer vertical structure compared with the warm-to-
cold case. Analysis of the momentum budget indicates that turbulent momentum flux divergence dominates the velocity field
tendency, with pressure forcing accounting for only about 20% of the changes in momentum. Parameterization of surface fluxes
and boundary-layer structure at these scales would be very difficult because of their dependence on subgrid-scale SST spatial
order. Simulations of similar flow over smaller scale fronts (<5 km) suggest that small-scale SST variability might be parameterized
in mesoscale models by relating the effective heat flux to the strength of the SST variance. 相似文献
3.
The boundary layer in the warm sector of a moderately deepening winter cyclone during the Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA) is studied near the cold front. Data from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Electra research aircraft are used to examine mean and turbulence quantities. The aircraft data and supplemental data from ships, drifting buoys and moored buoys reveal an equivalent-barotropic pressure field. The area is found to be dominated by gradients in temperature and in turbulent fluxes, with changes occurring over 100 km horizontally being comparable to changes over 350 m vertically. The horizontal components of the gradients are found to be a maximum in a direction perpendicular to the front. Cross-sections perpendicular to the front are used to illustrate boundary-layer structure. Profiles of wind speed, stress, wind direction and stress direction are estimated from an Ekman model that is modified to take into account the equivalent-barotropic pressure field. Comparison of profiles from the model to the aircraft-measured data show reasonable agreement far from the front (100 km) when the model uses a constant eddy viscosity of approximately 6 kg m–1 s–1. Near the front there is less agreement with the model. Profiles of turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and latent heat are divergent, with along-wind momentum flux negative and decreasing upward, cross-wind momentum flux positive and increasing upward, and heat flux and latent heat flux small, positive and decreasing upward. Far from the front, the turbulent kinetic energy budget shows that dissipation balances shear production. However, near-front behavior has an imbalance at low altitude, with shear production appearing as a TKE sink. 相似文献
4.
Summary ?Simultaneous flight measurements with the research aircraft Do 128 and the helicopter-borne turbulence probe Helipod were
performed on 18 June 1998 during the LITFASS-98 field experiment. The area-averaged turbulent vertical fluxes of momentum,
sensible, and latent heat were determined on a 15 km × 15 km and a 10 km × 10 km flight pattern, respectively. The flights
were carried out over heterogeneous terrain at different altitudes within a moderately convective boundary layer with Cumulus
clouds.
Co-spectra-analysis demonstrated that the small scale turbulent transport was completely sampled, while the comparatively
small flight patterns were possibly of critical size regarding the large-scale turbulence. The phygoide of the airplane was
identified as a significant peak in some co-spectra. The turbulent fluxes of momentum and sensible heat at 80 m above the
ground showed systematic dependence on the location of the flight legs above the heterogeneous terrain. This was not observed
for the latent heat flux, probably due to the vertical distribution of humidity in the boundary layer.
Statistical error analysis of the fluxes F showed that the systematic statistical error ΔF was one order of magnitude smaller than the standard deviation σ
F
. The difference between area-averaged fluxes derived from simultaneous Helipod and Do 128 measurements was much smaller than
σ
F
, indicating that the systematic statistical error was possibly over-estimated by the usual method.
In the upper half of the boundary layer the airborne-measured sensible heat flux agreed well with windprofiler/RASS data.
A linear fit was the best approximation for the height dependence of all three fluxes. The linear extrapolations of the latent
and sensible heat fluxes to the ground were in good agreement with tower, scintillometer, and averaged ground-station measurements
on various surface types. Systematic discrepancies between airborne and ground-based measurements were not found.
Received June 18, 2001; revised December 21, 2001; accepted June 3, 2002 相似文献
5.
The Role of Shear in the Morning Transition Boundary Layer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Robert J. Beare 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,129(3):395-410
We use large-eddy simulation (LES) to better define the early stages of the morning transition boundary layer. Previous LES
studies relating to the morning transition boundary layer focus on the role of the entraining convective boundary layer (CBL).
By using a combination of different domain sizes and grid lengths, the full evolution from the stable boundary layer (SBL)
to the CBL is modelled here. In the early stages of the morning transition the boundary layer is shown to be a combination
of a shallow mixed layer capped by a significant shear driven stable boundary layer (the so-called mixed CBL–SBL state). The
mixed CBL–SBL state is the key to understanding the sensitivity to shear. Turbulent kinetic energy budgets also indicate that
it is shear driven. The negative flux from the mixed CBL–SBL state extends much further above the minimum than is typically
found for the CBL later in the day, and the depth of penetration scales as w
m
/N
i
, where w
m
is the combined friction and convective velocity scale and N
i
the static stability at the inversion top. 相似文献
6.
