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1.
The Quérigut mafic–felsic rock association comprisestwo main magma series. The first is felsic comprising a granodiorite–tonalite,a monzogranite and a biotite granite. The second is intermediateto ultramafic, forming small diorite and gabbro intrusions associatedwith hornblendites and olivine hornblendites. A U–Pb zirconage of 307 ± 2 Ma was obtained from the granodiorite–tonalites.Contact metamorphic minerals in the thermal aureole providea maximum emplacement pressure of between 260 and 270 MPa. Petrographiccharacteristics of the mafic and ultramafic rocks suggest crystallizationat <300 MPa, demonstrating that mantle-derived magmas ascendedto shallow levels in the Pyrenean crust during Variscan times.The ultramafic rocks are the most isotopically primitive components,with textural and geochemical features of cumulates from hydrousbasaltic magmas. None of the mafic to ultramafic rocks havedepleted mantle isotope signatures, indicating crustal contaminationor derivation from enriched mantle. Origins for the dioritesinclude accumulation from granodiorite–tonalite magma,derivatives from mafic magmas, or hybrids. The granitic rockswere formed from broadly Proterozoic meta-igneous crustal protoliths.The isotopic signatures, mineralogy and geochemistry of thegranodiorite–tonalites and monzogranites suggest crystallizationfrom different magmas with similar time-integrated Rb/Sr andSm/Nd isotope ratios, or that the granodiorite–tonalitesare cumulates from a granodioritic to monzogranitic parent.The biotite granite differs from the other felsic rocks, representinga separate magma batch. Ages for Quérigut and other Pyreneangranitoids show that post-collisional wrenching in this partof the Variscides was under way by 310 Ma. KEY WORDS: Variscan orogeny; Pyrenees; Quérigut complex; epizonal magmatism; post-thickening; mafic–felsic association  相似文献   

2.
The Saldanha eruption centre, on the West Coast of South Africa, consists of 542 Ma, intracaldera, S-type, rhyolite ignimbrites divided into the basal Saldanha Ignimbrite and the partly overlying Jacob’s Bay Ignimbrite. Depleted-mantle Nd model ages suggest magma sources younger than the Early Mesoproterozoic, and located within the Neoproterozoic Malmesbury Group and Swartland complex metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks that form the regional basement. The Sr isotope systematics suggest that the dominant source rocks were metavolcaniclastic rocks and metagreywackes, and that the magmas formed from separate batches extracted from the same heterogeneous source. No apparent magma mixing trends relate the Saldanha to the Jacob’s Bay Ignimbrites, or either of these to the magmas that formed the Plankiesbaai or Tsaarsbank Ignimbrites in the neighbouring Postberg eruption centre. The magmas were extracted from their source rocks carrying small but significant proportions of peritectic and restitic accessory minerals. Variations in the content of this entrained crystal cargo were responsible for most of the chemical variations in the magmas. Although we cannot construct a cogent crystal fractionation model to relate these groups of magmas, at least some crystal fractionation occurred, as an overlay on the primary signal due to peritectic assemblage entrainment (PAE). Thus, the causes of the cryptic chemical variation among the ignimbrite magmas of the Saldanha centre are variable, but dominated by the compositions of the parent melts and PAE. The preservation of clear, source-inherited chemical signatures, in individual samples, calls into question the common interpretation of silicic calderas as having been formed in large magma reservoirs, with magma compositions shaped by magma mingling, mixing, and fractional crystallization. The Saldanha rocks suggest a more intimate connection between source and erupted magma, and perhaps indicate that silicic magmas are too viscous to be significantly modified by magma-chamber processes.  相似文献   

