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1.
Jamaludin Suhaila S. M. Deni Wan Zawiah Wan Zin Abdul Aziz Jemain 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,106(1-2):1-18
Model precipitation can be produced implicitly through convective parameterization schemes or explicitly through cloud microphysics schemes. These two precipitation production schemes control the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and consequently can yield distinct vertical profiles of heating and moistening in the atmosphere. The partition between implicit and explicit precipitation can be different as the model changes resolutions. Within the range of mesoscale resolutions (about 20 km) and cumulus scale, hybrid solutions are suggested, in which cumulus convection parameterization is acting together with the explicit form of representation. In this work, it is proposed that, as resolution increases, the convective scheme should convert less condensed water into precipitation. Part of the condensed water is made available to the cloud microphysics scheme and another part evaporates. At grid sizes smaller than 3 km, the convective scheme is still active in removing convective instability, but precipitation is produced by cloud microphysics. The Eta model version using KF cumulus parameterization was applied in this study. To evaluate the quantitative precipitation forecast, the Eta model with the KF scheme was used to simulate precipitation associated with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) and Cold Front (CF) events. Integrations with increasing horizontal resolutions were carried out for up to 5 days for the SACZ cases and up to 2 days for the CF cases. The precipitation partition showed that most of precipitation was generated by the implicit scheme. As the grid size decreased, the implicit precipitation increased and the explicit decreased. However, as model horizontal resolution increases, it is expected that precipitation be represented more explicitly. In the KF scheme, the fraction of liquid water or ice, generated by the scheme, which is converted into rain or snow is controlled by a parameter S 1. An additional parameter was introduced into KF scheme and the parameter acts to evaporate a fraction of liquid water or ice left in the model grid by S 1 and return moisture to the resolved scale. An F parameter was introduced to combine the effects of S 1 and S 2 parameters. The F parameter gives a measure of the conversion of cloud liquid water or ice to convective precipitation. A function dependent on the horizontal resolution was introduced into the KF scheme to influence the implicit and explicit precipitation partition. The explicit precipitation increased with model resolution. This function reduced the positive precipitation bias at all thresholds and for the studied weather systems. With increased horizontal resolution, the maximum precipitation area was better positioned and the total precipitation became closer to observations. Skill scores for all events at different forecast ranges showed precipitation forecast improvement with the inclusion of the function F. 相似文献
2.
ON THE SENSITIVITY OF PRECIPITATION FORECASTS TO THE MOIST PHYSICS AND THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION OF NUMERICAL MODEL* 
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下载免费PDF全文 Yu Xiaoding Huang Xiang-Yu Leif Laursen Erik Rasmussen 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1997,11(4):432-445
The impacts of the enhanced model's moist physics and horizontal resolution upon the QPFs(quantitative precipitation forecasts) are investigated by applying the HIRLAM(high resolution limited area model) to the summer heavy-rain cases in China.The performance of the control run,for which a 0.5°×0.5°grid spacing and a traditional "grid-box supersaturation removal+Kuo type convective paramerization" are used as the moist physics,is compared with that of the sensitivity runs with an enhanced model's moist physics(Sundqvist scheme) and an increased horizontal resolution(0.25°×0.25°),respectively.The results show:(1) The enhanced moist physics scheme(Sundqvist scheme),by introducing the cloud water content as an additional prognostic variable and taking into account briefly of the microphysics involved in the cloud-rain conversion,does bring improvements in the model's QPFs.Although the deteriorated QPFs also occur occasionally,the improvements are found in the majority of the cases,indicating the great potential for the improvement of QPFs by enhancing the model's moist physics.(2) By increasing the model's horizontal resolution from 0.5°×0.5°,which is already quite high compared with that of the conventional atmospheric soundings,to 0.25°×0.25°without the simultaneous enhancement in model physics and objective analysis,the improvements in QPFs are very limited.With higher resolution,although slight amelioration in locating the rainfall centers and in resolving some finer structures of precipitation pattern are made,the number of the mis-predicted fine structures in rainfall field increases with the enhanced model resolution as well. 相似文献
3.