Gary K. Greenhut 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1981,20(1):75-100
The momentum flux data obtained by the gust probe aboard the NOAA DC-6 aircraft during GATE are analyzed. Vertical profiles are obtained for Phases I and III and correlated with vertical wind velocity profiles using the geostrophic departure method. Reasonable agreement is obtained using the horizontal equations of motion with negligible advective acceleration. The vertical profiles of momentum flux and wind speed variance compare well with the numerical model results of Deardorff (1972) and Wyngaard et al. (1974). Vertical distributions of power spectra for vertical eddy motion and cospectra corresponding to the momentum flux components are obtained along with the height variation of the dominant length scales of vertical eddy motion and the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy. When normalized by mixed-layer similarity, these results agree well with previous determinations in the boundary layer over tropical oceans and over land. 相似文献
7.
8.
日间对流边界层最显著的结构特征是在热力作用下所形成的组织化对流。与小尺度湍涡不同的是，组织化对流具有边界层尺度的垂直相干性，可实现垂直贯穿边界层的非局地物质和能量传输。本文针对对流边界层中的动量混合，探究组织化对流对动量输送的贡献。以高精度大涡模拟数据为研究资料，通过傅里叶变换、本征正交分解和经验模态分解3种滤波方法，分离组织化对流和背景湍涡，计算与两者相关的非局地和局地动量通量，发现与组织化对流相关的非局地动量通量是总通量的重要组成部分，并主导混合层中的垂直动量输送。而后，基于协谱和相位谱分析，探究组织化对流的空间结构对动量传输的影响，发现在热力主导的不稳定环境中，单体型环流结构对动量的传输效率较低。而在风切较强的近中性环境中，滚涡型组织化结构可使垂直和水平流向扰动速度的相位差减小，从而提升动量传输效率。研究结果表明，边界层方案需要包含非局地动量通量项，其参数化应考虑整体稳定度对传输效率的影响。 相似文献
9.
The momentum flux of stratospheric gravity waves generated by Typhoon Ewiniar (2006) is examined using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In the stratosphere, zonal momentum flux with a positive sign by eastward-propagating waves is significant during the northward moving of the typhoon, while both zonal and meridional momentum fluxes with positive signs are significant during the typhoon decaying stage in which the typhoon moves northeastward. The magnitude of the momentum flux is greater during the mature stage of the typhoon than the decaying stage, and the phase speeds of the dominant momentum flux are less than 30 m s?1 with a peak at 10–16 m s?1. Positive momentum flux decreases with height overall in the stratosphere for both zonal and meridional components. The resultant gravity-wave drag forcing plays a role to decelerate the easterly background wind in the stratosphere. This drag forcing is relatively large above z = 40 km and below z = 20 km, and lower stratospheric wave drag is expected to affect the typhoon dynamics by modifying the background wind shear and inducing the secondary circulation in the troposphere. 相似文献
10.
Dual-Doppler winds at 1647 MDT for the 14 July, 1982 convective storm collected during the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS)
project at Denver's Stapleton International Airport were objectively analyzed to produce a three-dimensional wind field. The
domain of interest had dimensions of 10 × 10 × 8.5 km centered on the microburst. Vertical velocities were computed by integrating
the anelastic continuity equation downward from the storm's top. A variational approach was then employed to adjust the derived
three-dimensional wind field. Subsequently, fields of deviation perturbation pressure and virtual temperature were retrieved
from a detailed wind field using the three momentum equations. These retrieved fields were subjected to internal consistency
checks to determine the level of confidence before interpetation. The fields were then used to calculate the generation of
the vertical transport of horizontal momentum in the subcloud layer of a microburst-producing storm during the quasi-steady
mature stage.
Results show that the microburst occurrence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) enhances eddy transfer of momentum. Direct
calculation of the vertical transport of u- and v-momentum reveals that momentum was being transferred downward from the mid-levels of the storm to the microburst. The dominant
processes contributing to the generation/dissipation of horizontal momentum flux were the total buoyancy production, pressure
effects, vertical mean wind shear and vertical transport of momentum. The above processes play an important role in maintaining
the strength of the microburst outflow in the ABL during the quasi-steady mature stage of the microburst life cycle. 相似文献
11.