3.
云南景洪南联山橄榄岩—闪长岩型岩体的特征及地质意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
岩相学和地球化学特征表明,南联山岩体是岩浆侵位的,岩石的分布显示环带构造;从中心向外依次为角闪橄榄岩、辉绿(辉长)岩和闪长岩。它们的结构和化学特征指示,这些岩石是由辉长-闪长岩质的岩浆结晶分异作用而形成的,角闪橄榄岩和部分辉绿岩为堆晶岩,其它的岩石为堆晶作用后分异而成的岩浆共结结晶作用所形成。原始岩浆的成分类似于高铝玄武岩和(或)玄武质安山岩。  相似文献   

4.
Summary The Shillong Plateau of northeastern India hosts four Early Cretaceous (105–107Ma) ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite complexes (UACC), which have been associated with the Kerguelen plume igneous activity. Petrological and geochemical characteristics of one of these UACC, the Sung Valley, are presented. The Sung Valley UACC was emplaced in to the Proterozoic Shillong Group of rocks and consists of ultramafics (serpentinized peridotite, pyroxenite, and melilitolite), alkaline rocks (ijolite and nepheline syenite), and carbonatites. Serpentinized peridotite, pyroxenite, and ijolitic rocks form the major part of the complex, the others constitute less than 5% of the total volume. Ijolite and melilitolite intrude peridotite and pyroxenite, while nepheline syenite and carbonatite intrude the ultramafic rocks as well as ijolite. Mineralogically, the carbonatites are classified as calcite carbonatite with minor apatite, phlogopite, pyrochlore and ilmenite. The serpentinized peridotites are wehrlitic. Chemical compositions of the silicate rocks do not show a distinct co-genetic relationship amongst them, nor do they show any geochemical relationships with the carbonatites. No noticeable fractionation trend is observed on the chemical variation diagrams of these rocks. It is difficult to establish the genetic evolution of the Sung Valley UACC through fractional crystallization of nephelinitic magma or through immiscible liquids. On the basis of petrological and geochemical data and previously published isotopic results from these rocks, it is suggested that they have been derived from a primary carbonate magma generated by the low-degree melting of a metasomatized mantle peridotite.  相似文献   

5.
Granular xenoliths (ejecta) from pyroclastic deposits emplaced during the latest stages of activity of the Alban Hills volcano range from ultramafic to salic. Ultramafic types consist of various proportions of olivine, spinel, clinopyroxene and phlogopite. They show low SiO2, alkalies and incompatible element abundances and very high MgO. However, Cr, Co and Sc are anomalously low, at a few ppm level. Olivine is highly magnesian (up to Fo%=96) and has rather high CaO (1% Ca) and very low Ni (around a few tens ppm) contents. These characteristics indicate a genesis of ultramafic ejecta by thermal metamorphism of a siliceous dolomitic limestone, probably with input of chemical components from potassic magma. The other xenoliths have textures and compositional characteristics which indicate that they represent either intrusive equivalents of lavas or cumulates crystallized from variably evolved ultrapotassic magmas. One sample of the former group has major element composition resembling ultrapotassic rocks with kamafugitic affinity. Some cumulitic rocks have exceedingly high abundances of Th (81–84 ppm) and light rare-earth elements (LREE) (La+Ce=421–498 ppm) and extreme REE fractionation (La/Yb=288–1393), not justified by their modal mineralogy which is dominated by sanidine, leucite and nepheline. Finegrained phases are dispersed through the fractures and within the interstices of the main minerals. Semiquantitative EDS analyses show that Th and LREE occur at concentration levels of several tens of percent in these phases, indicating that their presence is responsible for the high concentration of incompatible trace elements in the whole rocks. The interstitial position of these phases and their association with fluorite support a secondary origin by deposition from fluorine-rich fluids separated from a highly evolved potassic liquid. The Nd isotopic ratios of the cjecta range from 0.51182 to 0.51217. 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.70900 to 0.71036. With the exception of one sample, these values are lower than those of the outcropping lavas, which cluster around 0.7105±3. This indicates either the occurrence of several isotopically distinct potassic magmas or a variable interaction between magmas and wall rocks. However, this latter hypothesis requires selective assimilation of host rocks in order to explain isotopic and geochemical characteristics of lavas and xenoliths. The new data indicate that the evolutionary processes in the potassic magmas of the Alban Hills were much more complex than envisaged by previous studies. Interaction of magmas with wall rocks may be an important process during magmatic evolution. Element migration by gaseous transfer, often invoked but rarely constrained by sound data, is shown to have occurred during the latest stages of magmatic evolution. Such a process was able to produce selective enrichment of Th, U, LREE and, to a minor degree, Ta and Hf in the wall rocks of potassic magma chamber. Finally, the occurrence of xenoliths with kamafugitic composition points to the existence of this type of ultrapotassic magma at the Alban Hills.  相似文献   

