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1.
The reaction rate and composition of calcite and aragonite overgrowths precipitated from seawater solutions of various salinities (i.e. S=5, 15, 25, 35, 44) were determined at 25°C and 10 −2.5-atm. CO 2 partial pressure using a constant disequilibrium seeded technique. The rate data were fitted to an empirical rate law of the form: where n is the empirical reaction order; and k is the rate constant. Calcite precipitation rates in seawater solutions do not vary appreciably as a result of salinity variations over the range investigated, while those for aragonite show an increase in going from the higher (i.e. S=35, 44) to the lower (i.e. S=5, 15, 25) salinity range. This study also confirms previously published findings that above a given saturation state (i.e. Ωc>/2.6) aragonite precipitates more rapidly than calcite at 25°C. The incorporation of Sr2+ in aragonite and Mg2+ in calcite overgrowths are independent of the precipitation rate. The partition coefficient of Sr2+ in aragonite is approximately equal to unity and is unaffected by salinity variations between 5 and 44. However, the Mg2+ partition coefficient in calcite, increases with decreasing salinity of the parent seawater solutions, possibly as a result of variations in the sulfate content of the solutions and solids. The experimental results were discussed in the context of a number of geological environments. 相似文献
2.
Multiple regression analysis of a compilation of the Fe 2+–Mg distribution between garnet and hornblende from experimental runs on basaltic to intermediate compositions ( n=22) and coexisting garnet–clinopyroxene–hornblende from natural (intermediate to basaltic) rocks ( n=43) has been performed to define ln KD(Fe2+/Mg)Grt–Hbl as a function of temperature and garnet composition. The regression of data covering a large span in pressure (5–16 kbar), temperature (515–1025°C) and composition yields the ln KD(Fe2+/Mg)Grt–Hbl– P– T compositional relationship ( r2=0.93): where Application of this expression to natural garnet–hornblende pairs in intermediate to basaltic and semipelitic rock types from various settings gives temperatures that are consistent with other methods. 相似文献
3.
Garnet–melt trace element partitioning experiments were performed in the system FeO–CaO–MgO–Al 2O 3–SiO 2 (FCMAS) at 3 GPa and 1540°C, aimed specifically at studying the effect of garnet Fe 2+ content on partition coefficients ( DGrt/Melt). DGrt/Melt, measured by SIMS, for trivalent elements entering the garnet X-site show a small but significant dependence on garnet almandine content. This dependence is rationalised using the lattice strain model of Blundy and Wood [Blundy, J.D., Wood, B.J., 1994. Prediction of crystal–melt partition coefficients from elastic moduli. Nature 372, 452–454], which describes partitioning of an element i with radius ri and valency Z in terms of three parameters: the effective radius of the site r0( Z), the strain-free partition coefficient D0( Z) for a cation with radius r0( Z), and the apparent compressibility of the garnet X-site given by its Young's modulus EX( Z). Combination of these results with data in Fe-free systems [Van Westrenen, W., Blundy, J.D., Wood, B.J., 1999. Crystal-chemical controls on trace element partitioning between garnet and anhydrous silicate melt. Am. Mineral. 84, 838–847] and crystal structure data for spessartine, andradite, and uvarovite, leads to the following equations for r0(3+) and EX(3+) as a function of garnet composition ( X) and pressure ( P): r0(3+) [Å]=0.930XPy+0.993XGr+0.916XAlm+0.946XSpes+1.05(XAnd+XUv)−0.005(P [GPa]−3.0)(±0.005 Å) EX(3+) [GPa]=3.5×1012(1.38+r0(3+) [Å])−26.7(±30 GPa) Accuracy of these equations is shown by application to the existing garnet–melt partitioning database, covering a wide range of P and T conditions (1.8 GPa< P<5.0 GPa; 975°C< T<1640°C). DGrt/Melt for all 3+ elements entering the X-site (REE, Sc and Y) are predicted to within 10–40% at given P, T, and X, when DGrt/Melt for just one of these elements is known. In the absence of such knowledge, relative element fractionation (e.g. DSmGrt/Melt/ DNdGrt/Melt) can be predicted. As an example, we predict that during partial melting of garnet peridotite, group A eclogite, and garnet pyroxenite, r0(3+) for garnets ranges from 0.939±0.005 to 0.953±0.009 Å. These values are consistently smaller than the ionic radius of the heaviest REE, Lu. The above equations quantify the crystal-chemical controls on garnet–melt partitioning for the REE, Y and Sc. As such, they represent a major advance en route to predicting DGrt/Melt for these elements as a function of P, T and X. 相似文献
4.
