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在页岩储层压裂过程中,不同浓度、不同pH值的SDBS压裂液体系会直接影响页岩储层稳定性,进而影响造缝性能。通过实验分析了页岩储层在不同浓度、pH值的SDBS压裂液作用下的膨胀抑制性、润湿反转性能。实验结果表明：0.02%SDBS压裂液下页岩储层的膨胀变形最小、膨胀变形速率最慢,即膨胀抑制效果最好;0.03%SDBS压裂液下页岩的润湿性改造最好,接触角为30 °。pH值为8的SDBS压裂液对炭质页岩的膨胀变形和膨胀速率起到了最佳的抑制作用;pH值为9的SDBS压裂液对炭质页岩的润湿反转起到了最好的效果,接触角为31.6°。综合分析认为不同浓度、不同pH值的SDBS压裂液对页岩储层特性影响差异较大,说明在对页岩储层的开发利用中,调整SDBS浓度和pH值对提高页岩气开采效果是可行的。 相似文献
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水平井分段压裂技术已在低渗透油气藏及煤层气开发过程中得到了较为广泛的应用,并取得了良好的经济效果。但是,由于分段压裂会使直井段的套管承受交变应力作用,进而造成其在软硬交错地层处发生严重变形,从而影响压裂安全作业,甚至引发所有剩余压裂段报废。为探索其破坏机理,开发一个类似弹簧单元的用户子程序来模拟循环荷载作用下套管-水泥环界面的受力情况,并将该单元植入到套管-水泥环-岩层系统的ABAQUS轴对称有限元模型中,模拟水平井分段压裂过程中套管的力学行为。结果表明,在软硬交错地层中,采用水平井分段压裂时,注入压力与地应力之间的交变应力差会造成套管的大变形。此外,基于ABAQUS的数值模拟结果,采用FE-safe评估套管疲劳寿命,发现处于软硬交错地层处套管的疲劳寿命最短。基于上述研究,建议在具有软硬交错地层的低渗透油藏及煤层气储层中进行分段压裂时,应设法提高非压裂阶段压力,以减轻交变应力对软硬交错地层处的套管损伤。 相似文献
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页岩油气储层纵向多重非均质性及其对开发的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
页岩油气作为烃源岩层系内自生自储的油气资源,其可开发性受页岩储层特征的控制明显。由于不同类型富有机质页岩形成环境的差异性,页岩油气储层在纵向上具有多重非均质性,包括岩性的纵向非均质性、储层物性的纵向非均质性、岩石力学参数的纵向非均质性、地应力的纵向非均质性以及含气性特征的纵向非均质性等,这造成了页岩油气储层的纵向非均质性明显强于横向非均质性,有机质丰度、孔隙度、渗透率、储层的可压裂性、地应力、含气性及吸游比等参数在纵向上的变化均较大,且直接影响了后期页岩油气开发方案的设计与实施。优质开发目的层段的选择首先要考虑单段页岩油气储层的连续厚度在30~50 m左右、有机碳含量均值达到2.0%以上、有效孔隙度大于2.0%、岩石泊松比小于0.25、脆性较大、最小主应力相对上下邻层较小、含气性较高的层段。页岩油气开发井型的选择,水平井段的部署,压裂分段的长短、射孔簇的设计等均要充分考虑这种非均质性的影响。 相似文献
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A numerical model is proposed to investigate the impact of water and nitrogen fracturing fluids on the fracturing initiation pressure and the flow pattern in anisotropic shale reservoirs. This model considers the anisotropy of shale deformation and permeability, the compressibility of fracturing fluid, and the fluid moving front. A crack initiation criterion is established with the stress intensity factor of mode I crack. Both crack initiation pressure and seepage area are verified and analyzed. These results show that shale deformation and permeability anisotropy, fracturing fluid compressibility, viscosity, and pressurization rate have significant impacts on fracturing initiation pressure and seepage area. 相似文献
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页岩中含有一定量的黏土矿物，在与水基压裂液接触后会表现出与泥岩相同的膨胀特性和强度弱化效应，进而引起套管外载增加，在页岩储层压裂过程中套管出现不同程度的变形问题。以渝东北地区龙马溪组页岩为研究对象，开展不同溶液体系下页岩的自吸、膨胀特性物理实验，分析页岩水化对其岩石力学特性的影响。结果表明:页岩吸水量与时间呈对数递增关系，在不同溶液体系中，吸水量大小表现为蒸馏水 > 地层水 > 滑溜水，含有减阻剂浓度小的滑溜水体系更利于减弱页岩的吸水能力；页岩膨胀率与时间呈逐渐增长趋势，黏土矿物含量、围压和溶液体系对页岩膨胀率影响明显，相对于黏土含量，围压对膨胀率影响更加明显，页岩在溶液体系中的膨胀性能表现为蒸馏水 > 地层水 > 滑溜水；页岩的抗压强度和弹性模量都随着水化时间的增加整体呈线性递减规律。研究结果对完井过程套管强度设计具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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Reinforced earth in plane strain is idealized as a homogeneous material with the strips attached to the elastic soil matirx by a conceptual shear zone. A ‘no-slip’ finite element model is derived by assigning a large shear modulus to the shear zone. Relaxation of this modulus using a tangential stiffness algorithm in conjunction with a Mohr–Coulomb strip-slip criterion allows slipping to be simulated. The finite element formulation is validated and the finite element discretization assessed by comparisons against exact solutions for a simple test problem. An idealized reinforced earth wall example is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the method and to answer the question: ‘is slipping significant?’ The method is shown to be potentially useful, and slipping is shown to be significant. 相似文献