6.
在岩相学和岩石地球化学研究的基础上,结合对主要造岩矿物辉石、长石和霞石的电子探针研究,揭示山西临县紫金山岩体成因。研究表明,紫金山岩体为一套富钾碱性-过碱性岩石。根据各期岩石中矿物组合,可将紫金山杂岩体7期岩石分为两种岩石系列：经典碱性岩浆系列和非经典碱性岩浆系列。经典碱性岩浆系列中均出现似长石(霞石或白榴石)和钾长石,而不出现斜长石,除第三期霓霞钛辉岩外均含霓辉石(钠质辉石);非经典碱性岩浆系列岩石中均出现透辉石(钙质辉石),而不出现似长石,部分期次岩石中出现斜长石。结合两个岩浆系列中全岩Sr-Nd同位素数据及区域地质资料,推测紫金山岩体成因为：吕梁地区中生代软流圈地幔的上涌及扰动促使来自软流圈、岩石圈地幔和下地壳物质部分熔融产生的岩浆发生多次不同比例的混合,所形成的各期混合岩浆分批上侵依次定位在地壳浅部环境形成7期岩石。因各期岩浆源区中所含壳源物质比例不同,故它们可分为具有不同矿物组合的两个岩石系列。  相似文献   

7.
In late Cretaceous time, subsilicic, alkalic magmas formed sills,laccoliths, plug-like bodies, small volcanoes, and a few dikesin Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Texas coastal plain alongan arcuate trend approximately coinciding with the buried Ouachitastructural belt. Transverse structural features apparently localizedthe igneous activity in two centers. In the larger center nearUvalde, Texas about half of the bodies are melilite-olivinenephelinite, a third olivine nephelinite and the remainder analcitephonolite, olivine basalt, and nepheline basanite, in orderof decreasing abundance. Basaltic and nephelinitic magmas were the primary magmas fromwhich all igneous rocks of the province were derived. Removalof olivine gave rise to a small range in chemical compositionof the basaltic rocks, but not gradation toward silica undersaturation.Nephelinitic magmas with compositions near that at which normativecalcium orthosilicate appears differentiated along two trendsto form melilite-olivine nephelinite as one end product andthrough nepheline basanite to analcite phonolite as the other.These two trends arose independently, their courses being determinedby the composition of the primary nephelinitic magma and theplane Fo-Di-Ne which has no piercing point at low pressure.  相似文献   

