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1.
Arsenian pyrite in the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit in Guizhou, China, is the major host for gold with 300 to 4,000 ppm Au and 0.65 to 14.1 wt.% As. Electron miroprobe data show a negative correlation of As and S in arsenian pyrite, which is consistent with the substitution of As for S in the pyrite structure. The relatively homogeneous distribution of gold in arsenian pyrite and a positive correlation of As and Au, with Au/As ratios below the solubility limit of gold in arsenian pyrite, suggest that invisible gold is likely present as Au1+ in a structurally bound Au complex in arsenian pyrite. Geochemical modeling using the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of fluid inclusions for the major ore forming stage shows that the dominant Au species were Au(HS)2− (77%) and AuHS(aq)0 (23%). Gold-hydroxyl and Gold-chloride complexes were negligible. The ore fluid was undersaturated with respect to native Au, with a saturation index of −3.8. The predominant As species was H3AsO30 (aq). Pyrite in the Shuiyindong deposit shows chemical zonation with rims richer in As and Au than cores, reflecting the chemical evolution of the ore-bearing fluids. The early ore fluids had relatively high activities of As and Au, to deposit unzoned and zoned arsenian pyrite that host most gold in the deposit. The ore fluids then became depleted in Au and As and formed As-poor pyrite overgrowth rims on gold-bearing arsenian pyrite. Arsenopyrite overgrowth aggregates on arsenian pyrite indicate a late fluid with relatively high activity of As. The lack of evidence of boiling and the low iron content of fluid inclusions in quartz, suggest that iron in arsenian pyrite was most likely derived from dissolution of ferroan minerals in the host rocks, with sulfidation of the dissolved iron by H2S-rich ore fluids being the most important mechanism of gold deposition in the Shuiyindong Carlin-type deposit.  相似文献   

2.
水银洞超大型金矿床金赋存于沿沉积型自形半自形黄铁矿内核生长成的含砷黄铁矿环带中。近来从水银洞金矿床原生富矿石（碳酸盐岩型矿石）中一条含砷黄铁矿细脉中发现100余粒次显微-显微自然金颗粒（0.1~6μm）,通过对金的赋存状态及预氧化提金后尾渣的研究,认为矿石破磨至325目有可能损失部分金和系统中黄铁矿出现过氧化现象,从而...  相似文献   

3.
位于西秦岭礼(县)-岷(县)成矿带西段的寨上金矿床是近年发现的一个大型微细浸染型金矿。在研究甘肃寨上金矿床物质组分的过程中,采用显微镜观察、电子探针扫描、化学分析等综合分析技术发现了显微自然金颗粒。矿石中的自然金颗粒形态多样,粒度变化较大(5～150μm)。电子探针分析结果显示,自然金中Au=88.23%～92.73%,Ag=7.41%～9.08%,为含银自然金,成色905～926。金的载体矿物有砷黄铁矿、方铅矿、碲汞矿、铁白云石等。金的嵌布类型有粒间金、裂隙金和连生金3种。赋矿围岩中含Fe碳酸盐矿物溶解释放出Fe和溶解Fe的大量硫化物化,可能是寨上金矿床中存在显微可见自然金的最重要因素。  相似文献   

