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1.
城市暴雨内涝情景模拟与灾害风险评估 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
Scenario modelling and the risk assessment of natural disasters is one of the hot-spots in disaster research.However,up until now,urban natural disaster risk assessments lack common procedures and programmes.This paper selects rainstorm waterlogging as a disaster to research,which is one of the most frequently occurring hazards for most cities in China.As an example,we used a small-scale integrated methodology to assess risks relating to rainstorm waterlogging hazards in the Jing’an District of Shanghai.Based on the basic concept of disaster risk,this paper applies scenario modelling to express the risk of small-scale urban rainstorm waterlogging disasters in different return periods.Through this analysis of vulnerability and exposure,we simulate different disaster scenarios and propose a comprehensive analysis method and procedure for small-scale urban storm waterlogging disaster risk assessments.A grid-based Geographical Information System (GIS) approach,including an urban terrain model,an urban rainfall model and an urban drainage model,was applied to simulate inundation area and depth.Stage-damage curves for residential buildings and contents were then generated by the loss data of waterlogging from field surveys,which were further applied to analyse vulnerability,exposure and loss assessment.Finally,the ex-ceedance probability curve for disaster damage was constructed using the damage of each simulated event and the respective exceedance probabilities.A framework was also devel-oped for coupling the waterlogging risk with the risk planning and management through the exceedance probability curve and annual average waterlogging loss.This is a new explora-tion for small-scale urban natural disaster scenario simulation and risk assessment. 相似文献
2.
城市山洪灾害多目标评估方法探讨 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文针对目前城市山洪灾害的突出问题, 分析了国内外研究状况和发展趋势; 探讨了城市 山洪灾害多目标评估系统方法,包括山洪灾害泛滥范围的危险区划、城市易损性分析、城市山洪 灾害损失评估和风险评价四个主要内容。关于山洪孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体的社会经济状 况, 本研究提出一套基于GIS 的从数据采集→空间属性数据库建立→评价指标体系选择→预测 评价分析→山洪灾害危险性评价与风险区划的技术路线和方法体系。山洪灾害危险区划采用地 貌学和数值模拟方法; 以高分辨率遥感卫星影像为数据源, 分析了城市土地覆盖类型, 应用GIS 进行了山洪灾害损失评估和风险评价。山洪灾害多目标评估可用于指导城市洪泛区不同危险、风 险地带的土地利用规划与决策, 从而达到规避风险和减灾的目的, 并为山洪灾害影响区的居民提 供灾害风险信息, 以作为避难和防洪的依据。 相似文献
3.
城市山洪灾害风险评价——以云南省文山县城为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
山洪灾害风险评价对于减灾防灾决策和管理非常重要。本文介绍基于遥感和GIS方法的应用,探讨一种快速、简便而且较为准确的城市山洪灾害风险评价方法。以发生于1998年7月26日文山城20年一遇山洪灾害为实例,将GIS的数字高程模型与实测的山洪水位和洪峰流量结合进行淹没分析,研究表明采用该方法可以模拟准确山洪泛滥范围,并计算淹没水深分布。根据不同水深指标,应用GIS工具完成了山洪灾害危险分区。本研究利用高分辨率遥感影像提供承灾体类型的可靠和准确数据用于易损性分析和期望损失评估的价值计算。根据典型区财产损失的抽样调查,建立了不同承灾体类型与水深的关系,并确定其损失率;应用GIS空间数据处理和分析的集成方法完成了复杂的损失评估。在此基础上,按期望损失程度进行分区划分而完成山洪风险评价。研究结果表明基于GIS和RS方法进行山洪风险评价效果良好,值得推广应用于其他洪水泛滥区。 相似文献
4.
