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经筹建和大量试测后,广东省地震局~(14)C实验室已于近日正式投入测试。该室是以镁法合成苯(经测试,纯度达99.94％),用FH—1935低本底液体闪烁仪进行测量的。FH—1935液闪仪是近年来我国自行研制的测量装置,其主要技术性能和指标接近或超过国际先进的同类装置。仪器配有微机,由其构成一套1024道多道脉冲幅度分析器,具有工作效率高, 相似文献
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中国地震局地质研究所新构造年代学实验室成立于1984年,1990年被批准为中国地震局开放实验室,丁国瑜院士为开放实验室主任。2003年底并入地震动力学国家重点实验室。现有研究和技术人员14名,其中研究员5名,8人具有博士学位;并且招收和培养相关学科的硕士和博士研究生。实验室拥有多种测年方法和测年手段,测年技术全、测年对象广、测年范围宽、仪器设备先进,在国内乃至国际同类实验室中独具特色。目前包括:碳十四(14C)、释光(OSL/TL)、电子自旋共振(ESR)、钾-氩(K-Ar)与氩-氩(Ar-Ar)、裂变径迹(FT)、宇宙成因核素(10Be/26Al、36Cl等)前处理及孢粉分析实验室。实验室自成立以来在活动构造与新构造年代学、构造热年代学、火山年代学、第四纪地质等方面开展了一系列的实验研究。2003年以来,在国家“十五”重点建设项目“中国地震活动断层探测技术系统”的大力支持下,对下属各实验室的实验运行环境、大型仪器设备进行了更新和改造。14C测年实验室始建于上世纪60年代末。目前拥有2套Quantulus-1220型超低本底液体闪烁测量仪以及小样品14C测年制样系统(制备样品量<500mg,合成效率在75%以 相似文献
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文中使用统计方法对44个不同气候条件下形成的古土壤中胡敏酸、胡敏素的14C测年结果进行分析,探讨不同组分14C年龄的可靠性。对比和统计分析结果表明,从总体上胡敏素可能是古土壤中最古老的惰性组分,其14C年龄可代表古土壤形成(平均)年龄;形成于晚更新世的地质样品胡敏酸与胡敏素的14C年龄差异并不明显,但全新世尤其晚全新世的沉积物中胡敏酸与胡敏素的14C年龄差异比较显著,可能因埋藏较浅而受到更多的污染影响;对全新世(尤其晚全新世)古土壤样品开展不同组分14C测年是保证地质事件年龄准确可靠的有效手段 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(1)
青藏高原及周边地区第四纪古湖泊演化时空序列已有诸多研究,然而对于晚更新世高湖面出现的时间框架还存在争议.可靠的测年技术是厘清这一科学问题的关键所在.基于14C和光释光(OSL)两种测年手段,以取自柴达木盆地和腾格里沙漠的两套湖相沉积序列为研究对象,开展了系统的沉积物定年工作.其研究结果如下:(1)柴达木盆地的湖相沉积岩芯的14C年代数据显示,老于30 ka的14C年代可能存在低估;(2)腾格里沙漠地区的全新世湖相沉积物样品的OSL和14C测年结果在误差范围内一致,但对于较老(30 ka)的地层,两种测年技术产生了较大偏差,即OSL年龄远老于14C年龄;(3)两个地区的测年结果揭示了同一个现象:对于老于30 ka的湖相沉积物(尤其是来自干旱-半干旱区),14C测年技术很可能会低估其沉积年龄;(4)以往基于14C数据建立的氧同位素三阶段晚期的高湖面事件年代框架可能存在低估,最新的OSL测年结果表明,该高湖面事件的真实年代很可能老于80 ka.因此,对接近或老于30 ka的14C年代,我们需要谨慎对待,而对现有的较老的14C年代数据的可靠性进行科学系统的评估,将有助于我们重新认识和厘清诸多科学问题和争议. 相似文献
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The kinetics of conversion of iron(III) (hydr)oxides to ferrous iron mediated by fulvic acid have been investigated in order to improve the understanding of the redox cycling of iron at the oxic-anoxic boundary in natural waters. Under the conditions similar to natural waters, fulvic acid is able to reduce the iron(III) (hydr)oxide. The kinetics of the reaction depend on the reactivity of iron(III) (hydr)oxides and the reducing power of the fulvic acid. The rate of reaction is 60 nm/h obtained under following conditions: total concentration of Fe(III) 1.0 × 10–4 M, pH 7.5, fulvic acid 5 mg/L. The rate is considered as a net result of reduction and oxidation in the > FeIII-OH/Fe(II) wheel coupled with fulvic acid. In a real natural water system, reductants other than fulvic acid may be of importance. The results obtained in the laboratory, however, provide evidence that the Fe(OH)3(s)/Fe(II) redox couple is able to act as an electron-transfer mediator for the oxidation of natural organic substances, such as fulvic acid by molecular oxygen either in the absence of microorganisms or as a supplement to microbial activity. 相似文献
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The τ-p transform is an invertible transformation of seismic shot records expressed as a function of time and offset into the τ (intercept time) and p (ray parameter) domain. The τ-p transform is derived from the solution of the wave equation for a point source in a three-dimensional, vertically non-homogeneous medium and therefore is a true amplitude process for the assumed model. The main advantage of this transformation is to present a point source shot record as a series of plane wave experiments. The asymptotic expansion of this transformation is found to be useful in reflection seismic data processing. The τ-p and frequency-wavenumber (or f-k) processes are closely related. Indeed, the τ-p process embodies the frequency-wavenumber transformation, so the use of this technique suffers the same limitations as the f-k technique. In particular, the wavefield must be sampled with sufficient spatial density to avoid wavenumber aliasing. The computation of this transform and its inverse transform consists of a two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform followed by an interpolation, then by an inverse-time Fast Fourier