4.
Shuiyindong is one of the largest and highest grade stratabound Carlin-type gold deposits in China. This paper reports on the results of petrographic studies, electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) of arsenian pyrite, and the mass transfer during mineralization and alteration, and it presents the deposit-scale distributions of Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and trace elements in a representative cross section across the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, Guizhou Province. The main objectives were to identify the precipitation mechanisms of minerals, or elements from fluids, and the migration paths of ore-forming fluids.Petrographic and EMPA studies indicate that gold in the primary ores is mainly hosted by arsenian pyrite. Mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and S were significantly added to all mineralized rocks, Fe2O3 and SiO2 were immobile in the main orebodies that are hosted in bioclastic limestone, and CaO, Na2O, Sr, and Li were removed from country rocks. The relations between Fe and S indicate that the sedimentary rocks at the Shuiyindong deposit contain more iron than is needed to combine with all of their contained sulfur to form pyrite. This suggests that sulfidation and decarbonation were the principal mechanism of gold precipitation at the Shuiyindong deposit. Hg, Sb, and As commonly formed sulfide minerals, such as stibnite, realgar, and orpiment, in late-stage quartz–calcite veins, or absorbed by organic matter in argillite. Fluid cooling presumably led to depositions of stibnite, realgar, and orpiment in late-stage quartz–calcite veins. Organic matter likely served as a reductant in argillite for the ore fluids, causing the precipitation of As, Sb, Hg, and S, as well as Au.Deposit-scale distributions of gold and other relevant elements reflect the passage of fluids through the rocks. Rock strata and structures allowed the ore-forming fluids to migrate horizontally along the unconformity surface of the Middle–Upper Permian, converge on the high position of an anticline, and then ascend into the overlying strata along the anticlinal axis. The distributions of the major and trace elements show that elements that accompanied the ore-forming fluids include Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and S, and that Na2O and Li were exhausted in the Longtan Formation at the anticlinal core during gold mineralization. The enrichment of Co, Cr, and Ni in the Longtan Formation at the anticlinal core might be associated with deformation that formed the anticline, or with gold mineralization. Different host rocks were preferentially mineralized by different elements. The bioclastic limestone is commonly enriched in Au, whereas the argillite is preferentially enriched in As, Hg, Sb, and Tl. The zonation of ore-forming elements in the deposit appears to be Sb–Tl–As–Hg–Au–Hg–As (from bottom to top). Enrichment of Au, As, Sb, Hg, and Tl provides useful guidance for the exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou. Anomalies of As and Hg in soil or stream sediment might be an important clue and these elements can be used as indicator elements. Ore-forming fluids migrated along the unconformity surface of the Middle–Upper Permian and the anticlinal axis, so these are favorable sites for exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou.  相似文献   

5.
The Cuiabá Gold Deposit is located in the northern part of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The region constitutes an Archean granite–greenstone terrane composed of a basement complex (ca. 3.2 Ga), the Rio das Velhas Supergroup greenstone sequence, and related granitoids (3.0–2.7 Ga), which are overlain by the Proterozoic supracrustal sequences of the Minas (< 2.6–2.1  Ga) and Espinhaço (1.7 Ga) supergroups.The stratigraphy of the Cuiabá area is part of the Nova Lima Group, which forms the lower part of the Rio das Velhas Supergroup. The lithological succession of the mine area comprises, from bottom to top, lower mafic metavolcanics intercalated with carbonaceous metasedimentary rocks, the gold-bearing Cuiabá-Banded Iron Formation (BIF), upper mafic metavolcanics and volcanoclastics and metasedimentary rocks. The metamorphism reached the greenschist facies. Tectonic structures of the deposit area are genetically related to deformation phases D1, D2, D3, which took place under crustal compression representing one progressive deformational event (En).The bulk of the economic-grade gold mineralization is related to six main ore shoots, contained within the Cuiabá BIF horizon, which range in thickness between 1 and 6 m. The BIF-hosted gold orebodies (> 4 ppm Au) represent sulfide-rich segments of the Cuiabá BIF, which grade laterally into non-economic mineralized or barren iron formation. Transitions from sulfide-rich to sulfide-poor BIF are indicated by decreasing gold grades from over 60 ppm to values below the fire assay detection limit in sulfide-poor portions. The deposit is “gold-only”, and shows a characteristic association of Au with Ag, As, Sb and low base-metal contents. The gold is fine grained (up to 60 μm), and is generally associated with sulfide layers, occurring as inclusions, in fractures or along grain boundaries of pyrite, the predominant sulfide mineral (> 90 vol.%). Gold is characterized by an average fineness of 0.840 and a large range of fineness (0.759 to 0.941).The country rocks to the mineralized BIF show strong sericite, carbonate and chlorite alteration, typical of greenschist facies metamorphic conditions. Textures observed on microscopic to mine scales indicate that the mineralized Cuiabá BIF is the result of sulfidation involving pervasive replacement of Fe-carbonates (siderite–ankerite) by Fe-sulfides. Gold mineralization at Cuiabá shows various features reported for Archean gold–lode deposits including the: (1) association of gold mineralization with Fe-rich host rocks; (2) strong structural control of the gold orebodies, showing remarkable down-plunge continuity (> 3 km) relative to strike length and width (up to 20 m); (3) epigenetic nature of the mineralization, with sulfidation as the major wall–rock alteration and directly associated with gold deposition; (4) geochemical signature, with mineralization showing consistent metal associations (Au–Ag–As–Sb and low base metal), which is compatible with metamorphic fluids.  相似文献   

