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1.
1995—2015年中国省际人口迁移网络的演化特征——基于异质性劳动力视角 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
自户籍制度放宽以来,中国经历了大规模的人口迁移。其中,异质性劳动力（高技能劳动力、普通劳动力）在迁移过程中表征出不同的空间格局和网络组织特征,对地区经济发展产生各异的影响。本研究基于人口普查和抽样调查微观抽样数据,使用复杂网络理论对1995—2015年中国异质性劳动力迁移的时空格局和网络演化展开分析,并分析了格局背后的可能成因。研究发现：① 省际高技能和普通劳动力迁移均呈现出持续高度不平衡的空间集聚特征,承载大量人口的迁移流主要由中国中西部地区指向东部沿海地区,但这种空间不平衡特征呈现出一定的减弱趋势。高技能劳动力的平均迁移距离比普通劳动力更长;② 两类劳动力迁移网络中均呈现明显的“小世界”特性,但普通劳动力迁移网络的迁移强度和关联程度均高于高技能劳动力迁移网络;③ 两类劳动力迁移网络均呈现出以北京、上海、广东为主要核心节点的网络结构。高技能劳动力网络结构呈现相对稳定的特征,而普通劳动力网络结构则呈现出变化的趋势;④ 地区经济差异、路径依赖效应、异质性劳动力在就业市场上的差异性以及劳动力市场对异质性劳动力需求的差异是导致两类劳动力迁移格局差异性的重要成因。 相似文献
2.
Changes in world capitalism caused prices of traditional raw materials to fall and new energy demands to arise at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The Andean countries witnessed the fall in the value of their exports and began to receive large flows of foreign investment in mining and industry. Consequently, urban economies were strengthened and demographic patterns were changed. This led to the internal migrations and to a process of social change. These consequences are summarized from relevant studies focusing on Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Since the 1960s a compendium of information has become available which highlights the causes of the migration, migration patterns, the composition of migratory movements, and the mechanisms that the migrant uses to establish himself/herself in the city. Preston (1969) distinguished 2 migratory patterns in Ecuador: rural to urban, with migratory flows from the rural areas to urban centers and new industrial cities that experienced development and high demand for unskilled labor at comparatively high wages: and rural to rural, based on the movement of population from depressed rural areas to other areas in which programs for colonization or commercial agriculture have been promoted. In a study of Colombia, McGreevey (1968) identifies the lack of cultivatable land, rural violence in certain departments, and other economic and family causes as the principal factors that induced migrations to the cities. The study emphasizes that the predominant model of movement relates to "fill in" migration. The spatial mobility of the Venezuelan Andean population was initially outlined in a voluminous report on economic and social problems of the region (1954). The study indicates that during the intercensal period 1941-50 cities grew much more rapidly than rural "municipos" and that the drive to find employment and earn a living were the most important motives in the movement of peasants to the cities. All of the studies identified that use demographic, economic, or phychosocial approaches have provided partial explanations of the current status of Andean migrations. The explanations they offer, by not transcending the current reality of the migrants, overlook the historical traits of internal migration. Migratory flows do not spring up suddenly. They result from specific socio-political circumstances which, when closely linked to demographic evidence, serve as a basis for understanding the process. Review of studies on internal migration in the Northern Andes, as presented here, reveals a series of distinguishing characteristics: there are 5 migratory patterns--rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban, seasonal worker migration, and return migration, and the predominant pattern has been rural to urban; the demographic data show the importance of rural migrants to urban growth in the region and a complementary loss of population in the rural areas; depopulation of the countryside has been selective; and there is a marked disparity in employment remuneration between rural and urban areas. 相似文献
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"This article presents results from a longitudinal study using data from the Norwegian population register, combined with data from the 1970 and 1980 censuses. For two generations, those born in 1948 and 1958, successive migrations are considered and the effects of various sociodemographic characteristics on migratory behaviour are explored....Event-history analysis is used to examine the duration of stay at the place reached at age 22, and the effects of individual characteristics on this duration. Since a distinction is made between intra- and inter-regional migration, it has been possible to show that these effects vary significantly depending on whether we are dealing with short- or long-distance migration." 相似文献
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The role of organizations in migration has received less attention than warranted; individual choice has typically been emphasized. As an in‐depth illustration, we consider refugee resettlement in the United States, post–World War II, wherein intermediary organizations play(ed) a major role. Central to this system are voluntary agencies (VOLAGs) and community organizations, but secondary migration also is critical. Attention is given to all refugees between 2000 and 2010, and in greater detail to Somalis. The latter provides deeper understanding through state refugee coordinators and case studies of Columbus, Ohio, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Lewiston, Maine. Aside from process, it is evident that the geography of the foreign‐born settlement has been altered. While refugee resettlement and subsequent migration is the example, we broaden that to argue that migration studies have neglected the derived nature of movement via intermediary organizations; directed migrations and/or similar interventions have played a significant, if not dominant, role in population redistribution; and organization‐led migration should be considered in terms of general aspects, not simply as discrete case studies. 相似文献
5.