8.
Igneous rocks of the Devonian Kola Alkaline Carbonatite Province (KACP) in NW Russia and eastern Finland can be classified into four groups: (a) primitive mantle-derived silica-undersaturated silicate magmas; (b) evolved alkaline and nepheline syenites; (c) cumulate rocks; (d) carbonatites and phoscorites, some of which may also be cumulates. There is no obvious age difference between these various groups, so all of the magma-types were formed at the same time in a relatively restricted area and must therefore be petrogenetically related. Both sodic and potassic varieties of primitive silicate magmas are present. On major element variation diagrams, the cumulate rocks plot as simple mixtures of their constituent minerals (olivine, clinopyroxene, calcite, etc). There are complete compositional trends between carbonatites, phoscorites and silicate cumulates, which suggests that many carbonatites and phoscorites are also cumulates. CaO / Al2O3 ratios for ultramafic and mafic silicate rocks in dykes and pipes range up to 5, indicating a very small degree of melting of a carbonated mantle at depth. Damkjernites appear to be transitional to carbonatites. Trace element modelling indicates that all the mafic silicate magmas are related to small degrees of melting of a metasomatised garnet peridotite source. Similarities of the REE patterns and initial Sr and Nd isotope compositions for ultramafic alkaline silicate rocks and carbonatites indicate that there is a strong relationship between the two magma-types. There is also a strong petrogenetic link between carbonatites, kimberlites and alkaline ultramafic lamprophyres. Fractional crystallisation of olivine, diopside, melilite and nepheline gave rise to the evolved nepheline syenites, and formed the ultramafic cumulates. All magmas in the KACP appear to have originated in a single event, possibly triggered by the arrival of hot material (mantle plume?) beneath the Archaean/Proterozoic lithosphere of the northern Baltic Shield that had been recently metasomatised. Melting of the carbonated garnet peridotite mantle formed a spectrum of magmas including carbonatite, damkjernite, melilitite, melanephelinite and ultramafic lamprophyre. Pockets of phlogopite metasomatised lithospheric mantle also melted to form potassic magmas including kimberlite. Depth of melting, degree of melting and presence of metasomatic phases are probably the major factors controlling the precise composition of the primary melts formed.  相似文献   

9.
The Thetford Mines complex is a complete ophiolite which is part of an ultramafic-mafic belt within Québec Appalachians. These allochtonous bodies were emplaced during the Early Ordovician. The Thetford Mines complex comprises a lower unit of metamorphic harzburgite (in which tabular, dyke-like, dunitic bodies occur) overlain successively by ultramafic cumulates, mafic cumulates, ophitic gabbros, diabase sills and dykes, and basaltic volcanic rocks. Field evidence, petrography and chemical data indicate that the tabular dunitic bodies formed when fractures in the metamorphic harzburgite (which constituted the floor of the magma chamber) filled with early cumulates (i.e., olivine±chromite). Representative rocks from all units were analyzed for major and rare earth elements (REE). Metamorphic harzburgite samples from Thetford Mines complex have U-shaped chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Pyroxenites and wehrlites of the cumulate sequence are all strongly light-REE depleted and have heavy REE ranging from 0.4 to 1.5 times chondrite. REE data from ultramafic and volcanic rocks of Thetford Mines complex and geochemical modelling indicate that the metamorphic harzburgite has the chemical characteristics of depleted upper mantle residues with U-shaped patterns, and that the ultramafic cumulates crystallized from magmas having different La/Yb ratios.  相似文献   

10.
The igneous rocks of the Kialineq centre on the coast of East Greenland at 67°N include a number of quartz syenite and granite plutons intruded 35my BP. These are subvolcanic bodies emplaced by cauldron subsidence and with ring-dike and bell-jar form. Associated with the major intrusions is an extensive acid-basic mixed magma complex. Two-liquid structures, chilling of basic against acid magma, pillows of basic in acid, and net-veining of basic by acid magma, are superbly displayed. The basic magma was of a transitional or alkaline type and underwent varying degrees of fractionation in a regime of repeated intrusions and diverse chambers. Heterogeneous hybrid rocks intermediate between basalt and quartz syenite are strongly developed and were formed by repeated mechanical mixing of contrasting magmas. The energy for this mixing probably came in the main from cauldron-block subsidence. The quartz syenite magma, which itself fractionated towards granite, has initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios the same as the basic magma and is itself believed to be a fractionation product of alkali basalt magma.  相似文献   