Transform. This technique is extended from a vertically inhomogeneous three-dimensional medium to a vertically and laterally inhomogeneous three-dimensional medium. The τ-p transform may create artifacts (truncation and aliasing effects) which can be reduced by a finer spatial density of geophone groups by a balancing of the seismic data and by a tapering of the extremities of the seismic data. The τ-p domain is used as a temporary domain where the attack of coherent noise is well addressed; this technique can be viewed as ‘time-variant f-k filtering’. In addition, the process of deconvolution and multiple suppression in the τ-p domain is at least as well addressed as in the time-offset domain. 相似文献
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Eunjong Yu Daniel H. Whang Joel P. Conte Jonathan P. Stewart John W. Wallace 《地震工程与结构动力学》2005,34(7):737-761
This paper describes the development and numerical verification of a test method to realistically simulate the seismic structural response of full‐scale buildings. The result is a new field testing procedure referred to as the linear shaker seismic simulation (LSSS) testing method. This test method uses a linear shaker system in which a mass mounted on the structure is commanded a specified acceleration time history, which in turn induces inertial forces in the structure. The inertia force of the moving mass is transferred as dynamic force excitation to the structure. The key issues associated with the LSSS method are (1) determining for a given ground motion displacement, xg, a linear shaker motion which induces a structural response that matches as closely as possible the response of the building if it had been excited at its base by xg (i.e. the motion transformation problem) and (2) correcting the linear shaker motion from Step (1) to compensate for control–structure interaction effects associated with the fact that linear shaker systems cannot impart perfectly to the structure the specified forcing functions (i.e. the CSI problem). The motion transformation problem is solved using filters that modify xg both in the frequency domain using building transfer functions and in the time domain using a least squares approximation. The CSI problem, which is most important near the modal frequencies of the structural system, is solved for the example of a linear shaker system that is part of the NEES@UCLA equipment site. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The Dongfang 13-1 is located in the diapiric structure belt of the Yinggehai Basin. The formation pressure of its main gas reservoir in the Miocene Huangliu Formation is up to 54.6 MPa(pressure coefficient=1.91) and the temperature is as high as 143°C(geothermal gradient 4.36°C/100 m), indicating that it is a typical high-temperature and overpressured gas reservoir. The natural gas is interpreted to be coal-type gas derived from the Miocene mature source rocks containing type II2-III kerogens as evidenced by high dryness index of up to 0.98 and heavy carbon isotopes, i.e., the δ13C1 ranging from -30.76‰ to -37.52‰ and δ13C2 ranging from -25.02‰ to -25.62‰. The high temperature and overpressured Miocene petroleum system is related mainly to diapir in the Yinggehai Basin and contains more pore water in the overpressured reservoirs due to undercompaction process. The experimental and calculated results show that the solubility of natural gas in formation water is as high as 10.5 m3/m3 under the temperature and pressure conditions of the Sanya Formation, indicating that at least part of the gas may migrate in the form of water-soluble phase. Meanwhile, the abundant gas source in the Basin makes it possible for the rapid saturation of natural gas in formation water and exsolution of soluble gas. Therefore, the main elements controlling formation of the Dongfang 13-1 gas pool include that(1) the diapir activities and accompanying changes in temperature and pressure accelerate the water-soluble gas exsolution and release a lot of free gas;(2) submarine fan fine sandstone in the Huangliu Formation provides good gas-water segregation and accumulation space; and(3) the overlying overpressured mud rocks act as effective caps. The accumulation mechanism reveals that the high temperatural and high pressure structure belt near the diapir structures has a good potential for large and medium-sized gas field exploration. 相似文献