气候变化对我国历史时期人口迁移的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
方金琪 《云南地理环境研究》1989,1(2):39-46
我国历史时期曾发生过多次大规模的人口迁移。影响其迁移发生的因素是复杂的、多方面的,而气候变化的作用过去一直被大多数研究者所忽视。本文的讨论表明历史上的一些人口迁移时期,尤其是中亚和蒙古高原游牧民族大规模南下时期,往往也是我国北方气候偏干,旱灾、尘暴和冬季雷暴出现频繁,湖泊退缩,土地沙漠化强烈和黄河决溢频率减小的时期。湖泊面积变化的能量平衡计算表明,干旱、半干旱地区这时的降水量较先前的湿润期减少了35～40％以上。这种强烈的变化导致了畜牧业的严重减产,使其产量不能维持湿润期已增长起来的人口的需求而发生了人口的向外流动,并多次导致了全国性人口大迁移。与此同时,气候变化和气候灾害也直接影响了汉族内部的人口迁移。 相似文献
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Takenaka K 《The Journal of geography》1996,105(1):31-52
"In this study, the internal migration in Spain from 1962 to 1993 is analyzed from the viewpoint of migration flows, with special emphasis on the spatial scale and direction of migration as well as the migration fields.... The evolution of the spatial scale and direction of migration shows a radical change in the middle 1970s: migrations from 1962 to 1975 (first period) were unidirectional movements at great distance (interprovincial and interregional), whereas those from 1976 to 1993 (second period) are characterized by the weight of intraprovincial movements and the bidirectionality of interprovincial movements. Through the two periods, the major sector in which migrants are employed has shifted from the industry to the service sector." (EXCERPT) 相似文献
7.
跨江发展下杭州市企业迁移空间模式及影响机制 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基于企业微观主体视角,运用UCINET社会网络分析和ROST内容分析法,对杭州市企业迁移的空间模式和区位选择进行探讨,并揭示其影响机制。研究表明：① 杭州市企业迁移分为平缓波动期、低速增长期、大规模迁移期、迁移成熟期4个阶段,与杭州市跨江发展历程基本相契合。② 杭州市企业总体迁出呈中心-外围衰减分散布局模式,迁出地点主要集中于西湖区、下城区及拱墅区,迁出企业主要为制造业,批发零售业等;总体迁入呈中心、外围集聚模式,迁入地主集中于西湖区、余杭区及滨江区,迁入企业主要为信息技术服务业、科学研究和技术服务业。③ 企业的自身属性与外部环境对杭州市企业迁移有着重要影响,企业异质性在很大程度上决定着企业迁移的方向;跨江发展战略中的政府推动、市场运作、企业参与、文化根植等外部因素对企业迁移的空间选择有着极其重要的作用。 相似文献
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Smita Chandna RC 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1991,13(1-2):31-52
"The chief objective of the present paper is to comprehend the broad spatial patterns of internal migrations in India." Aspects considered include data constraints, the magnitude of internal migration, interstate migration, migration to rural and to urban destinations, spatial patterns, and areas of origin and destination. 相似文献
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Human migration between cities is one important aspect of spatial interaction that not only reflects urban attractiveness but also denotes interactions amongst agglomerations.We therefore implemented a web-based visualization system to analyze and interactively explore local and distant population flow patterns between cities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).We utilized 2017 Tencent population flow data from which we initially constructed inbound and outbound vectors for cities on the QTP.We then used multidimensional scaling to examine and visualize migration patterns and similarities between cities.Results reveal the presence of six local and three distant human mobility patterns on the QTP as well as aver-age summer monthly migrations more than twice the level of those in the winter. 相似文献
10.
