共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 22 毫秒
1.
Local Economic Development is (LED) an activity of increasing importance in the developing world as globalisation produces new roles for local governments. As compared to a growing number of urban initiatives for LED, rural LED initiatives are relatively undeveloped. In this paper, the focus is upon South Africa, where the post‐apartheid government has sought to encourage both urban and rural LED initiatives. Programmes of land reform and restitution in South Africa result in the resettlement or return to the land of communities formerly dispossessed under apartheid. A critical element of planning for successful resettlement is the implementation of LED programmes. Schmidtsdrift in Northern Cape is examined as an example of participatory LED in a developing rural context. Rural LED in South Africa is distinguished by its focus upon poverty alleviation in the context of addressing the legacies of apartheid. 相似文献
2.
Tourism is widely acknowledged as a key economic sector that has the potential to contribute to national and local development and, more specifically, serve as a mechanism to promote poverty alleviation and pro-poor development within a particular locality. In countries of the global South, nature-based tourism initiatives can make a meaningful impact on the livelihoods of the poor, in particular the subsistence based rural poor. Taking two examples in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, where small-scale tourism initiatives were developed recently in response to existing natural attractions in the context of coping with local economic crises, this paper broadly assesses the modest benefits to date, as well as drawbacks, in improving conditions of life. 相似文献
3.
全球贫困国家旅游竞争力与经济发展的耦合协调度及时空变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于联合国多维贫困指数、世界经济论坛旅游竞争力报告及国际货币基金组织提供的贫困国家经济数据,构建了旅游竞争力与经济发展评价指标体系,通过信息熵值法确定指标权重,再运用耦合协调度模型测度2008-2017年间贫困国家旅游竞争力与经济发展之间的耦合协调度,研究其时空演变规律及成因机制。研究发现：①贫困国家旅游竞争力与经济发展的的耦合协调现状不容乐观,基本都处于失调或接近失调状态,但从时间发展来看,有向协调方向缓慢发展的趋势,且耦合协调度的区域差异正在缓慢缩小;②从耦合协调类型上看,大部分贫困国家为经济滞后型,其余为旅游—经济同步型,尚无旅游滞后型;③贫困国家旅游竞争力与经济发展的耦合协调度等级分布呈现较明显的空间集聚特征,非洲地区耦合协调度等级相对最低,南美洲及加勒比地区耦合协调状态相对较好,东南亚地区则呈现局部异质性。 相似文献
4.
There is less than a decade left to accomplish the goal of ending global poverty by 2030. This paper investigates global poverty dynamics and finds a shift in the world's poverty gravity center from South Asia to Africa in the period 1990–2015. Sub-Saharan Africa has become the main battlefield for poverty reduction in the world. Global poverty reduction has been accompanied by political instability and local conflicts, economic marginalization, rural decline, and natural hazards as well as climate change which are jointly impacting the least developed areas and making the world's poverty reduction vulnerable to external shocks. The "STAR" scheme, including maintaining political stability, promoting targeted poverty alleviation, implementing regular assessments of poverty reduction initiatives, and revitalizing rural and poverty-stricken areas, is proposed with specific measures to enhance the resilience capacity of poverty alleviation in the world. 相似文献
5.
C.M. Rogerson 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1997,18(2):175-195
The application of Local Economic Development (LED) planning has been little investigated in the developing world context. In this paper, LED strategies in South Africa are investigated in order to examine the emergence, contemporary directions and problems of entrepreneurial LED strategies across urban South Africa reconstruction. The origins and spread of local authority involvement in LED are analysed in both the international and national contexts. The various LED approaches presently being pursued in South African cities are reviewed and critically discussed in terms of four themes: (1) cities as centres of production; (2) cities as centres of consumption; (3) cities as centres of decision-making; and (4) cities and government surplus. The conclusion evaluates the current directions and problems of local government initiatives for LED in post-apartheid reconstruction and points to the danger of “place wars” as a result of a trend towards the imitation of development projects. 相似文献
6.