11.
石煜  王玉往  王京彬  周国超  王海 《地球科学》2022,47(9):3244-3257
东天山黄山东和黄山西镁铁-超镁铁岩是区域早二叠世大规模幔源岩浆作用的产物,赋存有两个大型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床.黄山东和黄山西矿床的主要矿体均赋存于超镁铁岩中,其含矿超镁铁岩的成因机制研究对揭示区域铜镍硫化物成矿作用机制具有重要意义.本文对黄山东和黄山西含矿超镁铁岩进行了详细的电子背散射图像研究,发现其斜长石斑晶存在显著的不平衡结构,并系统进行了电子探针成分剖面分析.结果显示斜长石具有剧烈变化的成分环带,其中黄山东超镁铁岩斜长石An值介于48.6~75.6,黄山西含矿超镁铁岩斜长石An值介于44.9~79.2,表明两个矿床含矿超镁铁岩的母岩浆在侵位过程中发生过显著的成分变化.结合黄山东和黄山西镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体地质特征,本文认为高分异镁铁质岩浆的加入导致了低分异超镁铁质岩浆成分发生显著变化,致使岩浆硫化物熔离,以及黄山东和黄山西大型铜镍硫化物矿床的形成.   相似文献   

12.
In order to better understand the origin and character of late-Archean mantle beneath the Baltic Shield, we have analyzed mafic-ultramafic rocks from one of the best-preserved, least-metamorphosed regions of Karelia, Russia. Trace-element data for samples from the ultramafic and gabbronorite zones of the large (700 km2) Burakovsky layered intrusion (BLI) are presented. Samples from the ultramafic zone are LREE enriched, indicating that they formed from a LREE-enriched parental magma. Indeed, a calculated parental magma for the ultramafic zone has a (Ce/Yb)n ratio of 2.6, a (Nd/Sm)n ratio of 1.1, and a (Dy/Yb)n ratio of 1.6. The LREE enrichment in the parental magma suggests either that the source region was LREE enriched or that the melt was contaminated by crust en route to the BLI magma chamber. Samples from the gabbronorite zone also are LREE enriched and indicate two distinct parental magmas. Group-I magmas, from the lower part of the gabbronorite zone, have (Ce/Yb)n ratios of 6.9 to 13.9, whereas Group-II magmas, from the upper portion, have (Ce/Yb)n ratios of 15.8 to 27.3. Volcanic rocks in Karelia that are coeval to the Burakovsky layered intrusion, as well as volcanic rocks of a similar age in other parts of the Baltic Shield, also are LREE enriched. Furthermore, the BLI has an initial εNd value of ?2.0, and other layered intrusions in the Baltic Shield of similar age also have negative initial εNd values (e.g., ?1.8 to ?2.2). The consistency of these εNd values for layered intrusions throughout Karelia precludes contamination as a controlling factor in their isotopic compositions. All of these data are most consistent with the development of LREE-enriched mantle beneath the eastern Baltic Shield, prior to the earliest Proterozoic.  相似文献   