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Synthesis of coda waves in layered medium 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
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Juliana Alcântara Costa Joaquín Navarro-Hevia Carlos Alexandre Gomes Costa José Carlos de Araújo 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14070
Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in integrated water resource planning, development and management. This process is particularly relevant in semiarid regions. The aim of this study is, hence, to compare spatial and temporal patterns of actual ET, as well as the temporal trends in two different semiarid forests, Caatinga (Brazil) and Tierra de Pinares (Spain). We used the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) to assess actual evapotranspiration (ETa) in both areas. In the Brazilian semiarid forest, Caatinga is the main vegetation, while it is Pinares in Spain. For this purpose, 69 Landsat-5 and 42 Landsat-8 images (1995–2019) were used. The Mann–Kendall test was applied to assess the occurrence of trends in precipitation, temperature and potential ET data; and the Temporal Stability Index (TSI) to know which areas have greater seasonal ETa. The annual amplitude of the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) is the same in both areas, however, the Caatinga values are higher. In the Caatinga forest, when ET0 presents its highest values throughout the year, ETa presents the lowest, and vice versa. In the Pinares forest, ETa follows the ET0 dynamics during the year, and the difference between ET0 and ETa is maximum during the summer. The Caatinga forest showed a greater spatial variation of ETa than the Pinares forest as well as a greater extension with lower temporal stability of ETa than the Pinares forest. Both the Caatinga forest and the Pinares forest showed significant positive trends in annual ET0 and ETa. We estimate that the value of ETa increases more rapidly in Pinares than in the Brazilian Caatinga. Taking Caatinga as a hydrological mirror, some consequences are expected to Pinares, such as significant changes in the water balance, increase of biodiversity vulnerability, and reduction of water availability in soil and reservoirs. 相似文献
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The X17 solar flare occurred on October 28, 2003, and was followed by the X10 flare on October 29. These flares caused very strong geomagnetic storms (Halloween storms). The aim of the present study is to compare the variations in two main ionospheric parameters (foF2 and hmF2) at two chains of ionosondes located in Europe and North America for the period October 23–28, 2003. This interval began immediately before the storm of October 28 and includes its commencement. Another task of the work is to detect ionospheric precursors of the storm or substorm expansion phase. An analysis is based on SPIDR data. The main results are as follows. The positive peak of δfoF2 (where δ is the difference between disturbed and quiet values) is observed several hours before the magnetic storm or substorm commencement. This peak can serve as a disturbance precursor. The amplitude of δfoF2 values varies from 20 to 100% of the foF2 values. The elements of similarity in the variations in the δfoF2 values at two chains are as follows: (a) the above δfoF2 peak is as a rule observed simultaneously at two chains before the disturbance; (b) the δfoF2 variations are similar at all midlatitude (or, correspondingly, high-latitude) ionosondes of the chain. The differences in the δfoF2 values are as follows: (a) the effect of the main phase and the phase of strong storm recovery at one chain differs from such an effect at another chain; (b) the manifestation of disturbances at high-latitude stations of the chain differ from the manifestations at midlatitude stations. The δhmF2 variations are approximately opposite to the δfoF2 variations, and the δhmF2 values lie in the interval 15–25% of the hmF2 values. The performed study is useful and significant in studying the problems of the space weather, especially in a short-term prediction of ionospheric disturbances caused by magnetospheric storms or substorms. 相似文献