BRIAN H KING 《The Geographical journal》2007,173(1):13-25
This paper examines social, political and economic processes within the former KaNgwane bantustan to understand the changing relationships between society and space in the post-apartheid era. Research on rural development and reconstruction in South Africa attest to the spatial legacy of apartheid while suggesting that dynamic transformations are occurring within the former bantustans. A central concern of this paper is the ways the apartheid government constructed and presented KaNgwane as a development project in order to justify racial segregation and control. While the bantustans have been effectively erased from the popular imagination, these spaces continue to be framed developmentally in ways that provide limited attention to local context and change. In order to consider the shifts in environment and development discourses within these territories, a case study is employed to evaluate livelihood production systems, environmental change, and governance institutions. It is argued that these patterns reveal the simultaneously static and dynamic nature of the bantustans while demonstrating that their reincorporation will remain an ongoing process in the post-apartheid era. 相似文献
7.
南非负责任旅游的兴起及其意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
南非负责任旅游对南非的社会经济发展、政治民主建设起着非常重要的作用,特别是推动了南非构建公平社会的进程。本文概括了南非负责任旅游的兴起背景,分析了南非政府实施负责任旅游后初见成效的原因,剖析南非负责任旅游在缓解种族歧视、减少贫困、公平分配利益等方面对建设公平社会的意义。 相似文献
8.
Land reform and the new elite: Exclusion of the poor from communal land in Namaqualand, South Africa
The reserves and homelands across South Africa share a common history of policy interventions resulting in sedentarization, villagization and formalization of communal land use. In Namaqualand, such interventions culminated in the 1980s with attempts by the state and local vested interests to privatize the commons in the three largest Namaqualand reserves, including Leliefontein. This proposed privatization, although ostensibly aimed at averting land degradation and modernizing agricultural production, was as much about the apartheid state's broader strategy of co-option, and served to further long standing processes of class formation in the coloured communal areas of Namaqualand. In the post-apartheid period land reform has expanded the communal land-base in Namaqualand by over 25%. In spite of this, the management of the new commons in Leliefontein has many of the characteristics of land management policies imposed during apartheid. As a result, the new commons have effectively been arrogated by the same category of people who would have benefited under past privatization initiatives.This paper examines how the interests of a local elite have gained exclusive access to the new commonage farms. This has come about despite the government's commonage policy which privileges access by poorer, disadvantaged communal farmers. This case study uncovers the dynamic complexity of community driven land reform especially in relation to the roles of rural elites and their relationship to government institutions. 相似文献
9.
Theory on environmental governance and water governance emphasises decentralised, devolved forms of interaction between stakeholders. As previously excluded actors are empowered to take part in governance, new forms of cooperation are created. This paper examines how the cooperative principle has influenced stakeholder interaction at the local and international scales of water governance in South Africa. Water policies and initiatives have been set up to promote multi-level governance that emphasises cooperation between various stakeholders. The emphasis on cooperation and inclusiveness is particularly pertinent to the South African context because of its apartheid past. The paper asks whether there have been new forms of cooperation between a wider array of actors, as the theory proposes. By using the case studies of the Sabie catchment and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project to examine local and international level governance, the paper finds challenges related to power disparity and interdependence of actors, and risk perceptions of inclusive decision-making. It is found that at both the local and international level, the state, which is a 'traditional' actor, still plays an influential role in decision-making. 'New' actors such as businesses, civil society, and regional institutions are more visible but have limited decision-making power. Non-linear, time-consuming forms of cooperation occur in water governance. 相似文献
10.
国家级贫困县旅游发展与多维贫困的脱钩关系研究——以西南地区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
发展旅游业被认为是贫困地区缓解贫困的重要方式之一,为探讨国家级贫困县的旅游扶贫发展现状,本文基于Tapio脱钩模型,以西南地区136个国家级贫困县为例,对旅游发展分别与综合贫困以及、教育、医疗、社会福利等不同维度贫困间的脱钩关系进行研究。研究结果表明：① 随着旅游的发展,西南地区贫困县的综合贫困状况得到改善,但改善程度表现出不稳定性并逐渐放缓;② 随着旅游发展,西南地区贫困县经济和社会福利贫困某种程度上得到改善,医疗贫困得到较大改善,教育贫困基本未得到改变;③ 西南地区不同省份贫困县的旅游扶贫发展存在空间差异性,贵州贫困县表现最好。本研究对于深度了解旅游扶贫现状,进一步发挥旅游的多维扶贫作用具有重要意义。 相似文献
11.
