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1.
The Effect of DEM Raster Resolution on First Order, Second Order and Compound Terrain Derivatives 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Stefan Kienzle 《Transactions in GIS》2004,8(1):83-111
It is well known that the grid cell size of a raster digital elevation model has significant effects on derived terrain variables such as slope, aspect, plan and profile curvature or the wetness index. In this paper the quality of DEMs derived from the interpolation of photogrammetrically derived elevation points in Alberta, Canada, is tested. DEMs with grid cell sizes ranging from 100 to 5 m were interpolated from 100 m regularly spaced elevation points and numerous surface‐specific point elevations using the ANUDEM interpolation method. In order to identify the grid resolution that matches the information content of the source data, three approaches were applied: density analysis of point elevations, an analysis of cumulative frequency distributions using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test and the root mean square slope measure. Results reveal that the optimum grid cell size is between 5 and 20 m, depending on terrain com‐plexity and terrain derivative. Terrain variables based on 100 m regularly sampled elevation points are compared to an independent high‐resolution DEM used as a benchmark. Subsequent correlation analysis reveals that only elevation and local slope have a strong positive relationship while all other terrain derivatives are not represented realistically when derived from a coarse DEM. Calculations of root mean square errors and relative root mean square errors further quantify the quality of terrain derivatives. 相似文献
2.
The drainage network of a sixth-order tropical river basin, viz. Ithikkara river basin, was extracted from different sources such as Survey of India topographic maps (1: 50,000; TOPO) and digital elevation data of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) (30 m) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping Mission (SRTM) (90 m). Basin morphometric attributes were estimated to evaluate the accuracy of the digital elevation model (DEM)-derived drainage networks for hydrologic applications as well as terrain characterization. The stream networks derived from ASTER and SRTM DEMs show significant agreement (with slight overestimation of lower order streams) with that of TOPO. The study suggests that SRTM (despite the coarser spatial resolution) provides better results, in drainage delineation and basin morphometry, compared to ASTER. Further, the variability of basin morphometry among the data sources might be attributed to spatial variation of elevation, raster grid size and vertical accuracy of the DEMs as well as incapability of the surface hydrologic analysis functions in the GIS platform. 相似文献
3.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(1):95-104
Depending on scale, topographic maps depicting the shape of the land surfaces of the Earth are produced from different data sources. National topographic maps at a scale of 1:25 000 (25K maps) produced by General Command of Mapping are used as the base map set in Turkey. This map set, which consists of approximately 5500 sheets, covers the whole country and is produced using photogrammetric methods. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) created from these maps are also available. Recently, another data source, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometric data, has become more important than those produced by conventional methods. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) contains elevation data with 3 arc-second resolution and 16 m absolute height error (90 percent confidence level). These data are freely available via the Internet for approximately 80 percent of the Earth's land mass. In this study, SRTM DEM was compared with DEM derived from 25K topographic maps for different parts of Turkey. The study areas, each covering four neighboring 25K maps, and having an area of approximately 600 km2, were chosen to represent various terrain characteristics. For the comparison, DEMs created from the 25K maps were obtained and organized as files for each map sheet in vector format, containing the digitized contour lines. From these data, DEMs in the resolution of 3 arc-second were created (25K-DEM), in the same structure as the SRTM DEM, allowing the 25K-DEMs and the SRTM DEM to be compared directly. The results show that the agreement of SRTM DEM to the 25K-DEM is within about 13 m, which is less than the SRTM's targeted error of 16 m. The spatial distribution of the height differences between SRTM-DEM and the 25K-DEM and correlation analysis show that the differences were mainly related to the topography of the test areas. In some areas, local height shifts were determined. 相似文献
4.
Gürcan Büyüksalih Güven Koçak Murat Oruç Hakan Akçin Karsten Jacobsen 《The Photogrammetric Record》2004,19(107):200-218
TK-350 stereo-scenes of the Zonguldak testfield in the north-west of Turkey have been analysed. The imagery had a base-to-height ratio of 0·52 and covered an area of 200 km × 300 km, with each pixel representing 10 m on the ground. Control points digitised from 1:25 000 scale topographic maps were used in the test. A bundle orientation was executed using the University of Hanover program BLUH and PCI Geomatica OrthoEngine AE software packages. Tests revealed that TK-350 stereo-images can yield 3D geopositioning to an accuracy of about 10 m in planimetry and 17 m in height. A 40 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) was generated by the PCI system and compared against a reference DEM, which was derived from digitised contour lines provided by 1:25 000 scale topographic maps. This comparison showed that accuracy depends mainly on the surface structure and the slope of the local terrain. Root mean square errors in height were found to be about 27 and 39 m outside and inside forested areas, respectively. The matched DEM demonstrated a systematic shift against the reference DEM visible as an asymmetric shift in the frequency distribution. This is perhaps caused by the presence of vegetation and buildings. 相似文献
5.