13.
A mafic–ultramafic intrusive belt comprising Silurian arc gabbroic rocks and Early Permian mafic–ultramafic intrusions was recently identified in the western part of the East Tianshan, NW China. This paper discusses the petrogenesis of the mafic–ultramafic rocks in this belt and intends to understand Phanerozoic crust growth through basaltic magmatism occurring in an island arc and intraplate extensional tectonic setting in the Chinese Tianshan Orogenic Belt (CTOB). The Silurian gabbroic rocks comprise troctolite, olivine gabbro, and leucogabbro enclosed by Early Permian diorites. SHRIMP II U-Pb zircon dating yields a 427 ± 7.3 Ma age for the Silurian gabbroic rocks and a 280.9 ± 3.1 Ma age for the surrounding diorite. These gabbroic rocks are direct products of mantle basaltic magmas generated by flux melting of the hydrous mantle wedge over subduction zone during Silurian subduction in the CTOB. The arc signature of the basaltic magmas receives support from incompatible trace elements in olivine gabbro and leucogabbro, which display enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and prominent depletion in Nb and Ta with higher U/Th and lower Ce/Pb and Nb/Ta ratios than MORBs and OIBs. The hydrous nature of the arc magmas are corroborated by the Silurian gabbroic rocks with a cumulate texture comprising hornblende cumulates and extremely calcic plagioclase (An up to 99 mol%). Troctolite is a hybrid rock, and its formation is related to the reaction of the hydrous basaltic magmas with a former arc olivine-diallage matrix which suggests multiple arc basaltic magmatism in the Early Paleozoic. The Early Permian mafic–ultramafic intrusions in this belt comprise ultramafic rocks and evolved hornblende gabbro resulting from differentiation of a basaltic magma underplated in an intraplate extensional tectonic setting, and this model would apply to coeval mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the CTOB. Presence of Silurian gabbroic rocks as well as pervasively distributed arc felsic plutons in the CTOB suggest active crust-mantle magmatism in the Silurian, which has contributed to crustal growth by (1) serving as heat sources that remelted former arc crust to generate arc plutons, (2) addition of a mantle component to the arc plutons by magma mixing, and (3) transport of mantle materials to form new lower or middle crust. Mafic–ultramafic intrusions and their spatiotemporal A-type granites during Early Permian to Triassic intraplate extension are intrusive counterparts of the contemporaneous bimodal volcanic rocks in the CTOB. Basaltic underplating in this temporal interval contributed to crustal growth in a vertical form, including adding mantle materials to lower or middle crust by intracrustal differentiation and remelting Early-Paleozoic formed arc crust in the CTOB.  相似文献   

14.
This paper discusses the genesis of large Siberian alkaline massifs hosting major ore deposits. These reference massifs are grouped based on the predominance of alkalies (K or Na) and their agpaitic index (miaskitic and agpaitic). We proposed new emplacement schemes for the Tomtor, Murun, Burpala, Synnyr, and Bilibino massifs supported by petrochemical and geochemical data, as well as new age estimates. Types of their ore potential and genesis of rare-metal mineralization are discussed. The formational types of carbonatites as the main ore-bearing rocks are given. The depth of magma generation and types of mantle sources are determined using isotopic data from previous studies. A model of plume-related generation of ultramafic alkaline magmas is proposed.  相似文献   

15.
The only known post-Archaean komatiites are found on Gorgona,a small island off the Colombian coast that forms part of theCaribbean oceanic plateau. Mafic and ultramafic intrusions arelocated in the interior of the island. To establish the relationshipbetween intrusive and extrusive phases of ultramafic magmatism,and to help understand how an oceanic plateau is constructed,we undertook the first petrological and geochemical study ofthe intrusive rocks. Rare earth element patterns in gabbrosrange from almost flat to moderately depleted; in dunites andwehrlites, the depletion is more pronounced. These patternsfall midway in the range measured in Gorgona volcanics, whosecompositions vary from slightly enriched to extremely depleted.Nd isotope compositions indicate two distinct mantle sources,one highly depleted, the other less depleted. MgO contents ofparental liquids are estimated from olivine compositions at20–25 % in ultramafic lavas, and 12–13% in the intrusives.Petrographic observations and similarities in trace-elementcontents indicate that the two magma types are comagmatic, relatedthrough olivine fractionation. Modelling of major and traceelements indicates that the primary ultramafic magmas formedby advanced critical melting at high pressure in a rising mantleplume. The plumbing system that fed the Gorgona plateau wascomplex, being characterized by a series of magma chambers atdifferent crustal levels. Mantle-derived ultramafic liquidseither travelled directly to the surface to erupt as komatiiteflows, or were trapped in magma chambers where they differentiatedinto basaltic liquid and mafic to ultramafic cumulates. Gorgonagabbros and peridotites formed in shallow-level examples ofthese intrusions. KEY WORDS: Gorgona Island, Colombia; komatiite; mantle melting; oceanic plateau; melt transport  相似文献   