《地理学报(英文版)》2016,(2)
The urban vulnerability poses a serious challenge to achieving sustainable development. With the concentration of the population and the economy,cities must manage the higher frequencies and risks of various hazards and are becoming more vulnerable. Research on the assessment and regulatory control of urban vulnerability is of great significance for both urbanization quality improvement and sustainable development in China or other countries in the world. Because of the complexity of cities and vulnerability concepts,existing studies have focused on different aspects of urban vulnerability. And the research content of urban vulnerability is scattered and relatively independent,leading to a lack of comparability among the research data and resulting in tremendous difficulties in summarizing the conclusions through comparison of independent research data. Therefore the goal of this study was to construct urban vulnerability index(UVI) from the perspective of sustainable development that could assess urban vulnerability comprehensively. In this study,we selected 10 subindexes involving 36 specific parameters from four aspects(resources,eco-environmental systems,economics,and social development) to construct a comprehensive index system. We also established the standard values of measurements. Then we take 288 prefecture-level cities in China as a study area and evaluate its overall urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation. Results indicate that urban vulnerability of China has a remarkable spatial differentiation of both "gradient distribution" and "clustered distribution"; the extent of urban vulnerability corresponds to city size,the bigger the city,the lower its vulnerability; resource-based cities are more vulnerable than comprehensive cities; a city's economic growth rate does not reflect the extent of its urban vulnerability. Further,we offer a few suggestions to cope with urban vulnerability in China. 相似文献
5.
A comprehensive assessment of urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation in China 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
The urban vulnerability poses a serious challenge to achieving sustainable development. With the concentration of the population and the economy, cities must manage the higher frequencies and risks of various hazards and are becoming more vulnerable. Research on the assessment and regulatory control of urban vulnerability is of great significance for both urbanization quality improvement and sustainable development in China or other countries in the world. Because of the complexity of cities and vulnerability concepts, existing studies have focused on different aspects of urban vulnerability. And the research content of urban vulnerability is scattered and relatively independent, leading to a lack of comparability among the research data and resulting in tremendous difficulties in summarizing the conclusions through comparison of independent research data. Therefore the goal of this study was to construct urban vulnerability index (UVI) from the perspective of sustainable development that could assess urban vulnerability comprehensively. In this study, we selected 10 subindexes involving 36 specific parameters from four aspects (resources, eco-environmental systems, economics, and social development) to construct a comprehensive index system. We also established the standard values of measurements. Then we take 288 prefecture-level cities in China as a study area and evaluate its overall urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation. Results indicate that urban vulnerability of China has a remarkable spatial differentiation of both “gradient distribution” and “clustered distribution”; the extent of urban vulnerability corresponds to city size, the bigger the city, the lower its vulnerability; resource-based cities are more vulnerable than comprehensive cities; a city’s economic growth rate does not reflect the extent of its urban vulnerability. Further, we offer a few suggestions to cope with urban vulnerability in China. 相似文献
6.
Assessing physical vulnerability for multi-hazards using an indicator-based methodology 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Globally, many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. Indicator-based vulnerability approaches are flexible and can be adjusted to the different hazards as well as to specific user needs. In this paper, an indicator-based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. The resulting multi-hazard version of the PTVA consists of four steps: the identification of the study area and relevant hazards as well as the acquisition of hazard information, the determination of vulnerability indicators and collection of data, the weighting of factors and vulnerability assessment and finally, the consideration of hazard interactions. After the introduction of the newly developed methodology a pilot application is carried out in the Faucon municipality located in the Barcelonnette basin, Southern French Alps. In this case study the vulnerability of buildings to debris flows, shallow landslides and river flooding for emergency planning and for general risk reduction purposes is assessed. The implementation of the methodology leads to reasonable results indicating the vulnerable buildings and supporting the priority setting of different end-users according to their objectives. The constraints of the presented methodology are: a) the fact that the method is not hazard-intensity specific, thus, vulnerability is measured in a rather qualitative and relative way and b) the high amount of data required for its performance. However, the advantage is that it is a flexible method which can be applied for the vulnerability analysis in a multi-hazard context but also it can be adjusted to the user-specific needs to support decision-making. 相似文献
7.
城市灾害社会脆弱性研究热点问题评述与展望 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
对城市灾害社会脆弱性研究的热点问题及趋向进行了深入的梳理和总结。研究发现,现阶段社会脆弱性研究已经成为城市灾害脆弱性的重要研究范式,但学者们在城市灾害社会脆弱性综合维度的界定、脆弱性评估方法构建、社会脆弱性与灾害种类相关性判读以及研究尺度选取等方面存在明显的争议。对这些争议进行了深入探讨,并对未来城市灾害社会脆弱性研究进行了展望,以期为中国城市防灾减灾工作提供科学参考。 相似文献
8.
