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1.
红壤退化中的土壤质量评价指标及评价方法 总被引：97，自引：4，他引：93
土壤质量评价与监测是评价土壤退化的重要工作,也是重新设计持续性的土壤管理系统的基础。目前缺乏统一的评价指标以及将各项土壤性质与土壤管理措施结合起来的评价方法。本文首先提出了选择红壤质量评价指标的原则,并从化学、物理学和生物学三个方面初步探讨了评价红壤质量动态变化可资采用的指标体系,综述了国内在南方丘陵区红壤质量演化的研究中应用的指标;最后从土地评价方法中选择了可用于红壤质量评价的方法,并简要综述了国际上最新的土壤质量评价方法。 相似文献
2.
A treatise on the use of geostatistics for the characterization of nonrenewable resources 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James R. Carr 《Natural Resources Research》1992,1(1):61-73
Five decades of geostatistical development are reviewed to summarize the state of the art for spatial interpolation vis-à-vis kriging or a form thereof. Although a search of the literature reveals a variety of kriging methods, there are but two infrastructures for geostatistical interpolation: simple cokriging, for estimating a single variable using two variables, and generalized cokriging, for estimating one or more variables using the same number of variables that are estimated. The many forms of kriging are varieties of these two interpolation infrastructures. This notion is emphasized to aid the selection of an appropriate interpolation model for a nonrenewable resource. These models are discussed, and literature for the models and for applicable software is cited. Additionally, all aspects of spatial interpolation are discussed, including the adequacy of spatial sampling, distribution characteristics of spatial samples, semivariograms, search parameters, and selection of interpolation models in conformance with spatial data characteristics. Finally, the relationship between interpolation and raster-based geographic information systems is emphasized. 相似文献
3.
基于DEM的数字流域特征提取研究进展 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
数字高程模型(DEM)是地表形态高程属性的数字化表达,利用流域DEM数据构建数字水系模型并提取流域水文特征,是分布式水文过程模拟的重要基础。DEM中闭合洼地和平坦区域的处理、流向的确定以及DEM分辨率的大小都直接影响着流域水系特征提取的质量与效率。针对当前基于DEM提取河网与流域特征的诸多问题,阐述了DEM数据提取流域水系特征的原理,回顾了数字水系模型与流域特征提取方法,评述了洼地和平地的处理方法及水流方向的确定方法的研究进展,介绍了当前基于不同DEM数据类型的提取方法研究,探讨了DEM尺度和分辨率对提取流域特征的影响,总结了平缓区域数字水系和河网提取的研究进展。 相似文献
4.
This paper systematically summarizes previous measuring methods and observational instruments for the magnitude of dewfall on land surface, analyzes the characteristics of common observational instruments for land surface dewfall, and describes several basic dewfall measurement methods. Moreover, the basic principles of these methods and instruments are interpreted, and their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability are analyzed. Recommendations for the further improvement of these observational instruments and the development of dewfall measuring methods are presented, and new technologies and scientific proposals for exploiting dewfall are elucidated. 相似文献
5.
ARIMA time series model building techniques are used to construct fifty-one state gasoline demand models based on monthly data for the period of January, 1975 to July, 1960. Statistically satisfactory models are obtained for all states. Price elasticity estimates are >0 for all states. All but four are statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The significant price elasticity estimates range from ?0.138 to ?0.377, with most clustering about ?0.2. Estimates of state gasoline supply shortages for May, June, and July, 1979 are also presented which range from 0 to 8 percent of normal consumption for the three-month-period. 相似文献
6.
To understand implementation of a nationwide sloping farmland soil erosion comprehensive control project during China’s 12th Five-Year Plan we used data collection and expert consultation. We selected 24 indexes across three aspects including project management, engineering construction and implementation benefit and used AHP-grey correlation analysis methods. We found that the scores for engineering construction were greater than 0.65 in most of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. These scores are high and scores for project management and implementation benefit are between 0.45-0.65; however, overall scores are low. The comprehensive evaluation results are normally distributed. The composite scores for Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou are 0.71, 0.68 and 0.68 respectively, indicating that the implementation effects are good. The scores for Jilin and Liaoning are 0.38 and 0.42 respectively, indicating that the implementation effects need improvement. Scores for other provinces are between 0.45-0.65 and the effects are medium. The evaluation results show certain zonal rules spatially and the implementation effect in karst regions of Southwest China is the highest, followed by the purple soil region in Southwest China, Loess Plateau region of Northwest China, earth-rock mountain region of North China and red soil hilly region of South China. The implementation effect in the black soil region of Northeast China suggests that improvement is needed in this region. 相似文献
7.