Summary A community mesoscale model is used to simulate and understand processes that led to the formation and intensification of
the near-equatorial typhoon Vamei that formed in the South China Sea in December, 2001. The simulated typhoon resembles the
observed in that it had a short lifetime and a small size, formed near the equator (south of 2° N), and reached category-one
intensity. The formation involved the interactions between the scales of the background cyclonic circulation (the Borneo Vortex
of order ∼100 km) and of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs, in the order ∼10 km). Before tropical cyclone formation MCVs
formed along a convergent, horizontal shear vorticity line on the eastern edge of an exceptionally strong monsoonal northerly
wind surge.
The typhoon genesis is marked by three rapid intensification periods, which are associated with the rapid growth of potential
vorticity (PV). A vorticity budget analysis reveals that the increases in low-level vorticity during the rapid intensification
periods are attributed to enhanced horizontal vorticity fluxes into the storm core. The increase of the horizontal vorticity
flux is associated with the merging of areas of high PV associated with MCVs into the storm core as they are advected by background
cyclonic flows. The increases in PV at upper levels are associated with the evaporation of upper level stratiform precipitation
and increases of vertical potential temperature gradient below the maximum stratiform cloud layer. It appears that two key
sources of PV at upper and lower levels are crucial for the build up of high PV and a deepening of a cyclonic layer throughout
the troposphere. 相似文献
4.
5.
Numerical simulation of a South China Sea typhoon Leo (1999) 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
K.-H. Lau Z.-F. Zhang H.-Y. Lam S.-J. Chen 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,83(3-4):147-161
Summary ?A South China Sea typhoon, Leo (1999), was simulated using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 with the Betts-Miller
convective parameterization scheme (BMEX). The simulation had two nested domains with resolutions at 54 and 18 km, and the
forecast duration was 36 hours. The model was quite successful in predicting the track, the rapid deepening, the central pressure,
and the maximum wind speed of typhoon Leo as verified with reports from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The structure of
the eye, the eye wall, and the spiral convective cloud band simulated in the model are found to be comparable to corresponding
features identified in satellite images for the storm, and also with those reported by other authors.
A trajectory analysis was performed. Three kinds of trajectory were found: (1) spirally rising trajectories near the eye wall;
(2) spirally rising/descending trajectories in the convective/cloud free belt; (3) straight and fast rising trajectories in
a heavy convection zone along one of the cloud bands on the periphery of the tropical cyclone.
Both the HKO and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported the rapid deepening of Leo started around 00 UTC 29
April. In the model, the eye was first formed in the lower troposphere, and it extended to the upper troposphere within a
few hours. We speculate that the spin-up of cyclonic rotation in the low-level eye enhanced the positive vorticity along the
low-level eye wall. The positive vorticity was then transported to the upper troposphere by convection, leading to an extension
and growth of the eye into the upper troposphere.
To examine the impact of convective parameterization scheme (CPS) on the simulation, the Grell scheme (GLEX) was also tested.
The GLEX predicted a weaker typhoon with a wilder eye that extended not as high up in the upper troposphere as BMEX. The different
structures of the eye between the BMEX and GLEX suggest that the mesoscale features of the eye are dependent on the convection.
In other words, the vertical and horizontal distribution of convective heating is essential to the development and structure
of the eye.
Received December 18, 2001; accepted May 7, 2002
Published online: March 20, 2003 相似文献
6.
So-Young Kim Ji-Young Han In-Jin Choi Soo Ya Bae 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(4):469-480
Cloud and precipitation parameterization schemes are evaluated, and their sensitivity to the method and/or parameters used to determine cloud physical processes is examined using a singlecolumn version of the Unified Model (SCUM). In the experiment for TWP-ICE, cloud fraction is overestimated (underestimated) in the upper (lower) troposphere due to the wet (dry) bias. The precipitation rate is well simulated during the active monsoon period, but overestimated during the suppressed monsoon and clear skies periods. In the moist convection scheme, trigger condition and entrainment process affect the lower tropospheric humidity through the impact on convective occurrence frequency and intensity, respectively. Strengthening the trigger condition and using the adaptive entrainment method alleviate the low-level dry bias. In the microphysics scheme, more large-scale precipitation is produced with prognostic rain, due to rain sedimentation considering vertical velocity of rain drop, than with diagnostic rain. Less ice/snow deposition with the prognostic two-ice category results in lower ice water content and upper-level cloud fraction than with the diagnostic splitting method for the twoice category. In the cloud macrophysics scheme, the prognostic cloud fraction and cloud/ice water content scheme produces a larger cloud fraction and more cloud/ice water content than the diagnostic scheme, mainly due to detrainment from moist convection (cloud source) that surpasses the effect of convective heating and drying (cloud sink). This affects temperature by influencing the radiative, convective, and microphysical processes. The experiment with combined modifications in cloud and precipitation schemes shows that interaction between modified moist convection and cloud macrophysics schemes results in more alleviation of the cold bias not only at the lower levels but also at the upper levels. 相似文献
7.