乡村旅游精准扶贫的创新路径——基于社会保障理论的思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
乡村旅游发展能够给当地居民带来巨大的就业机遇,社区参与能够提高乡村居民整体的社会保障水平,这为吉登斯所倡导的“第三条道路”社会保障思想提供了现实依据,也为乡村旅游实现精准扶贫效果提供了创新路径。洛阳栾川重渡沟村的社会保障在乡村旅游的影响下经历了3个阶段,1999年前未发展乡村旅游时受国家干预主义影响较大,1999—2004年乡村旅游发展体现了经济自由主义的影响,而2004年至今的实践体现了经济自由主义与国家干预主义的融合,实现了政府与市场、公平与效率、权利与责任的相对均衡,实践中已初步实现了以就业保障为基础、以养老保障及最低生活保障等为内容的乡村社会保障的全面提高。研究表明,西方背景下形成的国家干预主义及经济自由主义在中国乡村市场经济实践中有着不同的诠释及呈现方式,乡村旅游精准扶贫的关键是社区力量的觉醒及培育,其创新路径是实现“以旅游换保障”,即实现乡村旅游经济功能向社会功能的转变。 相似文献
12.
Gregory D. Breetzke 《Urban geography》2018,39(8):1195-1220
Crime inequality in neighborhoods by race is blamed on social inequalities borne out of segregation and economic discrimination. South Africa is a country synonymous with racial-spatial segregation and discrimination as a result of legislatively enforced policies of the former apartheid government. This study examines whether urban crime inequalities by race exist in the city of Tshwane, South Africa and identifies the empirical causes of these crime inequalities. Violent and sexual crime was found to concentrate in Black African neighborhoods, while property crime was concentrated in neighborhoods classified as “Mixed”. The causes of crime in neighborhoods were found to vary across racial groups with results suggesting non-uniformity in the extent to which the various constructs impact crime based on race. The results challenge the notion that segregation and economic discrimination uniformly impacts affected communities. Explanations for the findings are provided in the context of an increasingly eclectic post-apartheid South African city. 相似文献
13.
BRIAN H. KING 《Geographical review》2006,96(1):79-96
ABSTRACT. The South African homelands were central to the apartheid ideology of racial segregation and separate development and as a result became the location for large segments of the African population. Apartheid‐era theorizations of the homelands tended to emphasize their importance to the state, with less attention directed to the divergent and unique social formations that often existed within them. Recent geographical research has been intent on evaluating the spatial imprint of these geographies for resident populations, as well as the varied class, gendered, and institutional formations that accompanied the democratic transition. Using a case study from the former KaNgwane homeland, this article examines the diverse ways in which rural households access environmental and economic resources to produce livelihoods. It is argued that a focus on community variation is needed to interrogate the differential encounters of these places with the local politics and development processes that are emerging in the new South Africa. 相似文献
14.
Land degradation and climate change in South Africa 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper considers the potential impact of future climate change on the nature and extent of land degradation in South Africa. The basis of the assessment is the comprehensive review published by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEA&T) as a contribution to the South African effort in respect of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The DEA&T report is founded on information collated from 34 workshops, one in each of the agricultural regions of South Africa, involving some 453 participants consisting mainly of agricultural extension officers and soil conservation technicians. This analysis reveals that land degradation is underpinned by poverty and its structural roots in colonial and apartheid political planning. Nevertheless, future climate change represents a key challenge to the developing economies of countries like South Africa. Regionally downscaled models predicting the nature and degree of rainfall changes in the future are used to assess the possible impact of future change on the South African land degradation situation. It is concluded that the most severely degraded areas of the country, including large areas of the former 'homeland' states, are likely to become even more susceptible under predicted climate change scenarios. 相似文献
15.