6.
甘肃阳山金矿田载金矿物特征及金赋存状态研究   总被引：12，自引：6，他引：6  
毛世东  杨荣生  秦艳  郭俊华 《岩石学报》2009,25(11):2776-2790
采用电子探针分析,详细研究了甘肃阳山类卡林型金矿田原生矿石中不同成矿阶段载金矿物的Au、As、S、Fe等元素含量及其分布规律,确定含砷黄铁矿和毒砂是最重要的载金矿物,发现不同成矿阶段的黄铁矿具有不同的成分特点;沉积成岩期黄铁矿为草莓状、胶状,砷和金含量最低,分别为0.10%和0.08%;热液成矿期早阶段黄铁矿粒度较粗(0.40～1.00mm),是较高温度(270～300℃)下缓慢结晶的产物,其砷和金含量较低,分别为0.27%和0.09%;热液成矿期主阶段(包括M1,M2和M3亚阶段)黄铁矿粒度微细(0.05～0.20mm),是210～270℃条件下快速结晶的产物,砷和金含量最高,M1亚阶段分别为3.45%As和0.11%Au,M2亚阶段分别为3.88%As和0.14%Au.在含砷黄铁矿中,金可能有自然金和离子金两种存在方式.沉积成岩期和热液成矿期早阶段低砷黄铁矿中金主要以纳米级自然金(Au~0)颗粒形式分布,而在热液成矿期主阶段含砷黄铁矿中金主要以Au+的形式存在.当热液中As活度高时,含砷黄铁矿在快速生长条件下,其生长面的空穴和缺陷较多,有利于热液中Au(HS)~0络合物通过吸附反应直接进入含砷黄铁矿生长表面.此外,主阶段流体的硫化和沸腾作用均可导致H_2S的减少,有利于形成砷黄铁矿和Au沉淀富集.  相似文献   

7.
贵州锦丰（烂泥沟）金矿是滇黔桂“金三角”目前已探明最大的卡林型金矿床。含砷黄铁矿是该矿床最主要的载金矿物,硅化及石英脉是最显著的热液蚀变类型。本文采用高精度电感耦合等离子质谱（ICP-MS）对含砷黄铁矿和脉石英及其包裹体的微量元素进行了测试,结果表明含砷黄铁矿富亲硫元素,并相对于围岩和上部地壳均强烈富集;亏损V,Sr 及高场强元素。同生黄铁矿也具有类似的特征。脉石英除亲石元素含量高以外,还表现为亲硫元素以及Mo,Bi 含量较高。但与上部地壳相比,绝大部分元素贫化。相应包裹体的微量元素含量普遍低于单矿物,但变化特征一致。结合矿物和包裹体的稀土元素分析,发现脉石英和含砷黄铁矿及其包裹体均表现为HFSE明显亏损,Th/La,Nb/La 比值小于1,说明成矿流体为富Cl 的流体。含砷黄铁矿及其包裹体中Co/Ni 比值远小于1,反映成矿温度较低,推测成矿流体主要来源于以沉积建造水为主的盆地流体。  相似文献   