Recovery of highly viscous oil from some of the deeper oil sand deposits of northern Alberta, Canada, is made possible through injection of heat by steam or hot water flooding of the reservoirs. The rise in temperature lowers the viscosity of the bitumen allowing it to be produced. The increase in temperature accelerates the reactions between the matrix and pore minerals of the formation and can produce reaction products which can significantly alter the permeability of the reservoir. If carbonate minerals are present in the reservoir, inorganic CO 2 may also be a reaction product. The Grand Rapids reservoir consists of relatively clean quartz sand containing 7 wt.% kaolinite, 1 wt.% calcite and a trace of smectite. Core floods of this sand by a neutral NaCl brine at 265°C, 8.2-MPa overburden pressure, 6.0-MPa fluid pressure and a flow velocity of 0.4 pore volumes per hour were used to determine the potential for hydrothermal reactions between clays and carbonate minerals in a natural reservoir sand. Reaction progress was followed by continuous sampling of the production fluids. The produced water was analyzed and the phase chemistry was calculated back to the run conditions using the computer code SOLMNEQF. Mass-balance considerations on produced total inorganic carbon (TIC) show that calcite broke down very quickly, the maximum in CO2 production occurring after only one pore volume of fluid had passed through the core. The Ca released from the breakdown of calcite was incorporated in the formation of smectite as was shown by post-run clay mineral analysis by the following unbalanced chemical reaction: calcite+kaolinite+H4Si04Ca-smectite+H20+CO2 Silica was supplied by the dissolution of quartz. Silica concentrations analyzed in the production fluid were depressed from those predicted by previously published quartz rate equations because of the rapid rate of smectite synthesis. These observations were used to formulate the following model for the passage of the first pore volume of NaCl brine through the core. Initially calcite is present throughout the core. As the brine enters the inlet of the core, it equilibrates with calcite. The brine remains in equilibrium with calcite throughout the core as quartz and kaolinite react to form smectite. This model was tested with the computer code PATH.UBC using CO2 production as a measure of the progress variable ξ. A best fit was achieved to the produced fluid chemistry by varying relative dissolution rates of kaolinite and quatz and varying the suppression of precipitation of certain minerals. 相似文献
5.
The Fe 2+–Mg distribution coefficients between sapphirine and spinel: were experimentally determined at pressures of 9–13 kbar and temperatures of 950–1150 °C using a natural ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) granulite with paragenesis of these minerals from the Napier Complex in East Antarctica [ XMg = Mg / (Fe + Mg); XFe = Fe / (Fe + Mg)]. A new sapphirine–spinel geothermometer has been obtained as: We applied the exchange thermometer to UHT or high-grade metamorphic rocks that were reported from various complexes in the world. If the KD values of 2.63–4.34 obtained from low-Cr mineral pairs such as XCrSpr < 0.016 and XCrSpl < 0.047 were substituted into the equation, their temperature conditions would be estimated as 806–1050 °C at 11 kbar. The XCr means Cr / (Al + Cr(+ Fe3+)). These temperatures are reasonable retrograde or near peak metamorphic condition. 相似文献
6.