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针对水泥环弹性模量变化对套管强度是否有帮助的讨论,采用弹性力学分析方法研究了水泥环弹性模量对不同性质地层内套管外挤荷载的影响规律。研究认为,在岩性较软的地层,应选用刚度较大的水泥环,可帮助套管抵卸一部分载荷;在地层岩性较硬时,选用刚度小的水泥环有助于提高套管抵抗外挤载荷能力。理想的水泥环特性应为高强度、低刚度。其机理是利用高强度抵御地层载荷、低刚度降低载荷传递系数,从而达到保护套管目的;单纯增加水泥环的厚度不一定能够改善套管的受力情况,只有当水泥环弹性模量大于一定值后,加大其厚度可改善套管的受力状况。因此,在实际现场中,应根据具体的地层情况,调整水泥浆特性,达到最好的固井效果。 相似文献
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Hydraulic fracture network (HFN) propagation in naturally fractured shale formations is investigated numerically using a 3D complex fracturing model based on the discrete element method. To account for the plastic deformation behavior of shales, the Drucker–Prager plasticity model is incorporated into the fracturing model. Parametric studies are then conducted for different Young's moduli, horizontal differential stresses, natural fracture (NF) properties, injection rates, and number and spacing of perforation clusters. Numerical results show that horizontal differential stress primarily determines the generation of a complex HFN. The plastic deformation of shale can reduce the stimulated reservoir volume; this is more obvious with Young's modulus of less than 20 GPa. In addition, a higher injection rate could largely increase the fracture complexity index (FCI). Moreover, increasing perforation cluster numbers per fracturing stage is beneficial for increasing the FCI, but it also increases the potential merging of neighboring fractures, which may lead to non-uniform development of HFN in far-wellbore regions. To achieve uniform development of HFN within a fracturing stage, the distribution of NFs should be fully considered. The results presented here may provide improved understanding of HFN generation and are favorable for optimizing fracturing treatment designs for shale formations. 相似文献
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页岩气的工业化开发要求对致密储层进行体积压裂改造,水平井多级分段压裂技术是成功开发页岩气藏的关键技术之一。页岩储层在地应力与致裂压力联合作用下突破页岩基质,沟通天然裂隙等弱结构面,形成高导流能力缝网系统,页岩储层中赋存的游离气和吸附气得以释放,提高了页岩气井的初始产量和最终采收率。根据渝东地区页岩储层工程地质特征,结合渝页A-2HF井、渝页B-2HF井矿场压裂施工数据,探索适用于渝东地区的页岩储层压裂工艺技术,结果表明,采用前置盐酸处理储层保持近井带导流能力,能够保障后续大排量施工压力窗口;低砂比粉砂段塞多级降滤实现“控近扩远”,增加储层改造体积;压力异常层段胶液前置充分造缝,可为后续滑溜水携带支撑剂进入地层创造有利条件。 相似文献
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页岩储层孔隙度和渗透率极低,天然裂缝和水平层理发育,常规压裂增产措施无法满足页岩气的开发要求,水平井多段分簇压裂是页岩气开发的关键技术之一,该技术能够大幅度提升压裂改造的体积、产气量和最终采收率。为确定页岩储层水平井多段分簇射孔压裂的起裂点和起裂压力,采用有限元方法建立了水平井套管完井（考虑水泥环和套管的存在）多段分簇射孔的全三维起裂模型。数值模型的起裂压力与室内试验结果吻合较好,证明了数值模型的准确性和可靠性。利用数值模型研究了页岩水平井多段分簇射孔压裂的起裂点和起裂压力的影响因素,研究发现：射孔孔眼附近无天然裂缝或水平层理影响,起裂点发生在射孔簇孔眼的根部;射孔簇间距越小,中间射孔簇的干扰越大,可能造成中间的射孔簇无法起裂;射孔密度和孔眼长度增大,起裂压力降低;天然裂缝的存在,在某些情况能够降低起裂压力且改变起裂位置,主要与天然裂缝的分布方位及水平主应力差有关;水平层理可能会降低起裂压力,但与垂向主应力与水平最小主应力的差值有关。获得的起裂压力变化规律,可作为进一步研究水平井多段分簇射孔条件下的裂缝扩展规律的基础,可以为压裂设计和施工的射孔参数确定及优化给出具体建议。 相似文献
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注水井反冲洗工艺是抽油机井维持正常生产的重要措施之一,反冲洗压力是决定反冲洗效率的主要因素。反冲洗过程涉及到地层与套管在水压作用下的相互耦合作用,鉴于目前对洗井压力的制定以套管抗挤压强度为依据,运用ABAQUS-6.5软件,对油藏岩石-套管进行了三维弹塑性固结有限元分析,建立了流-固耦合数学模型,研究了注水井反冲洗过程中套管、地层和流体的瞬态响应,实现了套管、地层和流体间的耦合作用,得到了套管应力随洗井时间的变化规律。计算结果表明,洗井地层的地应力分布状态和地层性质对洗井压力影响较大,主要受到地层弹性模量、渗透性能和地层水平地应力的影响。洗井压力的制定应综合考虑套管和地层状况,与单纯考虑套管的承载能力相比,其研究结果可为洗井工艺的制定提供更为准确的理论基础。 相似文献