The role of thermals in the convective boundary layer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Detailed measurements of the structure of thermals throughout the convective boundary layer were obtained from the NCAR Electra aircraft over the ocean during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). Humidity was used as an indicator of thermals. The variables were first high-pass filtered with a 5 km cutoff digital filter to eliminate mesoscale variations. Segments of the 5 min (30 km length) horizontal flight legs with humidity greater than half the standard deviation of humidity fluctuations for that leg were defined as thermals. This was found to be a better indicator of thermals than temperature in the upper part of the boundary layer since the temperature in a thermal is cooler than its environment in the upper part of the boundary layer. Using mixed-layer scaling, the normalized length and number of thermals were found to scale with the 1/3 and -1/3 powers, respectively, of normalized height, while vertical velocity and temperature scaled according to similarity predictions in the free convection region of the surface layer. The observational results presented here extend throughout the entire mixed layer. Using these results in the equation for mean updraft velocity of a field of thermals, the sum of the vertical pressure gradient and edge-effect terms can be estimated. This residual term is found to be important throughout most of the boundary layer. The magnitude of the divergence of vertical velocity variance within a thermal is found to be larger than the magnitude of the mean updraft velocity term throughout most of the mixed layer.Part of this work was completed while visiting Risø National Laboratory, Denmark.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
12.
Two fair weather afternoons have been examined, where the urban boundary layer over St. Louis, though exhibiting similar thermal characteristics, had a markedly different kinematic structure. The turbulent nature of the boundary layer was examined through analysis of double theodolite wind profiles at an urban and at a rural site on each day. On 14 July 1975, the winds increased with height above the inversion at both sites and on the following day, the winds decreased above the boundary layer in the same region. While the mean wind speed in the lowest 0.8 km agl was similar on both days, the turbulence characteristics of the urban boundary-layer winds were distinctly different on these two afternoons. This was evidenced by the variance of the wind and is in agreement with simultaneous aircraft measurements reported by Hildebrand and Ackerman (1984). A similar difference in turbulence was not found over the rural site. It is suggested that the enhanced turbulence at the urban site on 14 July is likely associated with the wind profile immediately above the boundary layer, where the downward flux of high momentum air from above the inversion may have resulted in stronger mechanical mixing within the boundary layer. 相似文献
13.
Erik Sahlée Anna Rutgersson Eva Podgrajsek Hans Bergström 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,150(2):235-258
Turbulence measurements taken at a Swedish lake are analyzed. Although the measurements took place over a relatively large lake with several km of undisturbed fetch, the turbulence structure was found to be highly influenced by the surrounding land during daytime. Variance spectra of both horizontal velocity and scalars during both unstable and stable stratification displayed a low frequency peak. The energy at lower frequencies showed a daily variation, increasing in the morning and decreasing in the afternoon. This behaviour is explained by spectral lag, where the low frequency energy due to large eddies that originate from the convective boundary layer above the surrounding land. When the air is advected over the lake the small eddies rapidly equilibrate with the new surface forcing. However, the large eddies remain for an appreciable distance and influence the turbulence in the developing lake boundary layer. The variances of the horizontal velocity and scalars are increased by these large eddies, while the turbulent fluxes are mainly unaffected. The drag coefficient, Stanton number and Dalton number used to parametrize the momentum flux, heat flux and latent heat flux respectively all compare well with current parametrizations developed for open sea conditions. The diurnal cycle of the partial pressure of methane, $p\mathrm{CH}_{4}$ , observed at this site is closely related to the diurnal cycle of the lake-air methane flux. An idealized two-dimensional model simulation of the boundary layer at a lake site indicates that the strong response of $p\mathrm{CH}_{4}$ to the surface methane flux is due to the shallow internal boundary layer that develops above the lake, allowing methane to accumulate in a relatively small volume. 相似文献
14.
Prof. Dr. R. G. Fleagle Dr. N. A. Bond Dr. W. A. Nuss 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1988,38(1-2):50-63
Summary Surface fluxes of heat, latent heat, and momentum, and entrainment fluxes and vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer have been calculated for limited regions of several mid-latitude ocean storms. Results have been combined to describe distributions of boundary layer processes which are characteristic of such storms. Surface heat fluxes have important effects in the region west of cold or occluded fronts and are relatively unimportant within a band of about 200 km width east of fronts. Entrainment in pre-frontal regions is driven largely by vertical shear at the top of the boundary layer, while in post-frontal regions it is driven largely by surface heat flux. Boundary layers are well defined in regions more than roughly 200 km east or west of fronts; but closer to fronts boundary layers are not well defined due to the combined effects of entrainment, condensation, and vertical motion associated with the distribution of surface stress.With 12 Figures 相似文献
15.