The dissolution and precipitation rates of boehmite, AlOOH, at 100.3 °C and limited precipitation kinetics of gibbsite, Al(OH) 3, at 50.0 °C were measured in neutral to basic solutions at 0.1 molal ionic strength (NaCl + NaOH + NaAl(OH) 4) near-equilibrium using a pH-jump technique with a hydrogen-electrode concentration cell. This approach allowed relatively rapid reactions to be studied from under- and over-saturation by continuous in situ pH monitoring after addition of basic or acidic titrant, respectively, to a pre-equilibrated, well-stirred suspension of the solid powder. The magnitude of each perturbation was kept small to maintain near-equilibrium conditions. For the case of boehmite, multiple pH-jumps at different starting pHs from over- and under-saturated solutions gave the same observed, first order rate constant consistent with the simple or elementary reaction: . This relaxation technique allowed us to apply a steady-state approximation to the change in aluminum concentration within the overall principle of detailed balancing and gave a resulting mean rate constant, (2.2 ± 0.3) × 10−5 kg m−2 s−1, corresponding to a 1σ uncertainty of 15%, in good agreement with those obtained from the traditional approach of considering the rate of reaction as a function of saturation index. Using the more traditional treatment, all dissolution and precipitation data for boehmite at 100.3 °C were found to follow closely the simple rate expression: Rnet,boehmite=10-5.485{mOH-}{1-exp(ΔGr/RT)}, with Rnet in units of mol m−2 s−1. This is consistent with Transition State Theory for a reversible elementary reaction that is first order in OH− concentration involving a single critical activated complex. The relationship applies over the experimental ΔGr range of 0.4–5.5 kJ mol−1 for precipitation and −0.1 to −1.9 kJ mol−1 for dissolution, and the pHm ≡ −log(mH+) range of 6–9.6. The gibbsite precipitation data at 50 °C could also be treated adequately with the same model:Rnet,gibbsite=10-5.86{mOH-}{1-exp(ΔGr/RT)}, over a more limited experimental range of ΔGr (0.7–3.7 kJ mol−1) and pHm (8.2–9.7). 相似文献
7.
Strontium chemical diffusion has been measured in albite and sanidine under dry, 1 atm, and QFM buffered conditions. Strontium oxide-aluminosilicate powdered sources were used to introduce the diffusant and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) used to measure diffusion profiles. For the 1 atm experiments, the following Arrhenius relations were obtained: Sanidine (Or61), temperature range 725–1075°C, diffusion normal to (001): D=8.4 exp(−450±13 kJ mol−1/RT) m2s−1. Albite (Or1), temperature range 675–1025°C, diffusion normal to (001): D=2.9 × exp(−224±11 kJ mol−1/RT) m2s−1. The alkali feldspars in this and earlier work display a broad range of activation energies for Sr diffusion, which may be a consequence of the thermodynamic non-ideality of the alkali feldspar system and/or the mixed alkali effect. 相似文献
8.
Achieving a sufficiently low permeability for the aggregate-clay mixtures, whether used as the core of embankment dam or soil liner, is essential. The study illustrates the role of granule (bead or aggregate) content and size, confining stress and fabric anisotropy on the permeability of ceramic bead–lean clay and aggregate-fat clay mixtures. It is shown that depending on the plasticity of the clay, the permeability may decrease or increase with bead/aggregate content. The permeability also decreases when either granule size or confining stress increases. It is found that the permeability is affected by fabric anisotropy in such a manner that its value in the horizontal direction ( kh) is more than that in the vertical direction ( kv), however, kh/kv decreases towards 1 for bead contents equal to or below 40%. In high bead content mixtures (i.e., 60% beads) kh/kv reaches as high as 3 with an increase in the confining stress. The concept of the development of heterogeneous field of density in the clay is also used to demonstrate the impact of granule size and fabric anisotropy on the permeability. 相似文献
9.