8.
Vein-hosted mesothermal stibnite-gold mineralisation at the Hillgrove Au-Sb mine in northeastern New South Wales has a halo of veinlet and disseminated auriferous arsenopyrite and arsenian pyrite in metasedimentary and granitic host rocks. About 50–55% of the gold produced at Hillgrove occurs invisibly in arsenopyrite and pyrite. Gold losses of ∼20% into tailings are due to this mineral chemical factor. From PIXE probe analyses, it has been found that arsenopyrite contains 255–1500 ppm Au and pyrite 24–223 ppm Au, with Au contents of each mineral correlating moderately with As content. Arsenopyrite and pyrite also contain anomalous values of Cu, Ag and Sb, whereas paragenetically later stibnite contains little invisible gold, but minor Fe, As, Ag, Cu and Pb. The precipitation of invisible gold in arsenopyrite and pyrite by a possible (Fe, Au)3+= (As-S)3− substitution mechanism may have been facilitated by rapid, non-equilibrium conditions involving pressure decreases and wall rock reaction (sulphidation, carbonatisation), as a prelude to the main stage of stibnite and gold deposition. Received: 15 January 1999 / Accepted: 12 October 1999  相似文献   

9.
黔西南泥堡金矿围岩与矿石的对比及其成矿机制研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
泥堡金矿的矿体主要赋存在构造蚀变体及逆冲断层破碎带中,受地层和断裂的双重控制。本文在岩相学研究的基础上应用X射线粉晶衍射分析(XRD)结合电子探针分析(EMPA)确定和量化了围岩和矿石的蚀变矿物及载金砷黄铁矿,对比了围岩和矿石的特点,并利用主微量元素分析矿化过程中围岩与矿石之间的元素带入带出通量,探讨了泥堡金矿蚀变矿物与成矿的关系及成矿机制问题。分析结果表明,黄铁矿(主要的载金矿物)与石英呈负相关,与伊利石呈正相关;矿石发生了去碳酸盐化作用,矿石中的黄铁矿大多具有环带结构,部分围岩也发生了去碳酸盐化作用,而围岩中的黄铁矿一般不具有环带结构;Au明显加入到构造蚀变体的矿石中,而CaO、MgO、S、Ba、Be等从其围岩中带出;Au、Sc、As和Fe_2O_3明显加入到逆冲断层破碎的矿石中,SiO_2、CaO、Sr、W、Be等则显示从其围岩中带出。综合分析认为,去碳酸盐化和硫化作用是泥堡金矿的主要成矿机制。在矿化前,去碳酸盐化作用为成矿提供了有利的环境;在成矿过程中,矿化通过硫化作用形成了黄铁矿的载金含砷边缘。  相似文献   

10.
The Hatu, Qi-III, and Qi-V gold deposits in the Hatu–Baobei volcanic–sedimentary basin (west Junggar, Xinjiang) represent the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the Hatu gold district, respectively. Orebodies of these deposits mainly consist of Au-bearing quartz veins and altered host rocks with disseminated sulfide minerals. Six types of pyrite in these mines are studied here to illustrate ore-formation processes. Sedimentary pyrite, including framboidal and fine-grained pyrite, occurs in mudstone-bearing sedimentary rocks or altered volcanic–sedimentary rocks. Framboidal pyrite formed during redox changes in sedimentary layers. Hydrothermal pyrite contains five subgroups, from Py1 to Py5. Porous Py1 formed prior to gold mineralization, and is overgrown by Py2 that contains inclusions of sulfide minerals and native gold. Coarser Py3 coexists with arsenopyrite and native gold, and contains the greatest As concentrations. Gold and antimony are also preferentially concentrated in arsenian Py2 and Py3. The Au–As-deficient Py4 and Py5 formed during the post-ore process. There is a negative correlation between the As and S contents in Py1, Py2, and Py3, implying the substitution of sulfur by arsenic. Gold precipitated under relatively reducing condition in framboid- and graphite-bearing tuffaceous rocks. Cesium, Rb, Sr, La, Ce, Au, As, Sb, Cu, and Pb are concentrated in altered host rocks. The Au-bearing quartz veins and disseminated sulfide mineral orebodies were formed via a co-genetic hydrothermal fluid and formed during different stages. The variation of fO2 during fluid/rock interactions, and crystallization of arsenian pyrite were major factors that controlled gold precipitation.  相似文献   