等高线数据是生产规则格网DEM的常见数据,生产过程中DEM适宜分辨率的选取直接决定DEM的地形表达精度,影响下一步数字地形分析的结果。本文以辽宁某丘陵样区1∶50 000地形图中等高线为基础数据,首先,基于整体地形特征及等高距对适宜分辨率做出大致判断,通过初步分析确定6种备选分辨率;然后,基于不同分辨率坡度均方根误差(Slope RMSE)在格网大小逐渐减小的过程中趋于稳定的特性确定适宜分辨率;最后,利用重构等高线与原始等高线的对比结果验证适宜分辨率选择的准确性。经过实验得到样区数据适宜分辨率为20 m。 相似文献
6.
Effect of Contour Intervals and Grid Cell Size on the Accuracy of DEMs and Slope Derivatives 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Feras M Ziadat 《Transactions in GIS》2007,11(1):67-81
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are indispensable tools in many environmental and natural resource applications. DEMs are frequently derived from contour lines. The accuracy of such DEMs depends on different factors. This research investigates the effect of sampling density used to derive contours, vertical interval between contours (spacing), grid cell size of the DEM (resolution), terrain complexity, and spatial filtering on the accuracy of the DEM and the slope derivative. The study indicated different alternatives to achieve an acceptable accuracy depending on the contour interval, the DEM resolution and the complexity of the terrain. The effect of these factors on the accuracy of the DEM and the slope derivative was quantified using models that determine the level of accuracy (RMSE). The implementation of the models will guide users to select the best combination to improve the results in areas with similar topography. For areas with variable terrain complexity, the suggestion is to generate DEMs and slope at a suitable resolution for each terrain separately and then to merge the results to produce one final layer for the whole area. This will provide accurate estimates of elevation and slope, and subsequently improve the analyses that rely on these digital derivatives. 相似文献
7.
基于栅格DEM的地形特征提取与分析 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
以陕北延安地区燕儿沟流域为实验样区,运用比较分析法和数理统计法进行基于栅格DEM的地形特征提取和分析,以及DEM分辨率对地形特征的影响,并计算和比较了地形特征的空间统计分布。研究表明:一个相对真实的DEM能够通过修改生成DEM的基本材料,以及对DEM进行再加工而获得。由于DEM分辨率的不同,由此得到的地形特征值(如坡度、地形指数、河网密度等)在统计特性上也会随之变化。随着DEM分辨率的降低,坡度减小,地形坦化,地形指数均值变大,流域总面积变大,子流域数量减少,河流总长度减小,河网密度降低。 相似文献
8.
9.
坡度随水平分辨率变化及其空间格局研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以黄土丘陵沟壑区的县南沟流域为研究区,基于1∶1万地形图,利用ANUDEM软件生成5m到200m分辨率DEM,并利用Arc/Info中计算坡度的方法提取了各种分辨率的坡度。研究表明,随着DEM分辨率的降低,单个样点坡度值表现出不确定性,但同一坡度级所有栅格点的坡度均值呈现一定的规律性,低坡度段表现为先升高后降低,中坡度段呈现微弱变化,陡坡度段呈现对数降低趋势;沟沿线上坡度值呈比较剧烈的下降趋势、分水线和流水线上坡度缓慢下降。 相似文献
10.
S. A. Ahmed K. N. Chandrashekarappa S. K. Raj V. Nischitha G. Kavitha 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2010,38(2):227-238
Morphometric parameters derived from three different sources viz., Survey of India topographic map (1:50,000), SRTM (Shuttle
Radar Topographic Mission 90 m) and DEM derived from ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
— 30 m) are evaluated to examine any difference within the results for the proper planning and management of the watersheds.
Extracting drainage network from DEMs is mainly based on the flow of water from higher to lower elevation and steepest descent
in a pixel. Common morphometric parameters are considered for analysis. The results show that the morphometric parameters
derived from the SRTM and ASTER data provide good and satisfying results. The results will be more efficient when the DEM
cell size is smaller or the resolution of the image is higher. 相似文献
11.