Michiel R. Van Den Broeke Peter G. Duynkerke Edwin A. C. Henneken 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,71(4):393-413
The budgets of momentum, heat and moisture of the atmospheric boundary layer overlying the melting zone of the west Greenland ice sheet during an 8-day period in summer are calculated. To do so, the governing budget equations are derived and presented in terms of vertically averaged quantities. Moreover, stationarity is assumed in the present study. Measurements collected during the GIMEX-91 experiment are used to calculate the contribution of the different terms in the equations to the budget.During summer, a well developed katabatic wind system is present over the melting zone of the Greenland ice sheet. The budgets show that advection in the katabatic layer is small for momentum, heat and humidity, when the horizontal length scale of the integration area is sufficiently large (>50 km). This indicates that in principle one-dimensional atmospheric models can be used to study the boundary layer over the melting zone of the Greenland ice sheet. The background stratification plays a crucial role in the heat and moisture budget. Vertical divergence of longwave radiation provides one-third and the turbulent flux of sensible heat the rest of the cooling of the boundary layer. Moisture is added to the boundary layer by evaporation which is a significant term in the moisture budget. Negative buoyancy (katabatic forcing) dominates the momentum budget in the downslope direction. Coriolis forcing is important, stressing the large spatial scale of the katabatic winds on the Greenland ice sheet. 相似文献
16.
Abstract Airborne measurements of mean wind velocity and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer under wintertime conditions of cold offshore advection suggest that at a height of 50 m the mean wind speed increases with offshore distance by roughly 20% over a horizontal scale of order 10 km. Similarly, the vertical gust velocity and turbulent kinetic energy decay on scales of order 3.5 km by factors of 1.5 and 3.2, respectively. The scale of cross‐shore variations in the vertical fluxes of heat and downwind momentum is also 10 km, and the momentum flux is found to be roughly constant to 300 m, whereas the heat flux decreases with height. The stability parameter, z/L (where z = 50 m and L is the local Monin‐Obukhov length), is generally small over land but may reach order one over the warm ocean. The magnitude and horizontal length scales associated with the offshore variations in wind speed and turbulence are reasonably consistent with model results for a simple roughness change, but a more sophisticated model is required to interpret the combined effects of surface roughness and heat flux contrasts between land and sea. Comparisons between aircraft and profile‐adjusted surface measurements of wind speed indicate that Doppler biases of 1–2 m s?1 in the aircraft data caused by surface motions must be accounted for. In addition, the wind direction measurements of the Minimet anemometer buoy deployed in CASP are found to be in error by 25 ± 5°, possibly due to a misalignment of the anemometer vane. The vertical fluxes of heat and momentum show reasonably good agreement with surface estimates based on the Minimet data. 相似文献
17.
Buoyancy fluxes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) for the cloud street regime, observed during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE), have been analyzed using the technique of joint frequency distribution. For the lower half of the MABL, the results suggest that the buoyancy flux is mainly generated by the rising thermals and the sinking compensating ambient air, and is mainly consumed by the entrainment and detrainment of thermals, penetrative convection, and the entrainment from the MABL top.The results are compared to those from previous studies of mesoscale cellular convection (Air-Mass Transformation Experiment, AMTEX), the dry convective boundary layer, and the trade-wind MABL. For the lower MABL, the quadrant buoyancy fluxes, fractional coverages, and flux intensities are in good agreement with those of mesoscale cellular convection (AMTEX) and the dry convective boundary layer. The results suggest that, if the buoyancy flux is primarily driven by the temperature flux, the physical processes for generating buoyancy flux mentioned above are about the same for the lower boundary layers over land and ocean, even with different convective regimes. For the trade-wind MABL, the buoyancy flux is mainly driven by the moisture flux; the quadrant flux intensities are stronger than those of the other three studies except for the buoyant updrafts (thermals). These results suggest that the entrainment and detrainment of thermals are more effective in the trade-wind MABL than in the boundary layers driven by the temperature flux.Scale analysis of the buoyancy flux is in good agreement with that of AMTEX. For the lower half of the MABL, the buoyancy flux is mainly generated by the intermediate scale (200 m to 2 km), which includes the dominant convective thermals in the surface layer and the mixed layer. The scale smaller than 200 m is important only in the surface layer. The scale larger than 2 km, which includes the roll vortices, increases its significance upward. While most of the positive and negative fluxes are associated with the updrafts for the intermediate scale, the downdrafts are as important as updrafts for the larger scale.ST Systems Corporation, Lanham, MD, 20706, U.S.A. 相似文献
18.