8.
This article recounts information gleaned from a case study of three indigenous tribes in Taiwan regarding the origin and nature of their spatial knowledge. Sketched mental maps and GIS 3D virtual environment (VE) are used by indigenous elders and hunters to delineate their traditional territories. Spatial components representing the predominant spatial elements are identified. Spatial structures used for locational positioning are analyzed, as are spatial reference systems for orientation and movement. The results show that spatial components are used for daily activities, as well as having historical and cultural meaning; a quadrant structure is used for spatial positioning; and instead of using the directional reference system of east, south, west, and north, these indigenous people rely on the orientation analogies of uphill, downhill, upstream, and downstream for direction. 相似文献
9.
旅游产业是一项跨地区、跨部门的联动性和带动性都较强的综合性产业。跨地区、跨部门的协调与协作是旅游发展的重要机制,也是实践的迫切需要。川粤两省旅游的资源、客源和需求既有巨大差异,又存在相互协作的空间、潜力和效益。从川粤两地景观资源互补、旅游客源互补、游客的需求等方面分析了川粤两地旅游协作的必要性与可行性,并指出存在的问题,提出川粤旅游协作发展的对策建议。 相似文献
10.
王月霞 《地理与地理信息科学》2001,17(1):87-90
阐述人均耕地警戒值的计量方法、测算思路及其测算步骤 ,并测算了河北省及其各市的人均耕地警戒值 ,指出必须保护耕地 ,实现耕地总量动态平衡。 相似文献
11.
文章通过对受损生态系统现状及态势的研究，揭示了受损生态系统恢复与重建的必要性和紧迫性，同时，还对恢复和重建的理论基础及目标进行了深入探讨，结果受损生态系统恢复及重建的成功经验，研究了适合各地自然生态环境特点的治理模式。 相似文献
12.
中国陆地表层系统分区——对黄秉维先生陆地表层系统理论的学习与实践 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
陆地表层系统科学是黄秉维先生在钱学森院士倡导建立"地球表层学"的基础上创建的。黄秉维先生精辟地论述了陆地表层系统的研究意义、范围、内容、方法与途径,并亲自撰写了研究计划,同时十分关心科研队伍的组建。黄先生明确指出要开展陆地表层系统分区研究。在黄先生的学术思想指导下,作者对中国陆地表层进行了分区实践。采用地理学的综合与专家评判相结合的方法将中国陆地表层系统划分为9个一级区,然后利用压力-状态-响应(PSR)评价模型和模糊聚类方法,对全国344个地区的46个指标进行模糊聚类,建立了二级分区,并对各区的综合状况作了定量评价。结果表明:地貌与气候区域分异是控制我国陆地表层系统综合状况的主导因素,而由人类活动所主导的社会经济因素是控制我国陆地表层系统综合状况的第二位因素。对9个一级区的陆地表层系统状况定量评价表明:华北区、东南区与华南区的陆地表层系统状况最好,东北区居中,内蒙区、陇陕晋区与西南区较差,西北区与青藏区最差。 相似文献
13.
湘赣粤桂边地区即南岭地区区位优势独特，资源优势明显，政策优势灵活，交通通讯日益便利，区域内资源、产业和市场具有很强的集聚性和趋同性。建立湘赣粤桂边经济区，即南岭经济区，不仅是必要的，也是可行的。文中分析建立南岭经济区的必要性、可行性及有利条件、制约因素，提出建立南岭经济区的战略定位、区域布局及发展目标，并就建立南岭经济区的主要政策措施进行了探讨。 相似文献
14.
Kyungcho Bae Recent PhD graduate in Mineral Economics DeVerle Harris 《Natural Resources Research》1995,4(4):325-339
Monthly consumption forecasts for U.S. oil, natural gas, and coal are made using state space and multiple regression applied to the same data. These forecasts are compared with actual consumption for a test period. The forecasts made using state space are preferred to those made using multiple regression models for both expost and exante cases. The state space forecasts track data cycles better than do the regression forecasts. Average absolute forecast errors are less for the state space models than they are for the multiple regression models. 相似文献
15.
鸭绿江下游有江心洲53个,其中中方有13个。江心洲是鸟类南北迁徙的脚踏石,是许多动物繁殖的斑块,是城市重要的景观资源,同时也是中朝两国间的重要战略资源。中方许多大型岛屿都已被开发成工业园区、住宅、高尔夫球场或旅游度假村,旅游开发使岛上原有高耸、茂密的植被遭到破坏,相关珍稀鸟类消失,公众利益变成私有财产,暂时的经济税收取代了长久的生态价值。建议加强江心洲及相关各类资源的保护,实施森林岛屿的生态重建和修复,注重存在价值及非消耗性利用,树立保护即利用的辩证唯物主义资源价值观,使江心洲成为镶嵌在鸭绿江上的绿色宝石。 相似文献
16.