Summary The aim of this study is to describe the behaviour of tropical dynamics in the ECHAM4 model when increased vertical resolution
around the tropopause and in the planetary boundary layer is used. In this work we perform experiments with the ECHAM4 model
using T30 horizontal resolution and 19 and 42 vertical levels. The impact of the increased vertical resolution on the simulation
of tropical clouds and precipitation has been investigated. Therefore, the dynamic fields related to tropical convection have
been analyzed.
The results suggest a beneficial effect of the increased number of vertical levels on the convective scheme performance and
on the related dynamic fields over the Tropics. The improvement of the rainfall climatologies in the 42-level model has been
explained via the impact of vertical resolution on the cloud structure. In the cloud spectrum of the L42 simulation, a third
peak appears around 600 hPa, revealing that when using higher vertical resolution the convective parametrization starts to
represent cumulus congestus clouds. 相似文献
8.
为研究GPM（Global Precipitation Measurement）资料对台风雨带降水结构的探测能力,利用GPM卫星资料、地基雷达资料和地面降水实况对2018 年第18号台风“温比亚”影响山东期间的降水结构进行分析。结果表明：台风螺旋雨带造成的降水远大于台风外围云系产生的降水;台风螺旋雨带的雨顶高度大于外围云系的雨顶高度,基本在7 km以上,最大雨顶高度达到15 km;台风螺旋雨带及其外围云系都以层云和对流云降水为主,其中螺旋雨带中对流云降水所占比例高于外围云系,对流云的平均降水率是层云的3倍左右,对流云降水对应近地面降水率和雨顶高度的大值区;台风螺旋雨带的降水柱与外围云系中的降水柱相比,具有数量多、密度大、高度高的特点,这与台风螺旋雨带中对流发展旺盛有关;2A DPR数据产品对降水估测具有较好的指示意义。研究结果为用GPM产品估测降水结构提供了参考依据。 相似文献
9.
The basic structure and cloud features of Typhoon Nida
(2016) are simulated using a new microphysics scheme (Liuma)
within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Typhoon
characteristics simulated with the Liuma microphysics scheme are
compared with observations and those simulated with a commonly-
used microphysics scheme (WSM6). Results show that using
different microphysics schemes does not significantly alter the
track of the typhoon but does significantly affect the intensity
and the cloud structure of the typhoon. Results also show that
the vertical distribution of cloud hydrometeors and the
horizontal distribution of peripheral rainband are affected by
the microphysics scheme. The mixing ratios of rain water and
graupel correlate highly with the vertical velocity component
and equivalent potential temperature at the typhoon eye-wall
region. According to the simulation with WSM 6 scheme, it is
likely that the very low typhoon central pressure results from
the positive feedback between hydrometeors and typhoon
intensity. As the ice-phase hydrometeors are mostly graupel in
the Liuma microphysics scheme, further improvement in this
aspect is required. 相似文献
10.
Abstract In this study, the internal circulation structures of the 14 July 1987 intense mesoscale convective system (MCS) are investigated using an improved high‐resolution version of the Canadian regional finite‐element model. It is found that although the MCS is characterized by a leading convective line followed by a trailing stratiform rainband, the associated circulation structures differ substantially from those in the classical midlatitude squall system. These include the rapid propagation and separation of the leading convection from the trailing rainband, the development of a surface‐based instead of an elevated rear‐to‐front descending flow and a shallow front‐to‐rear ascending flow associated with the stratiform precipitation, the generation of low‐ and mid‐level rather than mid‐ to upper‐level stratiform cloudiness and the development of a strong anticyclonic vorticity band at the back edge of the stratiform region. It is shown that the trailing stratiform rainband is dynamically forced by frontogenetical processes, and aided by the release of conditional symmetric instability and local orographical lifting. The intense leading and trailing circulations result from latent heat released by the convective and explicit cloud schemes, respectively. Sensitivity experiments reveal that the proper coupling of these two cloud schemes is instrumental in obtaining a realistic prediction of the above‐mentioned various mesoscale components. Vorticity budget calculations show that tilting of horizontal vorticity contributes the most to the amplification of the anticyclonic vorticity band, particularly during the squall's incipient stage. The sensitivity of the simulated squall system to other model physical parameters is also examined. 相似文献
11.
The Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) is used to simulate the local heavy rainstorm process caused by Typhoon Matsa over the northeastern coast of Zhejiang Province in 2005. The results show that the rainstorm was caused mainly by the secondary spiral rainband of the Stationary Band Complex (SBC) structure. Within the secondary spiral rainband there was a strong meso-β-scale convergence line generated in the boundary layer, corresponding very well to the Doppler radar echo band. The convergence line comprised several smaller convergence centers, and all of these convergence columns inclined outward. Along the convergence line there was precipitation greater than 20 mm occurring during the following one hour. During the heavy rainstorm process, the Doppler radar echo band, convergence line, and the precipitation amount during the following one hour, moved and evolved synchronously. Further study reveals that the vertical shear of radial wind and the low-level jet of tangential wind contributed to the genesis and development of the convergence columns. The combined effect of the ascending leg of the clockwise secondary circulation of radial wind and the favorable environment of the entrance region of the low-level jet of tangential wind further strengthened the convergence. The warm, moist inflow in the lower levels was brought in by the inflows of the clockwise secondary circulation and uplifted intensely at the effect of convergence. In the convectively instable environment, strong convection was triggered to produce the heavy rainstorm. 相似文献
12.
Previous numerical simulations have focused mainly on the mesoscale structure of the principal rainband in tropical cyclones with a relatively coarse model resolution. In this study, the principal rainband was simulated in a semi-idealized experiment at a horizontal grid spacing of 1/9 km and its convective-scale structure was examined by comparing the convective elements of the simulated principal rainband with previous observational studies. It is found that the convective scale structure of the simulated principal rainband is well comparable to the observation. The azimuthal variations of the convective scale structure were examined by dividing the simulated principal rainband into the upwind, middle and downwind portions. Some new features are found in the simulated principal rainband. First, the overturning updraft contains small-scale rolls aligned along the inward side of the outward-leaning reflectivity tower in the middle portion. Second, the inner-edge downdraft is combined with a branch of inflow from the upper levels in middle and downwind portions, carrying upper-level dry air to the region between the overturning updrafts and eyewall, and the intrusion of the upper-level dry air further limits the altitude of the overturning updrafts in the middle and downwind portions of the principal rainband. Third, from the middle to downwind portions, the strength of the secondary horizontal wind maximum is gradually replaced by a low-level maximum of the tangential wind collocated with the low-level downdraft. 相似文献
13.
Comparison of seasonal and intraseasonal variation of tropical climate in NCAR CCM2 GCM with two different cumulus schemes 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
K. Rajendran Ravi S. Nanjundiah J. Srinivasan 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2002,79(1-2):57-86
Summary
The seasonal and intraseasonal variation of tropical climate in National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community
Climate Model Version 2 (CCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) has been examined using two different cumulus parameterization
schemes, the moist convective adjustment scheme of Manabe et al. (1965) and the mass-flux scheme of Hack (1994). Ten-year
simulations have been undertaken with each of these schemes with SST prescribed according to the monthly mean climatology.
The seasonal mean rainfall in the tropics simulated by the moist convective adjustment scheme (MCA) scheme was found to be
more realistic than the mass-flux (Hack) scheme. The more realistic simulation by the MCA scheme was found to be on account
of the fact that the mean moist static energy of the lower troposphere in the MCA scheme was closer to the observations than
in the Hack scheme. In both the schemes, the precipitation in the tropics increases montonically with precipitable water vapour
when the precipitable water vapour is above 40 mm. This is consistent with relationship between precipitation and precipitable
water in the observations. The Hack scheme tends to simulate lower precipitation (for a given amount of precipitable water)
when compared to observations.
The MCA scheme simulates the eastward migration of convective systems along the equator quite well, although the speed of
propagation is somewhat low. The poleward migration of convective systems in the Indian region is more realistically simulated
by the MCA scheme than the Hack scheme. This is because the latitudinal gradient of the mean moist static energy in the MCA
scheme is more realistic than in the Hack scheme. Over most of the tropics, simulation by the MCA scheme is more realistic
on both seasonal and intraseasonal timescales.