This research investigates the interregional migration of partnered gays and lesbians between 1995 and 2000 as the first attempt at understanding the determinants of gay and lesbian migration using data from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 2000 U.S. Census. Briefly, the findings are as follows. Both partnered gays and lesbians are regionally distributed throughout the United States consistent with the geographical distribution of the entire U.S. population. However, the shifting location of the partnered gay and lesbian population between 1995 and 2000 demonstrates significant variability. The general conclusion to be reached from models of the net migration of the partnered gay and lesbian population in that period is as follows: Partnered gay migration is directed toward moderate‐sized urban regions rich in natural amenities without regard for tolerance toward gay lifestyles or the absolute or relative size of the partnered gay community. Partnered lesbian migration is focused on less‐populous regions with a large, existing, partnered lesbian population. The role of natural amenities, the tolerance for lesbian lifestyles, and population density are not significant in determining partnered lesbian migration. The only trait partnered gay and lesbian migrations have in common is in their move toward less populous regions. 相似文献
11.
Ahsan RM 《International journal of population geography : IJPG》1997,3(1):49-61
The author analyzes migration patterns and processes of female construction workers in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and considers the impact of this migration. "Interviews...reveal that the major goal of these female migrants, whose mobility and employment have traditionally been restricted, is to take responsibility in the struggle for livelihood.... Success of many migrations is linked with participation in construction work in the city. Employment in such activities is largely by women from male-headed households, indicating male support in the work, followed by females heading their own households." 相似文献
12.
1949年以来中国西部大城市制造业企业迁移特征、模式及机制——以兰州市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
企业迁移研究是经济地理学的重要论题之一, 是一种从微观个体出发理解产业空间格局演变及其形成机制的重要视角。利用兰州市制造业企业迁移信息, 从迁移规模、方式、距离及迁移跨度4个方面对城市制造业企业空间位移特征进行分析, 一定程度上揭示了新中国成立以来, 中国西部大城市制造业企业迁移的模式、路径及其形成机制。案例分析表明:中国西部大城市制造业企业迁移模式由计划经济时期单一行政主导的“梯度式”迁移模式向市场经济体制时期企业自主选择的“渐进式”迁移与政府先行主导的“跳跃式”迁移相结合的模式过渡, 大体上经历了向心式集中迁移、中心-外围互迁、外向型跨越式迁移3个阶段。研究还表明, 经济体制转型、地方政府自主经营权下放等宏观环境变化, 地方政策影响下的旧城更新、开发区建设、城市内外交通设施改善, 企业自身由于外部环境变化和内在扩张需求等诸多因素相互组合及综合作用, 在一定程度上共同推动了中国西部大城市制造业企业的空间迁移活动。 相似文献
13.
流动人口家庭化迁移可能对其在城市的职住关系产生影响。本研究基于广州市居民日常出行调查数据,考察流动人口在不同家庭化迁移状态下的职住关系,并与本地市民进行比较。研究发现：广州市流动人口职住临近特征明显,但随着家庭化迁移程度提高,职住距离增长,并接近本地市民水平。相较于个体单独迁移,夫妻共同迁移由于难以同时实现职住临近,职住距离更长;子女和老人随迁情境下,流动人口职住区位郊区化特征明显,因为郊区能以较低成本满足家庭生活对住房和住区环境的更高要求,但该情境下整体职住距离增幅较小且不显著。多数家庭化迁移的流动人口仍存在不稳定流动特征,以租房为主,租金规避需求与环境提升需求并存,需要相关政策加以关注。 相似文献
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明朝洪武、永乐年间,黄河中下游地区发生过多次有组织的大规模人口迁移活动。本文初步探讨了它们的社会背景、迁移过程及其在不同时期的特点,论述了人口迁移在稳定社会局势、恢复农业经济、促进文化交流等方面的作用。 相似文献
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This paper examines migration in Russia during the period that preceded the breakup of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and during the current transition period. An unusually rich dataset is used to conceptualize the impact that the political and economic collapse of a world superpower has on a migration system. A regional case study of migration in Yaroslavl' Oblast from 1989 through 1992 is used to examine the relevance of expected outcomes given standard theories of migration, empirical regularities found in capitalist economies, and past trends in the FSU. The data clearly show a migration system undergoing political and economic shocks. A significant decline of the volume of flows and a relative increase in the importance of interrepublic movement indicate disruptions. Increased relative mobility for those in the later years of the working-age population and increased importance of urban-to-rural migration flows are also important changes evident in this migration system undergoing shock. 相似文献
16.
