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1.
The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
Global precipitation data sets with high spatial and temporal resolution are needed for many applications, but they were unavailable
before the recent creation of several such satellite products. Here, we evaluate four different satellite data sets of hourly
or 3-hourly precipitation (namely CMORPH, PERSIANN, TRMM 3B42 and a microwave-only product referred to as MI) by comparing
the spatial patterns in seasonal mean precipitation amount, daily precipitation frequency and intensity, and the diurnal and
semidiurnal cycles among them and with surface synoptic weather reports. We found that these high-resolution products show
spatial patterns in seasonal mean precipitation amount comparable to other monthly products for the low- and mid-latitudes,
and the mean daily precipitation frequency and intensity maps are similar among these pure satellite-based precipitation data
sets and consistent with the frequency derived using weather reports over land. The satellite data show that spatial variations
in mean precipitation amount come largely from precipitation frequency rather than intensity, and that the use of satellite
infrared (IR) observations to improve sampling does not change the mean frequency, intensity and the diurnal cycle significantly.
Consistent with previous studies, the satellite data show that sub-daily variations in precipitation are dominated by the
24-h cycle, which has an afternoon–evening maximum and mean-to-peak amplitude of 30–100% of the daily mean in precipitation
amount over most land areas during summer. Over most oceans, the 24-h harmonic has a peak from midnight to early morning with
an amplitude of 10–30% during both winter and summer. These diurnal results are broadly consistent with those based on the
weather reports, although the time of maximum in the satellite precipitation is a few hours later (especially for TRMM and
PERSIANN) than that in the surface observations over most land and ocean, and it is closer to the phase of showery precipitation
from the weather reports. The TRMM and PERSIANN precipitation shows a spatially coherent time of maximum around 0300–0600
local solar time (LST) for a weak (amplitude <20%) semi-diurnal (12-h) cycle over most mid- to high-latitudes, comparable
to 0400–0600 LST in the surface data. The satellite data also confirm the notion that the diurnal cycle of precipitation amount
comes mostly from its frequency rather than its intensity over most low and mid-latitudes, with the intensity has only about
half of the strength of the diurnal cycle in the frequency and amount. The results suggest that these relatively new precipitation
products can be useful for many applications. 相似文献
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Summary A statistical analysis of monthly mean and daily maximum precipitation at Belgrade during the period 1888–1995 is presented.
A very high correlation coefficient exists between the monthly and daily maximum precipitation. Weather types that are associated
with the maximum daily precipitation at Belgrade are also analysed.
Received July 19, 1999 Revised December 25, 1999 相似文献
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Some annual variation characteristics for the Northern Hemispheric monthly mean precipitation fields 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Tang Maocang 《大气科学进展》1989,6(2):186-201
By the utilization of monthly precipitation data from all stations in the Northern Hemisphere annexed to the “World Survey of climatology, Vol. 1-15, the distributions of the maximum precipitation months (MPM), the annual relative precipitation (ARP) and the monthly relative precipitation (percent of annual) in January and July are respectively mapped. Moreover the distributions of intermonthly relative precipitation variabilities from January to December are plotted as well. From these figures, the precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere may be classified into three types (continental, oceanic and transitional types) and 17 regions. The precipitation regime may also be divided into two patterns, the global and regional patterns. The global pattern consists of planetary front system and ITCZ and its inter-monthly variation shows the north-and-south shift of the rain belt; the regional pattern consists of the sea-land monsoon and plateau monsoon regime, in which the inter-monthly variation of rain belt shows a east- and-west shift. 相似文献
4.