通过模拟人工冻结凿井中冻土冻结、受力的实际过程,对已冻结试样进行不同温度、不同初始围压状态下的减载试验研究.结果表明:温度和土层深度是影响深部冻土破坏强度和破坏应变的主要因素,当温度不变时,破坏强度和破坏应变随初始围压呈线性关系变化.破坏强度受温度的影响取决于初始围压,在低初始围压状态下,冻土的破坏强度受温度变化影响不明显,但随着初始围压增大即土层深度加深,破坏强度受温度的影响也逐渐明显.破坏应变随温度的降低而逐渐减小,且呈双曲线形变化,但当温度低于 - 7℃时,在不同初始围压下其破坏应变基本不随温度的变化而变化 相似文献
10.
Spinel-sapphirine-corundum-rutile parageneses in metapelitic xenoliths from the lamprophyric Popes Harbour dyke are enclosed by feldspathic (±rare quartz) haloes that embay aluminosilicates and biotite. These feldspathic haloes contain plagioclase (An 20–40) and/or an alkali or ternary (hypersolvus) feldspar, and show a variety of igneous and devitrification textures, suggesting an anatectic origin. The spinel-bearing parageneses are interpreted as the refractory residue formed by the incongruent melting of biotite, aluminosilicates and associated phases. Equilibration temperatures of these assemblages are estimated from an empirical sapphirine-spinel Mg---Fe exchange thermometer derived from literature data on both silica-saturated and undersaturated sapphirine granulites. Linear regression (R=0.81) of the calibrant data yields the expression T(°C) = [800 + (228*InKd)] − 273 where Kd=(XspFe/XspMg)/(XsaFe/XsaMg) Precision is estimated at ± 100°C, but will likely be less for highly oxidized sapphirine granulites owing to (1) errors in the stoichiometric estimation of XFe3+ from microprobe data and (2) the formation of magnetite at the expense of spinel or sapphirine, leading to an increase in XMg in either or both phases during cooling. Application of this expression to the reduced (graphite-bearing) Popes Harbour xenoliths yields T of 725–795°C. Anatexis is attributed to thermal metamorphism by the lamprophyric magma prior to and/or during entrainment of xenolith material in the dyke. Higher-T assemblages were quenched before the xenoliths attained thermal equilibrium with the magma, consequently prograde reaction textures and compositional zoning patterns are preserved. 相似文献
11.
Based on data on the composition of ore-bearing hydrothermal solutions and parameters of ore-forming processes at various antimony and antimony-bearing deposits, which were obtained in studies of fluid inclusions in ore minerals, we investigated the behavior of Sb(III) in the system Sb–Cl–H 2S–H 2O describing the formation of these deposits. We also performed thermodynamic modeling of native-antimony and stibnite dissolution in sulfide (mHS− = 0.0001−0.1) and chloride (mCl− = 0.1−5) solutions and the joint dissolution of Sb(s)0 and Sb2S3(s) in sulfide-chloride solution (mHS− = 0.01; mCl− = 1) depending on Eh, pH, and temperature. All thermodynamic calculations were carried out using the Chiller computer program. Under the above conditions, stibnite precipitates in acid, weakly acid to neutral, and medium redox solutions, whereas native antimony precipitates before stibnite under more reducing conditions in neutral to alkaline solutions. The metal-bearing capacity of hydrothermal solutions (200–250 °C) of different compositions and origins has been predicted. We have established that the highest capacity is specific for acid (pH = 2–3) high-chloride solutions poor in sulfide sulfur and alkaline (pH = 7–8) low-chloride low-sulfide solutions. 相似文献
12.