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Shale with high clay content has caused instability from hydration during the hydraulic fracturing process. Macro-level migration phenomenon of water molecules is induced by the chemical potential difference between low-salinity fracturing fluid and high-salinity formation brine. This study aims to establish the equation for the chemical potential difference between fracturing fluid and formation brine by theoretical deduction in order to investigate the effect of the aforementioned phenomenon on fracturing flowback. Accordingly, a mathematical model was established for the gas–water two-phase flow which driven by the chemical potential difference. Viscous force, capillarity and chemiosmosis were considered as the driving forces. A numerical simulation of fracturing fluid flowback with or without considering of the effect of chemiosmosis was performed. A simulation analysis of the water saturation and salinity profiles was also conducted. Results show that capillarity and chemiosmosis hinder fracturing fluid flowback in different degrees. As the condition worsens, they inhibit more than 80% of water to flow back out of the formation, forming a permanent water lock. This study contributes to improvement of the theory on shale gas–water two-phase flow, establishment of a flowback model that suitable for shale gas wells, and accurate evaluation of the fracturing treatment. 相似文献
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因其特殊的地质成因,柱状节理成为一种具有强烈非连续性及各向异性的特殊岩体结构。以白鹤滩水电工程设计、建设中所遇到的柱状节理玄武岩体为背景,针对柱状节理岩体的等效变形模量问题,在探讨了其结构效应表征参数的基础上,利用节理网络有限元为工具,研究各结构效应表征参数对柱状节理岩体等效变形模量的影响。研究结果表明：在柱轴线横向平面上,对于柱体不规则程度,当柱体完全不规则相对于完全规则情况,等效模量提高大约10%左右;在其他条件不变情况下,当柱体平均边长从0.1 m增加至0.5 m时,等效模量从5.36 GPa增加至23.4 GPa;对不同加载方向的研究结果表明,柱状节理在柱轴横向平面上可以视作各向同性;当节理刚度线性递增时,相应的岩体等效模量也基本符合线性递增的规律。在平行柱体轴线平面,节理组2间距越大,柱状节理岩体的等效变形模量越大;随着错距比的增加,柱状节理岩体的等效变形模量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,当错距比为50%时,节理岩体的等效变形模量取最大值;对于节理刚度的影响,与柱轴横向平面类似的,随柱体轴线平面上节理刚度的线性增加,相应的岩体模量也基本符合线性递增的规律。该研究成果与已有的现场研究成果及三维数值模型成果相比,吻合良好。说明了文中提供的研究结论具有较好的可信度及参考价值。 相似文献
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Tao Zhigang Zhao Fei Wang Hongjian Zhang Haijiang Peng Yanyan 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(15):341
Bolt supporting is a major technology used in highly stressed surrounding rock support. Although significant developments of new patterns of bolts have been documented, the stiffness problem which causes the bolt to cannot adapt to the large deformation of surrounding rock was still unsolved. Hence, a novel bolt with constant working resistance and steady large deformation was developed to bear creep deformation and impact load. The constant resistance large deformation bolt (CRLD bolt) was composed of constant resistance element, bolt rod, baffle plate, and tightening nut, which would efficiently control the engineering disasters such as collapse and rock blast. The results of static tensile tests indicated that the CRLD bolt could provide constant resistance ranging from 120 to 130 kN, and the maximal elongation length was 1100 mm without bolt breaking at tensile