海南文昌地区夏季雷暴地面电场观测及分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了了解海南文昌地区雷暴电环境的基本特征,利用安装于距地面3.5 m 楼顶的大气电场仪和雨量资料,分析了文昌夏季阵性降水对应不同类型的电场特征、单体雷暴活动电场演变规律及降水和闪电之间的关系。通过分析发现过观测场顶部无闪电的阵性降水过程地面电场极值较小,电场和降水基本呈现反向同步的变化特征。过顶单体雷暴在闪电发生前,地面电场提前产生扰动,明显的扰动一般提前于电场过零点约15～30 分钟,第1 次闪电发生一般提前于降水20～30 分钟。统计多次较强单体雷暴过程发现,阵性降水之前和降水过程中闪电比较密集,降水后期闪电较少发生,降水强度和闪电频次有一定的正比例关系。典型单体雷暴进入衰退期电场变化呈现出较为明显的阻尼振荡(EOSO)。 相似文献
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利用常规地面、高空探测资料、加密自动站逐时雨量资料,分析2012—2016年乌鲁木齐市暖季的短时强降水分布特征及环境条件,得出乌鲁木齐市短时强降水的空间分布、月变化及小时雨强特征;通过分析22场短时强降水天气过程,按照500 hPa影响系统分类,得出了西西伯利亚低槽、中亚低涡和西北气流3类环流形势及概念模型;统计得出临近短时强降水时段,K、SI、LI等不稳定指数的月变化差异较大,6—7月各指数集中度高,指示意义最好;5月、9月短时强降水的水汽特征量值明显小于6—8月,7月水汽量值最高。 相似文献
6.
本文利用1948～2001全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)，研究了全球、北、南半球及欧亚、非洲、澳洲、北美、南美和南极大陆6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水趋势变化及早涝气候变化。结果表明：全球、南、北半球的12～2月的陆面降水有明显的年代际变化，全球12～2月降水量从1975年开始有明显的下降趋势，回归系数约为-0．017mm／a。北半球有明显的降水减少，约为-0．028mm／a，南半球12～2月降水表现为极微弱的下降趋势，且在统计上是不显著的。划分出了全球、南北半球、全球6个大尺度区域12～2月旱涝年，指出全球及北、南半球12～2月的旱涝有明显的年代际变化。70年代中期以前是全球洪涝多发期，80年代到90年代为全球干旱多发期。北半球旱涝特征与全球特征相近，南、北半球12～2月的旱涝没有明显的联系。12～2月大尺度区域中：欧亚大陆、北美洲、南极大陆旱涝年的分布有明显的年代际特征，并指出全球大部分地区的旱涝年降水量有显著的差异。6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水相关关系中，欧亚大陆和非洲大陆的相关系数最高，为-0．35，北美大陆与欧亚大陆，南美洲和澳洲的12～2月降水也有较高的相关关系。 相似文献
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利用包头市区1951—2010年历年7月气温、降水、日照、天气现象及1991—2010年历年7月自记风等气象资料进行统计分析,揭示包头市区历年7月基本气候特征。分析结果表明:7月份是包头市区一年中最热的月份,97%年份的最高月平均气温、87%年份的最高月平均最高气温、60%的年份的年极端最高气温出现在7月份,46%年份的月最多大雨以上降水日数、60%的最多月雷暴日数、40%年份的最多月降水量和冰雹日数均出现在7月份。7月中旬前后副热带高压雨带逐渐北抬至河套地区,暖湿气流强盛,开始进入主汛期,高温、降水和强对流天气明显增多,它们的到来不仅给"中运会"带来影响,还会给人们的生产和生活带来灾难。通过总结7月份包头市区气候状况,提出重点关注和防御的重要天气过程,以此达到警示和预防的作用。 相似文献
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利用西藏地区1980-2013年夏季降水量资料、NCEP再分析资料等,分析了西藏地区夏季降水主模态季节内变化特征,尤其是盛夏7和8月降水异常对应的大尺度环流特征和影响系统。结果表明:西藏夏季降水存在明显的季节内变化,6和7月降水主模态的时间系数变化具有较好的持续性,而7和8月降水主模态的时间系数的相关关系明显减弱。西藏地区7和8月降水偏多年,西藏地区上游低层纬向风场均呈西风异常,但是水汽来源有差异;同时欧亚中高纬地区对流层中高层环流存在显著差异。西藏7月降水与南亚高压强度存在显著负相关关系,南亚高压偏强/弱时,降水偏少/多。西藏8月降水与南亚高压的位置关系更密切,南亚高压偏南/北,降水偏多/少。 相似文献
10.