11.
The Semna gold deposit is one of several vein-type gold occurrences in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt, where gold-bearing quartz veins are confined to shear zones close to the boundaries of small granitoid stocks. The Semna gold deposit is related to a series of sub-parallel quartz veins along steeply dipping WNW-trending shear zones, which cut through tectonized metagabbro and granodiorite rocks. The orebodies exhibit a complex structure of massive and brecciated quartz consistent with a change of the paleostress field from tensional to simple shear regimes along the pre-existing fault segments. Textural, structural and mineralogical evidence, including open space structures, quartz stockwork and alteration assemblages, constrain on vein development during an active fault system. The ore mineral assemblage includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, subordinate arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite and gold. Hydrothermal chlorite, carbonate, pyrite, chalcopyrite and kaolinite are dominant in the altered metaggabro; whereas, quartz, sericite, pyrite, kaolinite and alunite characterize the granodiorite rocks in the alteration zones. Mixtures of alunite, vuggy silica and disseminated sulfides occupy the interstitial open spaces, common at fracture intersections. Partial recrystallization has rendered the brecciation and open space textures suggesting that the auriferous quartz veins were formed at moderately shallow depths in the transition zone between mesothermal and epithermal veins.Petrographic and microthermometric studies aided recognition of CO2-rich, H2O-rich and mixed H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions in the gold-bearing quartz veins. The H2O–CO2 inclusions are dominant over the other two types and are characterized by variable vapor: liquid ratios. These inclusions are interpreted as products of partial mixing of two immiscible carbonic and aqueous fluids. The generally light δ34S of pyrite and chalcopyrite may suggest a magmatic source of sulfur. Spread in the final homogenization temperatures and bulk inclusion densities are likely due to trapping under pressure fluctuation through repeated fracture opening and sealing. Conditions of gold deposition are estimated on basis of the fluid inclusions and sulfur isotope data as 226–267 °C and 350–1100 bar, under conditions transitional between mesothermal and epithermal systems.The Semna gold deposit can be attributed to interplay of protracted volcanic activity (Dokhan Volcanics?), fluid mixing, wallrock sulfidation and a structural setting favoring gold deposition. Gold was transported as Au-bisulfide complexes under weak acid conditions concomitant with quartz–sericite–pyrite alteration, and precipitated through a decrease in gold solubility due to fluid cooling, mixing with meteoric waters and variations in pH and fO2.  相似文献   

12.
Summary ¶The epithermal, low sulfidation Emperor gold telluride deposit in Fiji, hosted by Late Miocene-Early Pliocene shoshonitic rocks, is spatially related to a low-grade porphyry Cu system on the western flank of the Tavua Caldera. Gold is largely in the form of invisible gold in arsenian pyrite but 10 to 50% of gold is in the form of precious metal tellurides. Gold mineralization occurs in steeply dipping dikes and faults, flat-dipping structures (<45°), referred to locally as flatmakes, and at the intersection of two or more structures referred to as shatter zones. Petrographic, electron microprobe, and scanning electron microscope analyses of ores from some of the more recently discovered orebodies, Matanagata, Matanagata East, and R1 reveal that tellurium-bearing minerals, sylvanite, calaverite, krennerite, petzite, hessite, coloradoite, melonite, native tellurium, and rare benleonardite, formed during various hydrothermal stages, hosted in quartz, and to a lesser extent arsenian pyrite and tetrahedrite group minerals. Sylvanite followed by krennerite are the two most common tellurides in these orebodies. These tellurides show no systematic spatial distribution within flatmakes but there appears to be a higher concentration of tellurides where the flatmake intersects steep structures. Gold-rich tellurides preceded the formation of silver-rich tellurides and were constrained at 250°C in log fS2 and log fTe2 space at –12.7 to –10.1 and –9.4 to –7.8, respectively, based on sulfide and telluride stabilities, and the composition of sphalerite. Ore forming components, such as Au, Ag, Te, Cu, V, and S, were likely derived from Late Miocene-Early Pliocene monzonites in and adjacent to the Tavua caldera.Received January 14, 2003; revised version accepted June 26, 2003  相似文献   