rate of 10, 20, and 100 mm/s, respectively. Tensile rate has no obvious relationship with constant resistance force. Dynamical impact tests showed that bolt resistance property and its absorption capacity of impact energy were stable, and the dynamic constant resistance changed from 90 to 120 kN, with the impacting height for drop hammers of 10 and 1000 mm. It has also been proved that this kind of bolt has good performance in practical application such as in Qing Shui coal mine. The in situ monitoring results indicate that the CRLD bolt is able to retain rock mass stability and prevent the surrounding rocks from being destructed due to its large-scale deformation. Overall, CRLD bolt is suitable for large deformation, constant resistance, and energy absorption. 相似文献
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为深入研究不同埋深页岩储层的力学性质,对四川盆地焦石坝区块五峰-龙马溪组平行层理取心试样进行单轴压缩试验,总结了取样区段页岩试样的力学特性、强度规律以及破坏特征。实验及分析结果表明:该区块页岩呈现典型的脆性破坏特征,破坏形式以劈裂破坏为主、伴随部分或局部剪切破坏,并细分5种单轴压缩条件下的基本破坏形式;页岩抗压强度随埋深增加整体上呈现出两端低中间高的现象;随取心角度的增大,变形参数和抗压强度总体上均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;对比分析了页岩试样力学参数的横向和纵向异性度,弹性模量和泊松比的横向及纵向异性度均在1.50附近,抗压强度的异性度显著高于弹性模量和泊松比的异性度;层理的影响是导致页岩强度及破坏方式差异性的主要原因之一,层理面在一定程度可以决定岩体的强度及破坏方式;水力压裂过程中,横向异性度大的层理面首先被打开,导致压裂通道沿层理面扩展,难以形成复杂裂缝网络,达不到理想的压裂效果,在施工过程中要避免此类层理面被打开。 相似文献
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Shunde Yin 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(15):2523-2538
Integration of poromechanics and fracture mechanics plays an important role in understanding a series of thermal fracturing phenomena in subsurface porous media such as cold water flooding for enhanced oil recovery, produced‐water reinjection for waste disposal, cold water injection for geothermal energy extraction, and CO2 injection for geosequestration. Thermal fracturing modeling is important to prevent the potential risks when fractures propagate into undesired zones, and it involves the coupling of heat transfer, mass transport, and stress change as well as the fracture propagation. Analytical method, finite element method, and finite difference method as well as boundary element method have been used to perform the thermal fracturing modeling considering different degrees and combinations of coupling. In this paper, extended finite element method is employed for the thermal fracturing modeling in a fully coupled fashion with remeshing avoided, and the stabilized finite element method is employed to account for the convection‐dominated heat transfer in the fracturing process with numerical oscillation circumvented. With the thermal fracturing model, a hypothetical numerical experiment on cold water injection into a deep warm aquifer is conducted. Results show that parameters such as injection rate, injection temperature, aquifer stiffness, and permeability can affect the fracture development in different ways and extended finite element method and stabilized finite element method provide effective tools for thermal fracturing simulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper presents a numerical study of fracturing process induced by excavation around a gallery using an extended rigid block spring method (RBSM). The surrounding rock mass is characterized by an assembly of rigid blocks based on a