16.
碳酸岩的地质地球化学特征及其大地构造意义   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  
从已知碳酸岩的地质产状、岩石学特征、Nd-Sr-Pb-O-C同位素及痕量元素地球化学特征数据,结合高温高压实验岩石学资料,论述了其地幔源区的物质成分、交代过程软流圈地幔部分熔融机制和碳酸岩岩浆的演化模型。碳酸岩既可以产生于拉张岩石圈构造背景,也能够产生于挤压而派生的引张岩石圈构造背景。前者以产于裂谷环境、与硅酸不饱和过碱性岩构成环状碳酸岩—碱性杂岩为特征,主要由起源于软流圈地幔的霞石质超基性—基性岩浆经液态不混溶作用而形成;后者产于碰撞造山过程中派生的引张岩石圈断裂带,以单一的透镜状、条带状和似层状碳酸岩体为标志,直接由导源岩石圈富集地幔的低程度部分熔融作用而产生的碳酸岩浆侵入或喷发所形成。  相似文献   

17.
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18.
The Bear Mountain igneous complex, Klamath Mountains, California,can be divided into distinct lithologic suites (order accordingto apparent relative age): (1) satellitic masses of clinopyroxene-richultramafic and gabbroic rocks with subordinate dunite and hornblende-plagioclasepegmatoid; (2) two-pyroxene-biotite diorite and monzodiorite;(3) heterogeneous hornblende-rich rocks varying from gabbroto diorite; (4) leucocratic rocks, chiefly consisting of biotitetonalite and granodiorite; and (5) late dikes (mafic to felsic).Elongate masses of unit (1) flank a composite pluton consistingof units (2–4), while the late dikes (unit 5) intrudethe adjacent country rocks. The rocks of the complex invadedan ophiolite allochthon during the Late Jurassic Nevadan orogeny,and well-defined contact aureoles surround the complex. Lowergreenschist facies rocks, chiefly metabasalt, impure siliceousmetasedimentary rocks, and serpentinized peridotite, have beendynamothermally metamorphosed to mineral assemblages indicativeof hornblende-hornfels facies and locally pyroxene-hornfelsfacies. The emplacement of the igneous complex was chiefly byforcible shouldering aside, although local tectonic featuressuch as faults in the ophiolite allochthon were instrumentalin the emplacement history. The ultramafic and gabbroic rocks are interpreted as crystalcumulates of a fractionated basaltic magma. Mineral compositionsand whole-rock chemical characteristics of the proposed cumulatessuggest that the Mg/Fe ratio of the parental basaltic liquidwas high. The activity of silica was low, while water vaporpressure apparently increased through time until it was moderatelyhigh during the late magmatic stage. These cumulates were subsequentlyremobilized during lateral tectonic compression and emplacedhigher in the crust as hot, semisolid aggregates. A diverse array of data, including pyroxene compositions, major-,minor-, and rare-earth-element abundances and field relations,suggest that the two-pyroxene-biotite diorite/monzodiorite unitwas consanguineous with the clinopyroxene-rich ultramafic andgabbroic rocks. The diorite/monzodiorite unit, therefore, isan intermediate differentiate of an early primitive basalt.Furthermore, major-, trace, and rare-earth-element data characteristicof the diorite/monzodionte unit indicate strong similaritiesto low-Si andesite and clearly suggest a calc-alkaline affinity. Age relations indicate that the hornblende-rich and leucocraticunits are younger and represent the intrusion of other magmasinto the same igneous locus. Petrographic and geochemical datafrom the hornblende-rich unit suggest recrystallization fromhydrous magmas similar in composition to high-Al basalt andbasaltic andesite. The leucocratic suite, consisting chieflyof calc-alkaline tonalitic rocks, is similar to other quartz-richfelsic rocks widespread throughout the Klamath Mountains-westernSierra Nevada. The available petrographic and geochemical dataare consistent with formation of these rocks by either fractionalcrystallization of a wet basaltic magma or partial melting ofamphibolite or eclogite. The Bear Mountain igneous complex is an example of a diversebut distinctive association of ultrabasic to silicic rocks whichcharacterize numerous plutonic complexes in the Klamath Mountains-westernSierra Nevada. These intrusive complexes invade older ensimaticrocks and appear to define the roots of a complex, Middle toLate Jurassic calc-alkaline magmatic arc. The ultramafic andgabbroic rocks characteristic of this plutonic association aresimilar to Alaskan-type complexes but differ in detail. Moresignificantly, these rocks are important clues to the compositionof early magmas as well as the complex processes operative inreservoirs that form the core of calc-alkaline magmatic centers.  相似文献   