13.
The most important deposit in the Plomosas–Rosario district, Sinaloa, is the vein tract named Plomositas–Plomosas–Los Arcos. These are NNW–SSE striking veins hosted in rocks of the Lower Volcanic Supergroup (LVS), and also in rocks at the bottom of the Upper Volcanic Supergroup (UVS). Both supergroups belong to the Sierra Madre Occidental. These veins evolved from an early intermediate sulfidation stage (1), rich in base metal sulfides, to a low sulfidation stage (2), rich in silver sulfides and sulfosalts. There is also a 45 m-wide stockwork with native silver and gold. Stage 1 is found in the deeper portion of the veins whereas stage 2 is found in the most shallow portion of the deposit. These stages record fluid inclusion salinities ranging from 7 to 12 wt.% NaCl equiv., and from 0.2 to 3.5 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. Homogenization temperatures range from 120 °C for surface samples to 200 °C at a depth of 320 m. The low homogenization temperatures recorded, and the dispersion of veins within host rocks as veinlets, suggest that this deposit formed at shallow depths and was probably blind.  相似文献   

14.
位于右江盆地南部的滇东南底圩金矿床是近年来新发现的一处金矿床,为理清其成因,对不同类型矿石和赋矿围岩进行了主、微量元素及硫化物的硫同位素分析.结果表明,相较于赋矿围岩,矿石中明显富集Au、As、Sb、Hg、Tl、S、K、C元素,应为热液带入;而Si、Mg、Fe、Zr 和Th在矿石和围岩中变化不大,Fe主要来源于赋矿围岩...  相似文献   

15.
何融华 《福建地质》2014,(3):177-184
贞丰水银洞金矿床是通过成矿预测发现的以层控型为主、断裂型为辅的复合型隐伏卡林型金矿床。是滇黔桂“金三角”金矿勘查区层控卡林型金矿的典型代表。在概括水银洞金矿床地质特征的基础上,对矿区内典型金矿点构造蚀变体作了初步的研究与分析,并结合前人研究资料,从成矿物质来源、成矿阶段2个方面对矿床成矿规律进行探讨,初步认为水银洞金矿床的成矿物质来源主要为深部的隐伏岩体;矿床可划分为沉积成岩期和构造-热液期2个成矿期。  相似文献   

16.
Sediment-hosted disseminated gold (SHDG) deposits comprise a major portion of the gold production and reserves in the US. Although presently known to be common only in western North America, SHDG deposits are a significant source of world gold production. These deposits are characterized by extremely fine-grained disseminated gold, hosted primarily by arsenian pyrite. Other metals show very little enrichment although in addition to As, anomalous concentrations of elements such as Sb, Hg, Tl and Ba are utilized as exploration tools. The host rocks are dominantly silty carbonates, but ore concentrations are also present in siliceous and silicified rocks as well as intrusive rocks. Alteration consists of decarbonatization, silicification (jasperoid formation) and argillization, which are arranged both spatially and temporally in that order. Argillic alteration is zoned from kaolinite-dominated cores to sericite-dominated margins. The deposits commonly exhibit significant structural (faults) and stratigraphic (composition/permeability) controls. Until the last few years, SHDG deposits were considered as near-surface, epithermal type deposits in origin. Because of their fine-grained nature and the lack of macroscopic features such as veins, it has proven quite difficult to extract geochemical data that are clearly related to their genesis. However, fluid inclusion data indicate pressures corresponding to depths of 2–4 km under lithostatic conditions. Temperatures are constrained by fluid inclusions and phase equilibria to near 225°C. Stable isotope data from alteration minerals and fluid inclusions indicate that the ore fluids were dominated by meteoric waters, some of which had clearly exchanged oxygen with wallrocks during their passage through the crust. Although the data vary, most ore fluids probably had δD values near −150‰ and δ18O values ranging from −10 to +5‰. Sulfur isotope values reported from SHDG deposits span a wide range, from −30 to +20‰ (sulfides) and 0 to >45‰ (sulfates). Ore-related sulfides (pyrite, realgar) fall at the upper end of the range reported for sulfides. The alteration and mineral assemblage indicate the ore fluids were probably near neutral and gold was likely carried as a bisulfide complex. The depositional mechanism(s) probably included mixing, cooling and oxidation. These mechanisms are consistent with the observed alteration features, i.e. quartz precipitation, calcite dissolution and sericite-kaolinite coexistence. It also explains the presence of both siliceous ores containing native Au and sulfide ores containing Au in pyrite. The extreme variations in sulfur isotopes as seen at Post and fluid inclusion data from Carlin may be indicative of some phase separation (‘boiling’), but such relations have not been documented in other deposits and the importance of phase separation to gold deposition appears minimal.  相似文献   