Received November 1, 2000 Revised June 20, 2001 相似文献
14.
The impact of different cloud microphysics parameterization schemes on the intensity and structure of the
Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) in 2014 is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model
version 3.4 with eight cloud microphysics parameterization schemes. Results indicate that the uncertainty of cloud
microphysics schemes results in typhoon forecast uncertainties, which increase with forecast time. Typhoon forecast
uncertainty primarily affects intensity predictions, with significant differences in predicted typhoon intensity using the
various cloud microphysics schemes. Typhoon forecast uncertainty also affects the predicted typhoon structure.
Greater typhoon intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the
middle and lower troposphere, greater height of the strong wind region, smaller thickness of the eyewall and the
outward extension of the eyewall, and a warmer warm core at upper levels of the eye. The differences among the
various cloud microphysics schemes lead to the different amounts and distributions of water vapor and hydrometeors
in clouds. Different hydrometeors have different vertical distributions. In the radial direction, the maxima for the
various hydrometeors forecast by a single cloud microphysics scheme are collocated with each other and with the
center of maximum precipitation. When the hydrometeor concentration is high and hydrometeors exist at lower
altitudes, more precipitation often occurs. Both the vertical and horizontal winds are the strongest at the location of
maximum precipitation. Results also indicate that typhoon intensities forecast by cloud microphysics schemes
containing graupel processes are noticeably greater than those forecast by schemes without graupel processes. Among
the eight cloud microphysics schemes investigated, typhoon intensity forecasts using the WRF Single-Moment 6-class
and Thompson schemes are the most accurate. 相似文献
15.
Idealized supercell storms are simulated with two aerosol-aware bulk microphysics schemes(BMSs),the Thompson and the Chen-Liu-Reisner(CLR),using the Weather Research and Forecast(WRF)model.The objective of this study is to investigate the parameterizations of aerosol effects on cloud and precipitation characteristics and assess the necessity of introducing aerosols into a weather prediction model at fine grid resolution.The results show that aerosols play a decisive role in the composition of clouds in terms of the mixing ratios and number concentrations of liquid and ice hydrometeors in an intense supercell storm.The storm consists of a large amount of cloud water and snow in the polluted environment,but a large amount of rainwater and graupel instead in the clean environment.The total precipitation and rain intensity are suppressed in the CLR scheme more than in the Thompson scheme in the first three hours of storm simulations.The critical processes explaining the differences are the auto-conversion rate in the warm-rain process at the beginning of storm intensification and the low-level cooling induced by large ice hydrometeors.The cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)activation and auto-conversion processes of the two schemes exhibit considerable differences,indicating the inherent uncertainty of the parameterized aerosol effects among different BMSs.Beyond the aerosol effects,the fall speed characteristics of graupel in the two schemes play an important role in the storm dynamics and precipitation via low-level cooling.The rapid intensification of storms simulated with the Thompson scheme is attributed to the production of hail-like graupel. 相似文献
16.
17.
“4·11”海南致灾雷暴大风环境场与多普勒雷达回波特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用海口多普勒雷达、海南省区域加密自动站和常规资料对2016年4月11日凌晨发生在海南岛北部近海和陆地的大范围雷暴大风过程进行天气学分析。结果表明:（1）这次雷暴大风过程发生在500 hPa槽前、低空急流左前侧、低层切变线南侧、高空急流分流区下方和地面静止锋南侧的有利于对流发展的较大范围上升气流区域内;（2）对流风暴移动路径上的大气环境具有中等程度的条件不稳定、对流有效位能CAPE以及上干冷下暖湿的温-湿廓线垂直结构、强的深层垂直风切变,对流风暴形成后最终组织发展产生雷暴大风、大冰雹和短时强降水的多单体带状回波和弓形回波;（3）在多单体带状回波中镶嵌的风暴A和B各自发展成为具有中层径向辐合特征的超级单体,风暴B和C合并形成弓形回波,其中风暴C的中气旋加强成为弓形回波北部的气旋式中尺度涡旋;（4）阵风锋对对流风暴的正反馈作用、对流风暴前侧强劲的暖湿入流与风暴后侧径向风速相当的冷池出流,长时间倾斜依存的自组织结构及其与强的低层环境风垂直切变的相互作用,是多单体风暴和弓形回波长时间维持和加强的主要原因;（5）地面原来存在的β中尺度辐合切变线,对流风暴主体回波沿着海南岛北部近海东移等因素,有利于多单体带状回波和弓形回波的长时间维持。 相似文献
18.