利用哈尔滨本站1881-2010年的月平均气温、1909-2010年的月总降水量和1961-2010年哈尔滨所辖区、县（市）月平均气温、月总降水量资料,采用线性趋势分析方法,计算了哈尔滨市气温、降水变化速率,分析了哈尔滨市气候变化特征;阐述了气候变化对哈尔滨市的影响。结果表明：近50a,除巴彦7月气温略呈下降趋势外,哈尔滨各区、县（市）各月、季、年平均气温均呈升高趋势。哈尔滨各区、县（市）各月、季、年总降水量变化趋势不一致。近130a,哈尔滨市年、季平均气温均呈明显的上升趋势,20世纪80年代开始明显增温,21世纪开始增温尤为显著。近百年来,哈尔滨市年、季总降水量均呈减少趋势。气候变化对哈尔滨市农业、能源等方面的影响有利有弊,但对于水资源、人体健康和交通等方面有较大的负面影响。 相似文献
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Results of statistical analysis of changes in the precipitation regime in the steppe and foothill climatic zones of the Central Northern Caucasus from the data of five weather stations for 1955–2004 on precipitation amount, its diurnal maximum, number of days with precipitation amount of 5 mm or more in different seasons of the year are considered. 相似文献
12.
本文针对2012年("7·21")和2016年("7·20")北京两次特大暴雨过程,利用多源观测和再分析数据,结合多种分析方法,从多个角度,较为系统地对比揭示了两次特大暴雨过程的差异,结果指出:两次过程降水总量相近,但降水历时和小时雨强不同,"7·21"历时更短、雨势更强;两次过程主导天气系统和演变、对流系统演变以及局... 相似文献
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Stochastic weather generators are statistical models that produce random numbers that resemble the observed weather data on which they have been fitted; they are widely used in meteorological and hydrologi- cal simulations. For modeling daily precipitation in weather generators, first-order Markov chain-dependent exponential, gamma, mixed-exponential, and lognormal distributions can be used. To examine the perfor- mance of these four distributions for precipitation simulation, they were fitted to observed data collected at 10 stations in the watershed of Yishu River. The parameters of these models were estimated using a maximum-likelihood technique performed using genetic algorithms. Parameters for each calendar month and the Fourier series describing parameters for the whole year were estimated separately. Bayesian infor- mation criterion, simulated monthly mean, maximum daily value, and variance were tested and compared to evaluate the fitness and performance of these models. The results indicate that the lognormal and mixed-exponential distributions give smaller BICs, but their stochastic simulations have overestimation and underestimation respectively, while the gamma and exponential distributions give larger BICs, but their stochastic simulations produced monthly mean precipitation very well. When these distributions were fitted using Fourier series, they all underestimated the above statistics for the months of June, July and August. 相似文献
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基于1961-2012年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和云南地区124个观测站月降水资料,利用相关分析法分析夏季南亚高压与云南地区降水的关系。结果表明：1961-2012年夏季滇西南地区降水与南亚高压主中心经度呈较显著负相关,滇南地区降水与南亚高压面积呈较显著负相关;6月滇西北和滇南地区降水与南亚高压脊线位置、高压主中心纬度呈显著正相关,滇西南地区降水与南亚高压主中心强度呈显著正相关,而与南亚高压主中心经度呈显著负相关,滇中地区降水与南亚高压主中心纬度呈显著正相关;7月滇西南、滇西北的西南部和滇西的北部地区降水与南亚高压脊线位置呈较显著正相关,滇西地区降水与南亚高压主中心强度呈较显著负相关,滇中和滇东地区降水与南亚高压主中心经度呈较显著负相关;8月滇西南、滇中、滇南和滇东地区降水与南亚高压面积呈显著负相关。 相似文献