THOMAS PERMUTT Department of Epidemiology Preventive Medicine University of Marylan W.Baltimore St Baltimore MD U.S.A.STEVEN D.EDLAND Biostatistics Department University of Washington Seattle WA U.S.A.MITHRA MOEZZI Department of Statistics University of Californi Berkeley CA U.S.A.STELLA C.GROSSER Division of Biostatistics University of Californi Los Angeles CA U.S.A. 《地理学报(英文版)》1991,(3)
Techniques for testing for and estimating relative bias between two laboratories are developed andapplied to a survey of the chemistry of streams in the United States.The design of the quality assuranceprogram allows estimation of linear corrections for bias as well as testing of the hypothesis of linearity,Designs of this type are useful,but improvements are suggested. 相似文献
17.
ALAN P. MARCUS 《Geographical review》2009,99(4):481-498
ABSTRACT. In the late 1980s more than 1 million Brazilians left Brazil without returning. Today an estimated 2 million Brazilians live abroad, 1.2 million of them in the United States. In this article I show that Brazilians migrate for a variety of reasons, including the geographical imagination. Why are so many Brazilians leaving for the United States? What are their geographical imaginations, and how are they described in their migration process? Using primary and secondary data and multiple methods, I address these questions by providing insights into Brazilian migrants' place perceptions, experiences, and reasons for migrating, focusing on the geographical imagination. Those migrants who end up returning to Brazil are more likely to cite financial and curiosity reasons for having migrated. A web of transnational religious and social networks sustains those immigrants who remain in the United States. Reasons for migrating are not economic alone; rather, they are based on interrelated and complex factors that range from adventure to curiosity, the cultural influence of the United States, family members, education, and escape. 相似文献
18.
西藏帕隆藏布流域内发育了我国境内最大的海洋性冰川群,冰湖星罗棋布,是遭受冰湖溃决危害的典型区域。以帕隆藏布流域然乌-培龙段的冰湖为研究对象,在分析其环境背景的原则上,通过遥感解译,分析研究区冰湖的分布现状;在基于指标容易获取的基础上,从冰川特征、冰湖特征和下游沟道特征3个类别选取了8个冰湖溃决危险性评估指标,并利用模糊物元可拓性理论对研究区的冰湖溃决危险性进行综合评估。通过评估,研究区130个冰湖中,高度危险的有18个,占总数的13.85%;中度危险的有36个,占总数的27.69%;低度危险的有76个,占总数的58.46%;高度危险的冰湖主要集中分布在然乌-松宗区段内。 相似文献
19.
L. Neil Frazer 《Geophysical Journal International》1982,70(2):529-533
Summary New formulae are obtained for the displacement potentials and displacements due to a point source with moment tensor, and for a fault with prescribed slip. These formulae, unlike previous formulae, are invariant, i.e. they are valid in any coordinate system, not just Cartesian coordinates or orthogonal curvilinear coordinates.
Apart from their invariance, these formulae have other advantages: they are exceedingly simple; the expressions for P -motion are nearly the same as those for S -motion; and the separation of far field motion from final static displacement is automatic. 相似文献
Apart from their invariance, these formulae have other advantages: they are exceedingly simple; the expressions for P -motion are nearly the same as those for S -motion; and the separation of far field motion from final static displacement is automatic. 相似文献
20.
W. Zürn J. Exß H. Steffen C. Kroner T. Jahr M. Westerhaus 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(2):780-796
Tilt from atmospheric loading has long been known to be the major source of long-period horizontal seismic noise. We try to quantify these effects for seismic data from the Black Forest Observatory (BFO), which is known to be a very quiet station. Experimental transfer functions between local barometric pressure and horizontal seismic noise are estimated for two long time-series by standard methods. Two simple analytical physical models are developed: the local deformation model (LDM) and the acoustic-gravity wave model (TWM). Subsequently these models, with only two free parameters are fit using least squares to the observed seismic noise for time-series of widely differing lengths. The results are variable, sometimes rather dramatic variance reductions are obtained and sometimes the reduction is hardly significant. The method produces the best results when barometrically induced noise is high. The resulting admittances for the LDM are compared to finite element calculations. Since the methods are simple and can result in conspicuous reductions in noise we provide one more reason for installing barometers at even the best broad-band seismic stations. 相似文献