为了加强对青藏高原深对流云垂直结构的深入认识,利用TRMM、CloudSat和Aqua多源卫星观测资料及地基垂直指向雷达（C波段调频连续波雷达和KA波段毫米波云雷达）资料,对第三次青藏高原大气科学试验期间2014年7月9日13-16时（北京时）发生在那曲气象站附近的深厚强对流云和那曲气象站以西100 km左右的深厚弱对流云的垂直结构特征进行了分析,得到的结果如下:（1）深厚强对流云和深厚弱对流云的水平尺度均较小（10-20 km）,垂直发展高度较高（15-16 km,均指海拔高度）;深厚强对流云在0℃层以下雷达反射率因子递增非常快,表明对流云内固态降水粒子下落至0℃层以下后融化过程有很重要的作用;在对流减弱阶段有明显的0℃层亮带出现,亮带位于5.5 km左右（距地1 km）;（2）对比TRMM测雨雷达和C波段调频连续波雷达观测到的雷达反射率因子,发现TRMM测雨雷达在11 km以下存在高估;（3）深对流云主要为冰相云,云内10 km以上主要是丰富小冰粒子,而10 km以下是较少的大冰晶粒子;深厚强对流云和深厚弱对流云的微物理过程都主要包括混合相过程和冰化过程,混合相过程分为两种:一种是-25℃（深厚强对流云）或-29℃（深厚弱对流云）高度以下以凇附增长为主,另一种是该高度以上主要以冰晶聚合、凝华增长为主,该过程冰晶粒子有效半径增长较快。这些空基和地基的观测证据进一步揭示了青藏高原深对流云的垂直结构特征,为模式模拟青藏高原深对流云的检验提供了依据。 相似文献
19.
利用TRMM卫星资料对青藏高原地区强对流天气特征分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用热带测雨卫星TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measure Mission)多种探测结果,结合NCEP再分析资料,研究了发生在青藏高原地区的一次强对流天气特征,综合分析了高原地区对流云特殊的水平、垂直结构特征。结果表明:(1)该强对流降水系统由几个孤立、零散的块状降水云团组成,以深厚弱对流降水为主,微波亮温的低值区也呈孤立、零散的块状分布,并且整个对流系统的云顶高度一致偏高,深厚强对流降水的雨谱主要集中在1～20mm.h-1的范围内,90%以上的深厚弱对流降水样本数和降水量都集中在0～5mm.h-1范围内,在垂直方向上呈被"挤压"状态。除云冰粒子集中在6～18km高度外,可降冰、可降水和云水粒子都集中在低层8km以下,冰雹天气表现为可降冰粒子在低层含量偏高。(2)高原地区强对流天气的特征与其他地方的不同,表现为雨强较小,比平原地区明显偏弱,且对流云降雨样本在不同降雨率范围内分布不均匀,降水云团雨顶高度也远低于平原地区的对流云,地表降水率大值区与微波辐射亮温低值区呈不完全对称分布,潜热释放呈单峰型。(3)高原地区强对流系统发生时,垂直上升运动在400hPa达到最大,水汽主要集中在400hPa高度以下的范围内。 相似文献
20.
基于WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式及其3Dvar(3-Dimentional Variational)资料同化系统,采用36、12、4 km嵌套网格进行快速更新循环同化和不同的微物理及积云对流参数化方案对比试验,对2011年5月8日鲁中一次局地大暴雨过程进行了研究。结果表明,快速更新循环同化地面观测资料是影响模式降水落区预报准确性的关键因素,不同的微物理和积云对流参数化方案主要影响降水强度预报。采用不同的微物理参数化方案和积云对流参数化方案进行降水预报对比试验表明,LIN方案和WSM6(WRF Single-Moment 6-class)微物理参数化方案对降水预报均较好,LIN方案降水预报较WSM6方案略强。4 km网格预报使用K-F (Kain-Fritsch)积云对流参数化方案或不使用积云对流参数化方案,预报的降水均较好。4 km网格使用旧的K-F积云对流参数化方案,预报的近地层大气风场偏弱,导致大气动力抬升作用偏弱,从而造成模式降水预报偏弱。 相似文献