邻近性对人口再流动目的地选择的影响 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
中国人口流动进入总量稳定下的空间调整新阶段,存量流动人口的再流动成为塑造人口和城镇化格局的主体因素。本文从户籍地和前期流入地两个基点出发,综合考虑地理、制度、信息、社会、认知等维度,构建了双重多维邻近性影响人口再流动目的地选择的理论框架,利用全国流动人口动态监测调查数据和嵌套Logit模型开展实证研究。结果表明：双重多维邻近性对人口再流动的空间选择具有显著而稳健的影响。人口再流动时,会选择与自身知识水平更匹配、与户籍地和前期流入地都更近、信息联系都更强的城市,但社会联系仍主要依靠老家。流动人口具有回到户籍所在省（区、市）的主观意愿,但省内城市普遍机会不多、环境欠佳,缺乏吸引力。相对而言,女性对同乡网络的依赖高于男性;新生代流动人口在很多方面继承了老一代的特点,甚至比后者更依赖老家的信息和社会联系;高学历流动人口在流入地的深度社会融入使其能够利用本地化社会资本,再流动的空间选择也与流入地居民更为类似。 相似文献
17.
"Longitudinal residential histories are used to examine the extent to which three rural areas in Britain had distinctive migration histories from the 18th to the 20th centuries. Migration flows into and out of the regions are used to examine the extent to which the regions were integrated into the British migration system, and the relative importance of rural to urban migration is assessed.... Analysis reveals a high degree of short-distance mobility within regions and emphasises the dominance of London in longer-distance migration.... It is also suggested that the role of towns in the migration system has previously been overemphasised, with much migration taking place between small settlements and some movement from large cities to smaller towns and villages.... The analysis challenges some accepted notions about migration in the past, and contributes to the debate about the extent to which British regions became part of a national economic and social system from the 18th century." 相似文献
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This article was prepared on the basis of on a number of Bayesian probabilistic forecasts according to the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN Secretariat. The aim of the research is to forecast the population dynamics in Russia, Asian countries of the CIS, now referred to Central Asia, and East Asian countries from 2015 to 2095. The main research method is multifactorial simulation modeling. Consideration is given the changes in the population size of Russia as a result of the accession of Crimea and the growth of the migration inflow from the Territory of Ukraine. The forecast relies on demographic statistics (birthrates, mortality and migration exchange) in the region’s countries from 1950 to 2015. A brief review is provided for the dynamics of the dynamics of birthrate, mortality and pure migrations for separate countries of the region from the mid-20th century to 2015, and the forecast of these indicators (according to an average scenario) into 2095. Within the entire region, six forecast scenarios are considered, including the main (average) scenario. The first scenario implies the preservation (at the level of the year 2015) of the number of births in the age cohorts of females, the second scenario includes the preservation of mortality unchanged in the age cohorts of females and males, the third scenario involves a balance of migrations at the zero level, and the fourth and fifth scenarios provide a change in the number of pure migrations, with the birthrates and mortality remaining unchanged. The sixth scenario is treated as an average scenario. The population size by the end of the forecast period varies considerably with a particular scenario, but irrespective of the forecast scenario, a significant decrease in the population size is expected in Japan, China, South Korea and Russia. The largest increase in population by 2095 is forecasted for Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. 相似文献