degraded Voronoi diagram. The macroscopic mechanical behavior of rock is related to that of interfaces between blocks. The mechanical behavior of each interface is described by its elastic stiffness and failure criterion. The failure process of interface is controlled by both normal stress and shear stress. Both tensile and shear failures are considered. The macroscopic fracturing process is described by the coalescence of cracked interfaces. The rock structural anisotropy is taken into account through a spatial variation of elastic stiffness and failure strength of interfaces. A series of sensitivity studies are performed to investigate effects of gallery orientation, failure strength of interfaces and rock structural anisotropy on gallery deformation and fracturing. Numerical results are compared with in-situ observations in terms of fracture patterns. 相似文献
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Liao Jianxing Gou Yang Feng Wentao Mehmood Faisal Xie Yachen Hou Zhengmeng 《Acta Geotechnica》2020,15(2):279-295
Although hydraulic fracturing has been massively studied and applied as a key technique to enhance the gas production from tight formations, some problems and uncertainties exist to accurately predict and analyze the fracture behavior in complex reservoirs, especially in the naturally fractured reservoirs like shale reservoirs. This paper presents a full 3D numerical model (FLAC3D) to study hydraulic fracturing behavior under the impact of preexisting orthogonal natural fractures. In this numerical model, the hydraulic fracture propagation direction is assumed perpendicular to the minimum principal stress and activated only by tensile failure, whereas the preexisting natural fractures can be activated by tensile or shear failure or a combination of them, and only tensile failure can open the natural fracture as well. The newly developed model was used to study the impact of preexisting orthogonal natural fractures on hydraulic fracturing behavior, based on a multistage hydraulic fracturing operation in a naturally fractured reservoir from the Barnett Shale formation, northwest of Texas in USA. In this multistage operation, two more representative stages, i.e., stage 1 with a relatively large horizontal stress anisotropy of 3.3 MPa and stage 4 with a comparatively small one of 1.3 MPa, were selected to conduct the simulation. Based on the numerical results, one can observe that the interaction between hydraulic and natural fracture is driven mainly by induced stress around fracture tip. Besides, the horizontal stress anisotropy plays a key role in opening the natural fracture. Thus, no significant opened fracture is activated on natural fracture in stage 1, while in stage 4 an opened fracture invades to about 90 m into the first natural fracture. Conversely, the hydraulic fracture length in stage 1 is much longer than in stage 4, as some fluid volume is stored in the opened natural fracture in stage 4. In this work, the shear failure on natural fractures is treated as the main factor for inducing the seismic events. And the simulated seismic events, i.e., shear failure on natural fractures, are very comparable with the measured seismic events.
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