Regional tourism and South-South economic cooperation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Krishna B. Ghimire 《The Geographical journal》2000,167(2):99-110
Regional tourism within developing countries is a growing phenomenon. Yet this aspect has been largely neglected in social science research as well as tourism planning. This paper highlights the general nature, scale and economic significance of regional tourism in three leading regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The topic is especially timely as economic self-reliance and cooperation are increasingly reiterated in the context of the emergence of regional groupings. A key question addressed is whether regional tourism development represents any new and viable prospects for regional economic improvement and partnership, especially compared to international tourism centred on attracting visitors from industrialized countries. Based on a critical assessment of the experiences of three regional blocs (ASEAN – the Association of South-East Asian Nations; SADC – the Southern African Development Community; and Mercosur – a common market comprising Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, with Chile being an associated member), the paper suggests that a basic appreciation of the prospects of regional tourism is not enough to produce perceptible benefits. Regional tourism development is occurring in a haphazard manner, with little attention to managing existing socio-economic inequalities and centre-periphery relations. The paper is based primarily on the review of secondary literature readily available to the author combined with a few documents obtained directly from different regional organizations or through Internet search. A small amount of material, especially concerning emerging tourism trends and outcomes, is drawn from a research project on national mass tourism in developing countries coordinated by the author at the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva. 相似文献
16.
为了推动陆海统筹,转变和优化临海产业布局,制定和完善海洋开发政策与体制建设,推进海洋经济发展和海洋强国战略,提高沿海区域经济发展韧性水平,中国自2011年以来先后启动海洋经济发展试点工作。旅游业是中国沿海区域经济的重要组成部分。论文以海洋经济发展试点政策作为准自然实验,基于2007—2020年中国沿海地区各地级及以上城市的面板数据,运用多期双重差分模型,总结和评估该试点政策对区域经济韧性及旅游经济韧性的影响。结果表明:海洋经济发展试点政策的实施能够显著推动区域经济韧性及旅游经济韧性的提升;而新冠疫情事件作为调节变量,削弱了海洋经济发展试点政策对区域经济韧性的影响。在区域异质性上,海洋经济发展试点对中南沿海地区经济韧性的政策效应最明显,而对华东沿海地区旅游经济韧性的政策效应则更为显著。鉴于此,合理扩大海洋经济发展试点,因地制宜规划沿海区域经济体系,对防范系统性风险、提高区域经济韧性及旅游经济韧性具有重要意义。 相似文献
17.
Sylvain Guyot 《The Geographical journal》2002,168(1):18-32
The evolution of the demarcation of the political territories in South Africa has resulted in spatial competition between political structures, conservation authorities and local communities. The current multi-governance policies are attempting to overcome the problems created by the political structures of the apartheid era – during which time the declaration of natural areas for conservation resulted in forced removals and negative perceptions of conservation. The case study of Mabibi, within the confines of the Maputaland coast, is a typical example that reflects the history of the past and the conflicts of the present. 相似文献
18.
Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS) are widely promoted as a new tool for local economic development, but until recently the focus has been on their alleged 'potential' rather than the realities of their operation. This paper assesses the practical economic role of LETS by examining the amount of trading conducted, and demonstrates that both the volume of trading and the value of the trades are very low. Drawing on an intensive case study of the first UK LETS created explicitly as part of a local authority's anti–poverty strategy, explanations for the low levels of participation are suggested, and significant structural constraints on the development of LETS are identified. 相似文献
19.
经济地理学视角下的旅游发展理论演进 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
经济地理学是一门非常活跃和发展演化很快的学科.近30年来,经济地理学的发展演化带动了旅游发展理论的演变.回顾旅游发展理论研究的进展,依次有依附理论、生命周期理论、社区研究方法、福特主义、弹性专业化和全球商品链理论,这些理论在旅游方面的应用和研究,从时间和数量上都明显滞后于生产实践活动,说明旅游研究还处于经济地理学科"边缘化"的地位.在今天经济全球化的背景下,旅游产业在迅猛发展之时,旅游发展理论的建设更应与经济地理学紧密结合,由"边缘"走向"核心". 相似文献
20.
南非拥有独特的旅游资源,20世纪90年代以来,政治体制的转变为南非入境旅游业的发展提供了契机。本文运用地理集中指数、旅游产业绝对集中指标、季节性强度指数等定量方法,在南非入境旅游数据资料的基础上,分析了南非入境客源市场的空间结构和南非入境游客旅游心理行为,从而为优化南非入境旅游客源市场未来发展提供依据。 相似文献