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Simon J. Mason 《Climatic change》2004,62(1-3):155-187
The climatologies of daily precipitation and of maximum and minimum temperatures over western North America are simulated using stochastic weather generators. Two types of generator, differentiated only by their method of modeling precipitation occurrence, are investigated. A second-order Markov model, in which the probability of the occurrence of precipitation is modeled as contingent upon its occurrence on the previous two days, is compared with a spell-length model, in which mass functions of wet- and dry-spell lengths are modeled. Both models are able to reproduce the observed annual and monthly climatology in the region to a high degree of accuracy. However, there is considerable over-dispersion in annual precipitation, resulting primarily from an underestimation in the interannual variability of precipitation intensity. The interannual variability of temperatures is similarly underestimated, and is most severe for minimum temperatures. There is a severe problem in estimating minimum temperature extremes, which can be attributed to the negatively skewed distribution of daily minimum temperatures. Non-normality in the distribution of daily temperatures is shown to be a problem in simulating extreme temperature maxima as well as of minima. It is suggested that the normal distribution used in the generation of daily temperatures in the widely used Richardson (1981) generator, and its derivations, be supplanted by a more appropriate distribution that permits skewness in either direction. 相似文献
19.
利用2010～2019年浙江省基准气象站和自动气象站逐小时降水的观测资料,对浙江省短时强降水的时空分布特征进行了统计分析,结果表明:1）2010 ～2019年浙江短时强降水累计发生频次为72601站次,随雨强增大呈指数式衰减。2）短时强降水空间分布不均匀,沿海向内陆发生频次减少,出现频次最高的地区位于温州西南部。夏半年随时间推进和影响系统演变,短时强降水的空间分布亦存在差异:5～6月浙西地区短时强降水多发,7月短时强降水全省分散分布无明显的区域集中特征,8～10月则主要在沿海地区多发。3）总体而言短时强降水的日变化峰值出现在17:00（北京时间,下同）,且高强度短时强降水更倾向发生在午后到傍晚时段。夏秋季节短时强降水在午后到傍晚最为多发,峰值出现在17:00至18:00,这与副热带高压强盛,午后到傍晚热力和不稳定条件好,易触发强对流天气有关;春季除午后到傍晚外夜间和凌晨亦为短时强降水多发时段,可能与低空急流多在夜间和早晨发展加强有关。短时强降水的月变化特征呈现类双峰型分布,8月最为多发（26.0%）（主要由台风降水造成）,其次为6月和7月。不同强度的短时强降水月变化特征存在较明显差异。而短时强降水的年际分布不均,2015年之后年际变化幅度增大,其中 2016 年短时强降水发生频次最高达8728站次,2017 年为发生频次最低仅5581站次。 相似文献
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利用哈尔滨站1881—2010年的月平均气温、1909—2010年的月总降水量和1961—2010年哈尔滨所辖区、县（市）月平均气温、月总降水量资料,采用线性趋势分析方法,计算了哈尔滨市气温、降水变化速率,分析了哈尔滨市气候变化特征;阐述了气候变化对哈尔滨市的影响。结果表明：近50 a,除巴彦7月气温略呈下降趋势外,哈尔滨市各区、县（市）各月、季、年平均气温均呈升高趋势。哈尔滨各区、县（市）各月、季、年总降水量变化趋势不一致。近130 a,哈尔滨市年、季平均气温均呈明显的上升趋势,20世纪80年代开始明显增温,21世纪开始增温尤为显著。近百年来,哈尔滨市年、季总降水量均呈减少趋势。气候变化对哈尔滨市农业、能源等方面的影响有利有弊,但对于水资源、人体健康和交通等有较大的负面影响。 相似文献