L. Mahrt Dean Vickers Jim Edson James M. Wilczak Jeff Hare Jørgen Højstrup 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,100(1):47-61
The adjustment of the boundary layer immediately downstream froma coastline is examined based on two levels of eddy correlation data collected on a mast at the shore and six levels of eddy correlation data and profiles of mean variables collected from a mast 2 km offshore during the Risø Air-Sea Experiment. The characteristics of offshore flow are studied in terms of case studies and inter-variable relationships for the entire one-month data set. A turbulent kinetic energy budget is constructed for each case study.The buoyancy generation of turbulence is small compared to shear generation and dissipation. However, weakly stable and weakly unstable cases exhibit completely different vertical structure. With flow of warm air from land over cooler water, modest buoyancy destruction of turbulence and reduced shear generation of turbulence over the less rough sea surface cause the turbulence to rapidly weaken downstream from the coast. The reduction of downward mixing of momentum by the stratification leads to smaller roughness lengths compared to the unstable case. Shear generation at higher levels and advection of stronger turbulence from land often lead to an increase of stress and turbulence energy with height and downward transport of turbulence energy toward the surface.With flow of cool air over a warmer sea surface, a convective internal boundary layer develops downstream from the coast. An overlying relatively thick layer of downward buoyancy flux (virtual temperature flux) is sometimes maintained by shear generation in the accelerating offshore flow. 相似文献
19.
Wilfried Brutsaert 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1987,39(3):283-300
The budgets of water vapor and sensible heat in the convective atmospheric boundary (mixed) layer are analyzed by means of a simple slab approach adapted to steady large-scale advective conditions with radiation and cloud activity. The entrainment flux for sensible heat is assumed to be a linear function of the surface flux. The flux of water vapor at the top of the mixed layer is parameterized by extending the first-order Betts-Deardorff approach, i.e., by adopting linear changes for both the specific humidity and the flux across the mixed layer and across the inversion layer of finite thickness. In this way the dissimilarity of sensible heat and water vapor transport in the mixed layer can be taken into account. The experimental data were obtained from the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). The entrainment constant for sensible heat at the top of the mixed layer was found to have values similar to those observed in other weakly convective situations, i.e., around 0.4 to 0.6. This appears to indicate that the effect of mechanical turbulence was not negligible; however, the inclusion of this effect in the formulation did not improve the correlation. In contrast to the first-order approach, the zero-order approach, i. e., the jump equation commonly used for the flux of a scalar at the inversion, (ovwc )
h = we c (where w
e is the entrainment velocity and c the concentration jump across the inversion), was found to be invalid and incapable of describing the data. 相似文献
20.
L. Mahrt Christoph K. Thomas Andrey A. Grachev P. Ola G. Persson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,169(3):373-393
Flow in the stable boundary layer is examined at four contrasting sites with greater upwind surface roughness. The surface heterogeneity is disorganized and in some cases weak as commonly occurs. With low wind speeds, the vertical divergence (or convergence) of the momentum and heat fluxes can be large near the surface in what is normally assumed to be the surface layer where such divergence is neglected. For the two most heterogeneous sites, a shallow “new” boundary layer is captured by the tower observations, analogous to an internal boundary layer but more complex. Above the new boundary layer, the magnitudes of the downward fluxes of heat and momentum increase with height in a transition layer, reach a maximum, and then decrease with height in an overlying regional boundary layer. Similar structure is observed at the site with rolling terrain where the shallow new boundary layer at the surface is identified as cold-air drainage generated by the local slope above which the flow undergoes transition to an overlying regional flow. Significant flux divergence near the surface is generated even over an ice floe for low wind speeds and in a shallow Ekman layer that forms during the polar night. For higher wind speeds, the magnitude of the downward fluxes decreases gradually with height at all levels as in a traditional boundary layer. 相似文献