在了解安徽省泗县水文地质条件基础上,分析了区域水文地球化学特征及类型,探讨了其空间分布特征。根据开采条件下的地下水动力场条件,选择了3条模拟路径,采用PHREEQC软件进行了水文地球化学模拟研究,定量分析了地下水的形成机理及演化。结果表明,路径Ⅰ发生了岩盐、石膏以及伊利石的溶解,高岭土、石英、白云石、萤石发生了沉淀;钙蒙脱石、方解石不参与反应,NaX解吸,CaX_2被吸附;路径Ⅱ发生了岩盐、石膏、伊利石、石英等的溶解以及钙蒙脱石、方解石的沉淀,NaX解吸,CaX_2被吸附;路径Ⅲ发生的反应基本与路径Ⅰ相同,不同之处在该路径上的白云石发生了溶解,其原因可能是地下水在径流过程中溶解CO_2,使其继续溶解白云石以及受沉淀滞后的影响。研究结果表明地下水开采条件下,泗县地下水化学组分主要受到了岩盐和石膏等矿物的溶解作用、钙钠离子交换作用以及钙蒙脱石、方解石沉淀作用的控制。 相似文献
13.
利用薄片、扫描电镜、物性及压汞等资料,对金龙2地区三叠系上乌尔禾组二段(P_3w_2)低渗(含砾)砂岩储层孔隙结构及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:①乌二段属于低孔低渗储层,根据压汞曲线参数特征,将其孔隙结构划分为三类。②成岩作用控制了储层孔隙结构,定量计算结果表明,乌二段视压实率平均为53.54%、视胶结率平均为47.53%、视溶蚀率平均为13.84%、视微孔隙率平均为60.67%,表现为中等压实、中—强胶结、弱溶蚀、微孔发育等特征;压实作用、胶结作用、微孔隙发育主要控制储层孔隙结构的形成。③引入成岩综合指数来定量表征各种成岩作用的综合强度,其与储层孔隙结构参数(排驱压力、分选系数)以及储层品质因子(RQI)具有较好的统计相关关系,Ⅰ类储层成岩综合指数大于8%,Ⅱ类储层成岩综合指数为2%～8%,Ⅲ类储层成岩综合指数小于2%。因此,可以利用成岩综合指数定量评价储层孔隙结构。 相似文献
14.
本文应用化学热力学的观点分析讨论了具有正磷酸盐、方解石和文石三种矿物成分的介壳生物化石的形成顺序.从理论上清楚地解释了在介壳生物的演化过程中,磷酸盐介壳形成在先,方解石介壳形成在次,文石介壳形成在后这一地质事实。在此基础上根据活度-pH图解,定性分析了具不同矿物组合的介壳生物化石所处地质时代的海水pH条件,指出元古代末磷酸盐介壳发育时,海水的pH可能接近于6,而古生代碳酸盐介壳广泛发育时,海水的pH可能己接近或超过6.45。 相似文献
15.
在分析南极乔治王岛冰帽大冰穹顶部降水和成冰条件的基础上,利用冰芯上部层物理特征参数确定的5个年层及其附近气象站相应的降水记录,结合多年降水资料将大冰穹45m冰芯划分为15个年层.应用此年层剖面,证实了微粒含量的两个异常峰值分别对应于1987年Deception岛和1980年的SealNunataks两次火山喷发.乔治王岛冰帽属于温性冰帽,大、小冰穹冰芯阴阳离子受沉积后融水渗浸淋溶作用的影响.对冰芯阴阳离子的淋溶次序分析显示,大冰穹为SO 42->Mg 2+>Ca 2+>K +>Cl ->Na +>NO 3->Br -,而小冰穹为Mg 2+>Ca 2+>SO 42->K +>Cl ->Br ->Na +. 相似文献
16.
Dissolution rates of single calcite crystals were determined from sample weight loss using free-drift rotating disk techniques. Experiments were performed at 25 °C in aqueous HCl solutions over the bulk solution pH range −1 to 3 and in the presence of trace concentrations of aqueous NaPO 3 and MgCl 2. These salts were chosen for this study because aqueous magnesium and phosphate are known to strongly inhibit calcite dissolution at neutral to basic pH. Reactive solutions were undersaturated with respect to possible secondary phases. Neither an inhibition or enhancement of calcite dissolution rates was observed in the presence of aqueous MgCl 2 at pH 1 and 3. The presence of trace quantities of NaPO 3, which dissociates in solution to Na + and H 2PO 4−, decreased the overall calcite dissolution rate at pH≤2. This contrasting behavior could be attributed to the different adsorption behavior of these dissolved species. As calcite surfaces are positively charged in acidic solutions, aqueous Mg 2+ may not adsorb, whereas aqueous phosphate, present as either the anion H 2PO 4− or the neutral species H 3PO 40, readily adsorbs on calcite surfaces leading to significant dissolution inhibition. 相似文献
17.