Igor V. Florinsky 《Transactions in GIS》2017,21(6):1115-1129
Digital elevation models (DEMs) are commonly constructed using two main types of regular grids: plane square grids and spheroidal equal angular grids. Methods and algorithms intended for plane square‐gridded DEMs should not be directly applied to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. This is because these grids have fundamentally different geometry. However, some researchers continue to apply square‐grid algorithms to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. It seems appropriate to consider once again the specifity of morphometric treatment of spheroidal equal angular DEMs. This article, first, demonstrates possibilities of direct calculation of local, nonlocal, and combined morphometric variables from spheroidal equal angular DEMs exemplified by slope gradient, catchment area, and topographic index. Second, the article shows computational errors when algorithms for plane square‐gridded DEMs are unreasonably applied to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. The study is exemplified by two DEMs. A medium‐resolution DEM of a relatively small, high‐mountainous area (Mount Elbrus) was extracted from the SRTM1 DEM. A low‐resolution DEM of a vast region with the diverse topography (the central and western regions of Kenya) was extracted from the SRTM30_PLUS DEM. The results show that application of square‐grid methods to spheroidal equal angular DEMs leads to substantial computational errors in models of morphometric variables. 相似文献
12.
XU Junfeng HUANG Jingfeng 《地球空间信息科学学报》2006,9(2):108-111
IKONOS image has been wildly used in city planning, precision agriculture and emergence response. However, the accuracy of IKONOS Geo product is limited due to distortion caused by terrain relief. Orthorectification was performed to remove the distortion and the impact of different DEM on orthorectification were evaluated. 38 ground control points （GCPs） and 25 independent check points （ICPs） were collected. DEMs were generated from 1 ： 10 000 and 1 ： 50 000 topographic maps. Results show that RMS error at the check points is 1. 554 0 m using DEM generated from 1 ： 10 000 topographic map, which can meet the accuracy requirement of IKONOS Precision product （1.9 m RMSE）. While RMS error is 2. 572 4 m using DEM generated from 1 ： 50 000 topographic map. 相似文献
13.
在地形起伏较大的山区用干涉SAR生成DEM时,合适的入射角是获取高精度DEM的重要参数之一.本文基于ENVISAT/ASAR多角度干涉雷达数据,SRTM 90米分辨率的DEM以及1:5万的数字化DEM数据,从定性和定量的角度比较和分析了干涉SAR在获取山区DEM时,入射角对DEM精度的具体影响.结果表明:对于ASAR的多入射角干涉雷达数据,在不同入射角条件下由于雷达叠掩和透视收缩的影响,获取的DEM精度差别很大,入射角带来的影响相当显著,比如IS2和IS4角度得到的DEM的精度差超过了6米.因此,在山区干涉SAR地形成图时,必须对入射角的大小进行严格的选择. 相似文献
14.
利用主成分分析揭示变量之间关系的特性,进而提出一种既能保证较高精度又能较好地保持地形形态特征的DEM格网聚合方法。首先根据主成分变换模型推导DEM格网聚合数学公式,构建主成分聚合模型;然后以30m分辨率DEM转换为90m分辨率DEM为例,根据格网点属性间的权重关系聚合重构DEM。在此基础上,以均值聚合和双线性重采样聚合方法为比较对象,从聚合前后的检查点高程偏差的统计描述、空间分布与自相关性、地形形态保持程度方面分析3种聚合策略下重构DEM的误差特性。最后运用描述统计、半变异分析和等高线套合方法,定量评价主成分聚合重构DEM的质量效果。试验分析结果表明,同均值聚合和重采样聚合相比较,该方法重构的DEM既能保持较高精度,又能很好地保持地形形态特征。 相似文献
15.
The accuracy of DEMs shows wide variations from one terrain to another and it needs to be determined. This study evaluates NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad, India) CartoDEM V1 and V1.1R1 with respect to resampled ADS80 DEM for parts of the Himalayas. Both the test DEMs were properly registered with reference to resampled ADS80 DEM and then individually subtracted to get the difference DEMs. Visual and statistical analyses were performed to assess the quality of the tested DEMs in terms of visible terrain and vertical accuracy. For calculating the accuracies in different terrain classes, slope and aspect maps were generated from the ADS80 DEM. Properly registered Landsat5 TM data were used for the development of the land cover map with four classes. The overall vertical accuracy measured for CartoDEM V1 was 269.9 m (LE90), while CartoDEM V1.1R1 showed huge improvement in the accuracy with 68.5 m (LE90). 相似文献
16.
Traditionally, stream and sub‐watershed characterization in GIS has been accom‐ plished using a DEM‐based terrain analysis approach; however, there is a large amount of existing vector hydrographic data difficult to accurately reproduce using DEMs. WaterNet is a GIS/hydrologic application for the integration and analysis of stream and sub‐watershed networks in vector format. Even with vector data, hydrologic inconsistencies between streams and sub‐watersheds do exist, and are revealed in the form of streams crossing drainage divides and sub‐watersheds with more than one outlet. WaterNet rectifies these inconsistencies and couples the two datasets. Most algorithms involving traces of dendritic networks employ a form of tree traversal which requires topologic information to be organized into specialized data structures. On the contrary, WaterNet develops topologic relationships from GIS attribute tables, which, in combination with sorting and querying algorithms, make the calculation process efficient and easy to implement. With the topologic relationships of the streams and sub‐watersheds, WaterNet can perform traces to calculate cumulative network parameters, such as flow lengths and drainage areas. WaterNet was applied to the catchment of the Texas Gulf coast for a total of 100 cataloging units (411,603 km2) and 60,145 stream lines (183,228 km). 相似文献
17.