脆弱性的概念及其评价方法 总被引：40，自引：3，他引：37
脆弱性研究是全球变化及可持续性科学领域关注的热点问题和重要的分析工具, 随着脆弱性研究受到越 来越多的关注, 对脆弱性的概念和评价方法的研究日益深入。对国内外相关研究中出现的脆弱性概念进行了归纳 总结, 并深入讨论了不同学者就脆弱性概念初步达成的共识及存在的分歧, 在此基础上明确了脆弱性概念的内涵。 依据脆弱性评价的思路, 将国内外脆弱性研究中出现脆弱性评价方法分为五大类, 分析了各种评价方法的优缺点, 指出了脆弱性评价中应遵循的基本原则。最后, 结合脆弱性研究的发展趋势, 指出面向多重扰动的脆弱性评价、耦 合系统的脆弱性评价、复杂系统的不确定问题、脆弱性评价的尺度问题等是目前脆弱性评价研究中亟待开展的研 究内容。 相似文献
9.
泾河流域是农业旱灾的多发地区,但是对该地农业旱灾的发生规律、旱灾影响及旱灾恢复和准备措施方面开展的研究还较少。本文根据自然灾害风险评估的理论框架,建立了1km栅格精度的泾河流域农业旱灾风险空间评估模型,并对农业旱灾致灾因子危险性及农业承险体脆弱性进行评估,最后综合评估该地区农业旱灾风险。在此基础上,分析研究区农业旱灾危险性、承险体脆弱性及风险的空间特征。本研究采用Z指数方法评估泾河流域农业旱灾致灾因子的强度,选取农作物生长季缺水率、土壤有效含水量、有效灌溉面积比以及坡度等4个指标评估研究区1km空间尺度的农业旱灾脆弱性。农业旱灾风险综合评估的结果表明,泾河流域农业旱灾风险的高风险区位于该地区北部,低风险区位于该地区南部,且不同等级风险区呈现出自东向西、自南向北逐渐降低的总体趋势,但不同等级风险区呈现间隔分布的趋势。 相似文献
10.
西安快速城市化边缘区社会脆弱性评价与影响因素 总被引：17，自引：7，他引：10
脆弱性理论是分析人地相互作用程度、机理与过程的重要工具,为可持续性评估研究提供了新的视角。将社会脆弱性工具应用到城市边缘区研究中,视快速城市化为主要干扰,选取西安城市边缘区所辖街道为基本单元,从暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3方面构建社会脆弱性评价框架与指标体系,综合运用熵值法、函数模型法以及遥感与地理信息系统技术对社会脆弱性程度进行评价,揭示社会脆弱性空间分异格局,探究社会脆弱性关键影响因素及其影响机制。结果表明：① 西安城市边缘区的暴露度格局呈现出自中心向外围渐趋减缓的特征;敏感性程度的高、低分布与暴露度的低、高分布在空间上具有相似性;适应能力的空间规律性不明显;② 社会脆弱性空间分布不均衡,以中、低等级为主,低等级街道分布在城市内边缘区,中等级街道分散在城市外边缘区;③ 建设用地面积比重等8个因子对社会脆弱性有重要影响,土地利用方式与景观格局的变化以及物质与社会发展的不平衡是城市边缘区社会脆弱性形成的主要原因,社会系统体制转换阶段的差异进一步加剧了社会脆弱性;④ 城市边缘区应通过优化系统内部结构和功能以适应城市化的扰动,包括制定适应性管理政策和加强城市边缘区社会适应能力建设。 相似文献
11.
The role that family and household structure, size, and ethnic/racial composition play in increasing or decreasing vulnerability to natural hazards, which has been missing from the literature, is investigated. The study first reviews the conceptual foundations of the relationships between families/households and natural hazards vulnerability and then employs a principal components analysis to uncover spatial variations in the vulnerability of families and households to hurricane storm surge hazards in Sarasota County, Florida. The analysis identifies and maps five principal components that explain approximately 83% of the variance in family/household population: nuclear families/households; Black families/households; nonfamily, young adult group households; Hispanic families/households; and Asian families/households. Comparison of storm surge risk maps with the locations of these families/households shows the relative vulnerability of each of these family/household categories, with elderly householders living alone on exposed barrier islands being the most vulnerable. The research suggests that family and household structures integrate several socio-demographic vulnerability indicators central to most social vulnerability assessments. Results indicate that future research and hazard mitigation policies should focus on families and households as core analytical units. Findings also suggest that recognizing the diversity of families and households is important to reducing vulnerability to natural hazards. 相似文献
12.