In the low-grade, high-pressure (400°C, 10 kbar) metamorphic Phyllite-Quartzite Unit of Western Crete, widespread occurrences of aragonite marbles have been discovered recently. A sedimentary precursor is proved by relic structures (bedding, fossils). Partial or complete transformation of aragonite into calcite is ubiquitous. Compositional and microstructural features reflect the metamorphic history: (1) The high-pressure stage is documented by aragonite that is chemically characterized by incorporation of variable amounts of Sr and the lack of Mg. The most Sr-rich aragonite has about 9 wt% SrO ( X
Sr
arag
=0.09). A compositional zoning observed in some aragonite crystals may be due to the prograde divariant calcitearagonite transformation in the system CaCO 3-SrCO 3. Because the parent rocks probably were Sr-poor calcite limestones, one can speculate that strontium has been supplied from an external source under high-pressure conditions. (2) During uplift, calcite replacing aragonite did not equilibrate with unreplaced aragonite. Disequilibrium is indicated by highly variable compositions of calcite crystals that show topotactic relations to the host aragonite. The calcite compositions range from that of the host aragonite (Sr-rich and Mg-free) to Mg-bearing and Sr-poor. (3) Calcite that recrystallized during retrogression is generally Sr-poor (mean value of X
Sr<0.005), Mg-bearing ( X
Mg0.010), and chemically homogeneous. Because practically no Sr remains in the calcite, an interaction with a fluid phase is indicated. In fine-grained calcite marbles rich in solid organic matter, microstructural features indicative of former aragonite may be present. (4) The last stage of retrogression is documented by the appearance of radiating aragonite in veins and nodules. This aragonite, which shows neither deformation nor retrogression, was probably formed metastably in a near-surface environment. 相似文献
18.
Experimental research on K-rich phases and observations from diamond inclusions, UHP metamorphic rocks, and xenoliths provide insights about the hosts for potassium at mantle conditions. K-rich clinopyroxene (Kcpx–KM 3+Si 2O 6) can be an important component in clinopyroxenes at P>4 GPa, dependent upon coexisting K-bearing phases (solid or liquid) but not, apparently, upon temperature. Maximum Kcpx content can reach 25 mol%, with 17 mol% the highest reported in nature. Partitioning (K)D(cpx/liquid) above 7 GPa=0.1–0.2 require ultrapotassic liquids to form highly potassic cpx or critical solid reactions, e.g., between Kspar and Di. Phlogopite can be stable to about 8 GPa at 1250 °C where either amphibole or liquid forms. When fluorine is present, it generally increases in Phl upon increasing P (and probably T) to about 6 GPa, but reactions forming amphibole and/or KMgF 3 limit F content between 6 and 8 GPa. The perovskite KMgF 3 is stable up to 10 GPa and 1400 °C as subsolidus breakdown products of phlogopite upon increasing P. (M4)K-substituted potassic richterite (ideally K(KCa)Mg 5Si 8O 22(OH,F) 2) is produced in K-rich peridotites above 6 GPa and in Di+Phl from 6 to 13 GPa. K content of amphibole is positively correlated with P; Al and F content decrease with P. In the system 1Kspar+1H 2O K-cymrite (hydrous hexasanidine–KAlSi 3O 8· nH 2O–Kcym) is stable from 2.5 GPa at 400 to 1200 °C and 9 GPa; Kcym can be a supersolidus phase. Formation of Kcym is sensitive to water content, not forming within experiments with H 2O 2O>Kspar. Phase X, a potassium di-magnesium acid disilicate ((K1−x−n)2(Mg1−nMn3+)2Si2O7H2x), forms in mafic compositions at T=1150–1400 °C and P=9–17 GPa and is a potential host for K and H2O at mantle conditions with a low-T geotherm or in subducting slabs. The composition of phase-X is not fixed but actually represents a solid solution in the stoichiometries □2Mg2Si2O7H2–(K□)Mg2Si2O7H–K2Mg2Si2O7 (□=vacancy), apparently stable only near the central composition. K-hollandite, KAlSi3O8, is possibly the most important K-rich phase at very high pressure, as it appears to be stable to conditions near the core–mantle boundary, 95 GPa and 2300 °C. Other K-rich phases are considered. 相似文献
19.