17.
The Sunrise Dam gold mine (11.1 Moz Au) is the largest deposit in the Archaean Laverton Greenstone Belt (Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia). The deposit is characterized by multiple events of fluid flow leading to repeated alteration and mineralization next to a major crustal-scale structure. The Au content of arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite from four mineralizing stages (D1, D3, D4a, and D4b) and from different structural and lithostratigraphic environments was measured using in situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Pyrite contains up to 3,067 ppm Au (n = 224), whereas arsenopyrite contains up to 5,767 ppm (n = 19). Gold in arsenopyrite (D4a stage) was coprecipitated and remained as “invisible gold” (nanoparticles and/or lattice-bound) during subsequent deformation events. In contrast, gold in pyrite is present not only as “invisible gold” but also as micrometer-size inclusions of native gold, electrum, and Au(Ag)–tellurides. Pristine D1 and D3 arsenian pyrite contains relatively low Au concentrations (≤26 ppm). The highest Au concentrations occur in D4a arsenian-rich pyrite that has recrystallized from D3 pyrite. Textures show that this recrystallization proceeded via a coupled dissolution–reprecipitation process, and this process may have contributed to upgrading Au grades during D4a. In contrast, Au in D4b pyrite shows grain-scale redistribution of “invisible” gold resulting in the formation of micrometer-scale inclusions of Au minerals. The speciation of Au at Sunrise Dam and the exceptional size of the deposit at province scale result from multiple fluid flow and multiple Au-precipitating mechanisms within a single plumbing system.  相似文献   

18.
Several high‐sulfidation epithermal gold orebodies in the Mankayan Mineral District were formed in an environment that has been already affected by earlier porphyry‐type mineralization. This study reports the geologic and geochemical characteristics of the Carmen and Florence epithermal orebodies, which are located in the south of the Lepanto main enargite–gold orebody. The gold‐bearing epithermal quartz veins in the Carmen and Florence areas are of two types: (i) the enargite‐rich veins and (ii) the quartz–pyrite–gold (QPG) veins. The two types of veins are mainly hosted by the Cretaceous Lepanto Metavolcanics basement rocks, with minor veins cutting the Pleistocene Imbanguila Dacite Pyroclastics. The mineral assemblages and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions indicate that the Carmen and Florence orebodies were deposited by fluids varying from high to very high sulfidation state. The enargite and QPG epithermal veins of Carmen and Florence cut porphyry‐type quartz veinlet stockworks and veins that host polyphase hypersaline fluid inclusions that did not homogenize at or below 400°C. These high‐temperature quartz exhibits distinctly different mineral chemistry from the quartz of the QPG and enargite‐rich epithermal veins. In particular, the Ti content of quartz of the porphyry‐type veinlet stockwork is elevated (>100 ppm), whereas the Ti concentration of the epithermal vein quartz crystals are below detection limits. The Fe concentration of quartz is high in epithermal vein quartz (>300 ppm), whereas nearly undetected in the porphyry‐type stockwork veinlet quartz. Multiple generations of quartz with different mineral chemistry, fluid inclusions morphology, temperature, salinity and bulk gas compositions, and stable isotopic ratios indicate the variable hydrothermal conditions throughout the mineralization history of the Mankayan District. The temperature, pH, sulfidation state, oxidation state, and fluid composition vary among the orebodies in Carmen and Florence areas. Furthermore, the characteristics of earlier alteration affected the apparent characteristics of subsequent mineralization.  相似文献   