This paper quantitatively explores farmers' vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps,which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly,the spatial extent and charac-teristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from the 1:50,000 topographic map. Secondly,for each of the township,six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are: rural population proportion,cultivated land proportion,GDP per unit area,employment proportion of primary industry,net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly,the normalized indices (as GIS data layers) were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coeffi-cient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers' livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the "five rivers". 相似文献
13.
采用GIS/RS的方法,以衡阳盆地为研究对象,构建由年降水量,少雨期干旱指数,坡度指数,土壤蓄水能力指数,植被覆盖指数,土地利用指数,水源可获得性指数和人类活动指数8个具体指标组成的基于GIS/RS方法的水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,对衡阳盆地农村水资源脆弱性进行定量评价。结果表明,衡阳盆地农村水资源系统脆弱度的空间分布总体表现为“南北低、中间高”的分布态势,北部的衡阳县、西部的祁东县和中部的衡南县是全区水资源脆弱性最高区域,而南部的常宁、耒阳和东北的衡东县是全区水资源脆弱性低值区。基于GIS/RS的水资源脆弱性评价方法与传统研究方法所得结果具有较好的相似性,但是,相对于传统的评价方法,GIS方法的评价结果更为细致和精确。 相似文献
14.
鄱阳湖区洪灾风险与农户脆弱性分析 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
运用1:5 万DEM 地形数据对鄱阳湖区洪涝灾害风险区区域范围及空间分布进行了分析。在此基础上, 以乡镇为基本研究单元, 选取乡村人口比重、耕地面积比重为洪灾风险暴露分析指标, 选取单位面积生产总值、农民人均纯收入、第一产业从业人员比重、农业收入占农村经济总收入比重等为农户洪灾应对能力分析指标, 并引入了不同洪水水位特征值的影响系数, 对鄱阳湖区农户洪灾脆弱性程度进行了定量研究。结果表明, 鄱阳湖洪灾风险区面积广、影响深, 农户对洪涝灾害总体上存在着较高的脆弱性; 在所涉及的180 个乡镇中, 农户脆弱度高于平均值的有100 个, 占到乡镇数55.56%。脆弱度最高的乡镇主要集中在滨湖地带及五河干流沿岸地区, 而脆弱度较低的乡镇则主要分布在湖区各县城关镇所在区域。 相似文献
15.
This paper quantitatively explores farmers’ vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps, which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly, the spatial extent and charac-teristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from the 1:50,000 topographic map. Secondly, for each of the township, six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are: rural population proportion, cultivated land proportion, GDP per unit area, employment proportion of primary industry, net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly, the normalized indices (as GIS data layers) were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coeffi-cient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers’ livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the “five rivers”. 相似文献
16.
京津冀地区县域单元地质灾害风险评估 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
以京津冀地区为例,探索县域单元的地质灾害风险评估方法。通过测算地质灾害危险性与承灾体易损性,以定性综合评估的方式实现县域单元地质灾害风险评估。实际评估中,将承灾体易损性分为人口安全易损性与资产易损性,分别用因灾死亡人口比与因灾直接经济损失比加以表征;再以国土资源部2001-2015年地质灾害灾情数据为基础,参考1950-2000年灾情数据,提出人口安全易损性与资产易损性的分级标准,并在京津冀地区进行了评估。结果表明：研究区整体地质灾害风险低,204个评估单元中仅有6个为中风险区,包括河北省涞源县、涞水县、武安市、青龙满族自治县、北京石景山区、延庆区,其余198个为低风险区,与实际情况相符。此方法快捷简便、数据可连续获取,符合建立资源环境承载能力监测预警机制要求。空间差异化评估结果可为主动防灾减灾、国土空间管理提供支撑。 相似文献
17.