Pyrite and marcasite were precipitated by both slow addition of aqueous Fe 2+ and SiO 32− to an H 2S solution and by mixing aqueous Fe 2+ and Na 2S 4 solutions at 75°C. H 2S 2 or HS 2− and H 2S 4 or HS 4− were formed in the S 2O 32− and Na 2S 4 experiments, respectively. Marcasite formed at pH < pK 1 of the polysulfide species present (for H2S2, pK1 = 5.0; for H2S4, pK1 = 3.8 at 25° C). Marcasite forms when the neutral sulfane is the dominant polysulfide, whereas pyrite forms when mono-or divalent polysulfides are dominant. In natural solutions where H 2S 2 and HS 2 are likely to be the dominant polysulfides, marcasite will form only below pH 5 at all temperatures. The pH-dependent precipitation of pyrite and marcasite may be caused by electrostatic interactions between polysulfide species and pyrite or marcasite growth surfaces: the protonated ends of H2S2 and HS2 are repelled from pyrite growth sites but not from marcasite growth sites. The negative ions HS2 and S22− are strongly attracted to the positive pyrite growth sites. Masking of 1πg* electrons in the S2 group by the protons makes HS2 and H2S2 isoelectronic with AsS2− and As22−, respectively (
et al., 1981). Thus, the loellingitederivative structure (marcasite) results when both ends of the polysulfide are protonated. Marcasite occurs abundantly only for conditions below pH 5 and where H2S2 was formed near the site of deposition by either partial oxidation of aqueous H2S by O2 or by the reaction of higher oxidation state sulfur species that are reactive with H2S at the conditions of formation e.g., S2O32− but not SO42−. The temperature of formation of natural marcasite may be as high as 240°C (
and
, 1985), but preservation on a multimillion-year scale seems to require post-depositional temperatures of below about 160°C (
, 1973;
and
, 1985). 相似文献
20.
为研究黄土丘陵沟壑区多种因素对撂荒草地入渗特征的影响,采用野外自然降雨观测法,研究不同降雨特征（降雨量、平均雨强、降雨历时和最大30 min雨强（ I30））、土壤前期含水量、坡长（10 m、20 m、30 m、40 m和50 m）和植被盖度条件下土壤入渗特征差异,通过灰色关联度法判断影响撂荒草地入渗特征的主导因子。结果表明：①入渗量随降雨量、降雨历时和 I30增加而增大（ R2>0.55, P<0.01）;入渗补给系数随降雨量、 I30和平均雨强增大而减小（ R2>0.12, P<0.05）;平均入渗率随降雨强度、 I30增加而递增（ R2>0.53, P<0.01）。②入渗量和平均入渗率随前期含水量增加而减少,入渗补给系数随之增加而增大（ R2>0.13, P<0.05）。③入渗量、入渗补给系数和平均入渗率总体随坡长增加而增大（ R2>0.56, P<0.01）,但在坡长30 m和40 m之间存在临界坡长。④在入渗效率较高的情况下,植被对土壤入渗的影响并不显著,降雨特征和坡长成为主导因子。 相似文献
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