Digital terrain data are useful for a variety of applications in mapping and spatial analysis. Most available terrain data
are organized in a raster format, among them being the most extensively-used Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of the U.S. Geological
Survey. A common problem with DEM for spatial analysis at the landscape scale is that the raster encoding of topography is
subject to data redundancy and, as such, data volumes may become prohibitively large. To improve efficiency in both data storage
and information processing, the redundancy of the terrain data must be minimized by eliminating unnecessary elements. To what
extent a set of terrain data can be reduced for improving storage and processing efficiency depends on the complexity of the
terrain. In general, data elements for simpler, smoother surfaces can be substantially reduced without losing critical topographic
information. For complex terrains, more data elements should be retained if the topography is to be adequately represented.
In this paper, we present a measure of terrain complexity based on the behavior of selected data elements in representing
the characteristics of a surface. The index of terrain complexity is derived from an estimated parameter which denotes the
relationship between terrain representation (percentage surface representation) and relative data volume (percentage DEM elements).
The index can be used to assess the required volume of topographic data and determine the appropriate level of data reduction.
Two quadrangles of distinct topographic characteristics were examined to illustrate the efficacy of the developed methodology. 相似文献
18.
Any errors in digital elevation models (DEMs) will introduce errors directly in gravity anomalies and geoid models when used
in interpolating Bouguer gravity anomalies. Errors are also propagated into the geoid model by the topographic and downward
continuation (DWC) corrections in the application of Stokes’s formula. The effects of these errors are assessed by the evaluation
of the absolute accuracy of nine independent DEMs for the Iran region. It is shown that the improvement in using the high-resolution
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data versus previously available DEMs in gridding of gravity anomalies, terrain corrections
and DWC effects for the geoid model are significant. Based on the Iranian GPS/levelling network data, we estimate the absolute
vertical accuracy of the SRTM in Iran to be 6.5 m, which is much better than the estimated global accuracy of the SRTM (say
16 m). Hence, this DEM has a comparable accuracy to a current photogrammetric high-resolution DEM of Iran under development.
We also found very large differences between the GLOBE and SRTM models on the range of −750 to 550 m. This difference causes
an error in the range of −160 to 140 mGal in interpolating surface gravity anomalies and −60 to 60 mGal in simple Bouguer
anomaly correction terms. In the view of geoid heights, we found large differences between the use of GLOBE and SRTM DEMs,
in the range of −1.1 to 1 m for the study area. The terrain correction of the geoid model at selected GPS/levelling points
only differs by 3 cm for these two DEMs. 相似文献
19.
Fusion of high-resolution DEMs derived from COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X InSAR datasets 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Voids caused by shadow, layover, and decorrelation usually occur in digital elevation models (DEMs) of mountainous areas that are derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) datasets. The presence of voids degrades the quality and usability of the DEMs. Thus, void removal is considered as an integral part of the DEM production using InSAR data. The fusion of multiple DEMs has been widely recognized as a promising way for the void removal. Because the vertical accuracy of multiple DEMs can be different, the selection of optimum weights becomes a key problem in the fusion and is studied in this article. As a showcase, two high-resolution InSAR DEMs near Mt. Qilian in northwest China are created and then merged. The two pairs of InSAR data were acquired by TerraSAR-X from an ascending orbit and COSMO-SkyMed from a descending orbit. A maximum likelihood fusion scheme with the weights optimally determined by the height of ambiguity and the variance of phase noise is adopted to syncretize the two DEMs in our study. The fused DEM has a fine spatial resolution of 10 m and depicts the landform of the study area well. The percentage of void cells in the fused DEM is only 0.13 %, while 6.9 and 5.7 % of the cells in the COSMO-SkyMed DEM and the TerraSAR-X DEM are originally voids. Using the ICESat/GLAS elevation data and the Chinese national DEM of scale 1:50,000 as references, we evaluate vertical accuracy levels of the fused DEM as well as the original InSAR DEMs. The results show that substantial improvements could be achieved by DEM fusion after atmospheric phase screen removal. The quality of fused DEM can even meet the high-resolution terrain information (HRTI) standard. 相似文献