19.
滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同矿床亚类的典型矿床硫化物显微镜下观察和电子探针显微分析(EP-MA)表明,含砷黄铁矿和毒砂是主要的载金矿物.载金黄铁矿主要以环带状含砷黄铁矿、细粒自形含砷黄铁矿为主.环带状黄铁矿核部贫As、Au,富S、Fe,而环带则相反,且Au与As具有正相关关系.核部贫As的黄铁矿成因复杂,既有成矿早阶段的热液成因,又有受热液蚀变交代的沉积成因.核部和环带是不同成矿阶段的产物.元素的相关关系表明环带中As主要取代S的位置.多环带的特点还表明,热液活动是脉动式的,含矿流体化学成分也是在不断变化的.不论是核部还是环带,均有Au含量高出检出限的测点,但环带是主要的载金部位.细粒含砷黄铁矿为均质结构,具有高As、Au,低S、Fe的特点,类似环带状黄铁矿的环带特征,推测与富砷环带是同期热液活动形成的.毒砂-黄铁矿集合体中的黄铁矿分为环带结构和均质结构2种,并分别具有上述2种黄铁矿的特点.载金毒砂可以细分为3个世代,具均质结构,热液成因.各世代毒砂Au含量均有高出检出限的测点,同时Au、As、S、Fe的含量变化不大,均为主成矿阶段的产物.载金矿物的结晶顺序为:贫砷的沉积成因或早阶段热液成因黄铁矿→富砷的细粒黄铁矿颗粒和富砷黄铁矿环带→毒砂.黄铁矿和毒砂中的Au在EPMA微束的分辨率下均显示分布是不均匀的,环带状黄铁矿中Au元素图出现的均匀结构可能为一种假象,说明金主要以"不可见"的纳米级超显微包裹金形式存在,少量为"不可见"晶格金和微米级显微"可见金".整个滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同亚类矿床之间的载金矿物特征和金的赋存状态没有本质区别,说明它们具有相同的成矿作用过程和成矿背景.  相似文献   

20.
The enrichment of gold in arsenian pyrite is usually associated closely with the enrichment of arsenic in the mineral, generally known as As1−-pyrite [Fe(As, S)2]. Direct analyses of the valence state of Au in pyrite are, however, difficult due to generally low (∼ppm level) Au concentrations. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), this study obtained reliable valence states of As in pyrite from the Yang-shan gold deposit, a giant “Carlin-type” Au deposit in the western Qinling orogen, central China. The arsenian pyrite specimens were sputtered with Ar+ beam in the vacuum chamber of an XPS to obtain pristine surfaces and to avoid As oxidation during sample preparation. Analyses before and after sputtering show that the As3+ peak are only present on surface that was once exposed to the air. In contrast, the peak of As−1 was essentially unchanged during continuous sputtering. The results indicated that As− is the predominant state on the pristine surface of arsenian pyrite; the peak of As3+ previously reported for Au-bearing arsenian pyrite was probably due to oxidation when exposed to air during sample preparation. It is unlikely that the coupled substitution of (Au+ + As3+) for 2Fe2+ takes place in the pyrite lattice. The so-called As3+-pyrite proposed by previous studies may occur in some special (oxidizing) geologic settings, but it is not observed in the Yang-shan gold deposit, and is unlikely to be important in typical orogenic or Carlin-type gold deposits, in which arsenian pyrite is a dominant Au carrier. Combining previous studies on Carlin-type Au deposits with our XPS experimental results, we suggest that the most likely state of Au in the Yang-shan Au deposit is lattice-bounded Au with or without nanoparticles (Au0).  相似文献   

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