城市研究的范式在大数据和人工智能的影响下已经发生了巨大变化。本文根据城市研究及地理信息科学的发展历程和学科脉络,提出城市空间信息学是社会和产业需求导向的一个新兴知识领域,也是融合式研究趋势下地理信息教学和研究的一个发展方向。城市规划和地理信息科学两大类专业虽然具备孵化出城市空间信息学人才的学科基础,但是其学科体系都需要较大的改变才能实现突破;从现有的学科设置的体系看,地理空间信息工程专业由于提供了同时培养学生系统思维、空间思维和计算思维的框架,具备发展城市空间信息学本科教育的入口。本文在此基础上提出了城市空间信息工程本科专业的培养方案设计思路,期望能够对城市空间信息学的学科发展以及教学研究带来讨论契机,并推动地理信息学科和城市规划学科的可持续发展。 相似文献
18.
以中国280个城市市辖区为研究对象,从暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3个维度构建城市高温脆弱性评价指标体系,利用气象观测数据、人口普查数据、社会经济统计数据等,量化城市高温脆弱性指数,揭示1990、2000和2010年中国城市高温脆弱性格局,并探讨其影响因素。结果显示：1）在时间维度上,1990－2010年中国城市高温暴露度呈升高趋势,敏感性先升高后降低,而适应能力呈缓慢降低趋势;空间维度上,暴露度整体呈南高北低的集聚态势,敏感性与适应能力分布则较分散。2）1990－2000年,中国城市高温脆弱性格局变化较小,2010年中国城市高温暴露度和敏感度均升高,适应能力却有所下降,导致高脆弱性城市数量骤增,分布范围呈由南向北扩大趋势,1990、2000、2010年高脆弱性城市占比依次为24%、28%、62%。3）区域气候条件、自然环境和城市发展水平的差异是影响城市高温脆弱性的重要因素,夏季月平均气温、热岛强度对城市高温脆弱性具有显著正向影响,人均地方财政收入、夏季月平均降水量、第二产业产值占GDP比重、高程、最大风速和人均固定资产投资额对城市高温脆弱性具有显著负向影响。气温对于城市高温脆弱性正向效应远大于城市社会经济条件的负向效应,城市高温脆弱性主要受区域温度环境的影响。 相似文献
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基于DPSIRM模型的社区人居环境安全空间分异——以大连市为例 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以DPSIRM因果关系模型拟定指标体系,运用模糊层次分析法和综合比较法赋权并量化计算,基于地理信息系统空间分析方法,对大连社区人居环境状况和全空间分异格局进行研究,结果表明:大连市社区人居环境安全单元分为五个类别,即社区人居环境安全评价很差单元、社区人居环境安全评价较差单元、社区人居环境安全评价过渡单元、社区人居环境安全评价较好单元、社区人居环境安全评价优良单元;大连市人居环境安全的空间分布中各分区所占的比例为:人居环境安全区30.598%,人居环境较安全区30.232%,人居环境安全过渡区9.678%,人居环境较不安全区12.299%,人居环境不安全区17.193%;南部滨海区人居环境安全好,北部城乡结合部人居环境安全差,呈现由南向北递减趋势;中部是国家森林公园等植被覆盖好的区域,人居环境安全好。研究表明本文所建评价模型具有普遍性,可用于不同社区人居环境因子的评价与比较。 相似文献
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用地布局一直是城市总体规划中的关键难题,以往的规划方案多凭借规划师的经验判断、简单的图层叠加和有限的公众参与生成。然而新的城乡规划法要求从多角度综合考虑城乡用地布局问题,更加注重规划过程的科学性和准确性,也就特别需要有一种适应多情景分析下的城市用地布局模拟与方案评价方法。文章以江苏省太仓市为例,借助GIS技术的强大空间分析功能,探讨了这种方法的技术流程：① 参考已有的大尺度城市未来模型,结合我国特别是研究区的区域特点,构建一个实用的城市未来模型(Urban Future Model,UFM);② 通过用地评价、战略归纳、情景模拟等步骤,生成若干个可选的用地布局模拟方案;③ 应用多目标达成矩阵法从粮食、生态、灾害等多个角度对这些方案进行综合评价,并根据评价结果选择一个最佳方案作为本轮总规用地布局的规划参考方案。 相似文献