19.
Petrological and geochemical data for basic (alkali basalts and hawaiites) and silicic peralkaline rocks, plus rare intermediate products (mugearites and benmoreites) from the Pleistocene Boseti volcanic complex (Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa) are reported in this work. The basalts are slightly alkaline or transitional, have peaks at Ba and Nb in the mantle-normalized diagrams and relatively low 87Sr/86Sr (0.7039–0.7044). The silicic rocks (pantellerites and comendites) are rich in sanidine and anorthoclase, with mafic phases being represented by fayalite-rich olivine, opaque oxides, aenigmatite and slightly Na-rich ferroaugite (ferrohedenbergite). These rocks were generated after prolonged fractional crystallization process (up to 90–95 %) starting from basaltic parent magmas at shallow depths and fO2 conditions near the QFM buffer. The apparent Daly Gap between mafic and evolved Boseti rocks is explained with a model involving the silicic products filling upper crustal magma chambers and erupted preferentially with respect to basic and intermediate products. Evolved liquids could have been the only magmas which filled the uppermost magma reservoirs in the crust, thus giving time to evolve towards Rb-, Zr- and Nb-rich peralkaline rhyolites in broadly closed systems.  相似文献   

20.
The Rietfontein platinum group element (PGE)–Cu–Ni sulfide deposit of the Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Complex hosts disseminated contact-style mineralization that is similar to other economic magmatic sulfide deposits in marginal settings within the complex. The mineralization at Rietfontein consists of disseminated PGE-bearing base metal sulfides that are preferentially located at the contact between a distinct package of marginal norites overlain by a thick heterogeneous unit dominated by gabbronorites with lesser norites and ultramafic rocks. Down-hole composite data and metal scatterplots indicate that the PGE correlate well with Ni, Cu and S and that only minor metal remobilization has taken place within the basal norite sequence. Plots of (Nb/Th)PM vs. (Th/Yb)PM indicate that the melts that formed the Rietfontein intrusive sequence were strongly crustally contaminated prior to emplacement at Rietfontein, whereas inverse relationships between PGE tenors and S/Se ratios indicate that these magmas assimilated crustal S, causing S-saturation and the formation of immiscible sulfides under high R-factor conditions that generated high PGE tenor sulfides. Reverse zoning of cumulus minerals at Rietfontein suggests that fresh primitive melts were introduced to a partially fractionated staging chamber. The introduction of new magmas into the chamber caused overpressure and the forced evacuation of the contents of the chamber, leading to the emplacement of the existing magmas within the staging chamber at Rietfontein in two separate pulses. The first pulse of magma contained late-formed cumulus phases, including low Mg# orthopyroxene and plagioclase, was emplaced between footwall unreactive and S-poor Pretoria Group quartzites and a hangingwall sequence of Rooiberg Group felsites, and was rapidly chilled to form the basal norite sequence at Rietfontein. The second pulse of magma contained early formed cumulus phases, including olivine, chromite, and high Mg# orthopyroxene, and was emplaced above the chilled norite sequence as a crystal mush to form gabbronorites and ultramafic rocks. This second pulse of magma also contained PGE-bearing base metal sulfides that accumulated at the contact between this second batch of magma and the already chilled basal norite sequence. The formation of Platreef-type mineralization outside of the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex confirms there are a number of areas within the Bushveld Complex that are prospective for this style of mineralization.  相似文献   

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