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The interior potential of a spherical planetary body (and the corresponding density distribution) is expressed as the sum of two parts, the first given uniquely by the external gravity field and the surface density and the second depending on an arbitrary function. The first part of the potential (density distribution) is shown to be a 3-harmonic (biharmonic) function, while the second part can be expressed as a series whose i-th term (for i 0) is an (i + 4)-harmonic ((i + 3)-harmonic) function. From this general solution a single solution is then chosen: this is done by imposing certain natural conditions on it, among others that this particular solution is an n-harmonic function for n as small as possible.
The paper explains shortly this method of solving the inverse problem of gravimetry; details are presented in Pohánka (1993). 相似文献
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ABSTRACTTurbulence in the Earth's outer core not only increases all diffusive coefficients, but it can lead to their anisotropic properties. Therefore, the model of rotating magnetoconvection in horizontal plane layer rotating about vertical axis and permeated by homogeneous horizontal magnetic field, influenced by anisotropic diffusivities, viscosity and thermal diffusivity, is advanced by considering the magnetic diffusivity as anisotropic too. The case of full anisotropy, i.e. all coefficients anisotropic, is compared with both the case possessing isotropic diffusion coefficients and the case of partial anisotropy, i.e. mixed case with isotropic and anisotropic diffusive coefficients (viscosity and thermal diffusivity anisotropic and magnetic diffusivity isotropic). The existence and preference of instabilities is sensitive to all non-dimensional parameters, as well as on anisotropic parameter, the ratio of horizontal and vertical diffusivities. Two types of anisotropy, BM (introduced by Braginsky and Meytlis) and SA (stratification anisotropy) are studied. BM as well as SA were applied by ?oltis and Brestenský to the study of the partial anisotropy; this study is extended, in this paper, to full anisotropy cases (full SA and full BM) and it is shown that the style of convection given by the onset of stationary modes is more affected by anisotropic diffusivities in BM than in SA anisotropy. The important influence of strong anisotropies in the Earth's core dynamics is stressed. 相似文献
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Abstract The Seddon speed formula expressed mathematically as c = dQ/dA (or alternatively, as c = (1 + m)uo; where Q is the discharge, A is the area of cross-section, c is the wave speed, uo is the normal flow velocity, and m is a dimensionless parameter) is revisited in the context of elasticity and thermodynamics. Its link with the linearized solution of St Venant's equations for wave celerity, which does not appear to have been reported in the hydrological literature, is established. The rating exponent m is shown to be equivalent to the dimensionless relative celerity and is found to be the ratio of two specific heats, viz. cp and cv which are the specific heats at constant pressure and volume, respectively. The use of the parameter m as a complex variable helps describe shallow wave characteristics, the damping capacity of a wave, and the mechanism of occurrence of the hysteretic phenomenon. The damping capacity is found to describe the magnitude of wave subsidence, whereas the hysteresis also describes the speed of subsidence. 相似文献