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1.
《地球物理学进展》2020,(3)
GS油田E■油藏水淹程度严重,已处于中高含水期,平均含水高达77.97%.由于注水开发过程中,先注入淡水后注入污水导致注入水变化性质复杂,致使储集层水淹后地下流体性质、岩石物理性质等发生复杂变化,导致测井响应变化复杂,通过常规的测井技术与解释方法难以精确解释水淹层.为了能精确划分GS E■油田水淹级别,本文结合PNN测井技术,以宏观俘获截面、电阻率曲线和GR_(PNN)的变化定性识别水淹层,当油层被水淹后,GR_(PNN)曲线多呈现异常增大现象,与GR曲线变化出现差异,宏观俘获截面曲线值随着水淹程度的增加而增加.利用宏观俘获截面计算含水饱和度,通过岩石物理实验得出孔隙度、渗透率等参数计算产水率,通过建立产水率和含水饱和度的计算模型定量判断水淹级别,建立了一套适用于GS油田E■油藏的水淹层划分标准.与实际生产吻合,有很好的应用效果,为GS油田E■油藏水淹层划分提供了新的标准. 相似文献
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孤东油田七区西馆陶组储层先后经历了注淡水、注咸污水和注聚开发阶段,测井响应复杂,应用常规交会图难以识别聚驱后水淹级别.本次研究基于聚驱后测井响应机理实验、聚驱前和聚驱后"对子井"测井响应的对比分析开发了水淹级别的主成分识别方法.首先,实验考察了聚合物溶液、聚合物驱岩样的声速、电阻率特征,认为聚合物自身的声速、电阻率性质对储层声速、电阻率的影响可以忽略.其次,选取"对子井"对比分析了聚驱前、聚驱后不同级别水淹层的测井响应的变化规律及机制,并基于敏感性分析筛选了对水淹级别比较敏感的Rxo、SP、RT、△MN曲线作为水淹级别识别曲线.最后,应用主成分分析方法建立了测井响应识别水淹级别的标准.2口井的应用效果表明,该方法可满足该储层聚驱后水淹层识别的需要. 相似文献
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注水开发油田储层水淹后的电性特征主要表现为电阻率下降,准确恢复其原始电阻率是进行水淹级别判断的关键.研究区渤海LD油田地层原始电阻率受沉积环境和构造高度影响,因此提出了基于解释单元进行水淹层原始电阻率反演方法.该方法以测井资料为基础,首先通过图论多分辨率聚类分析结合沉积微相将关键井划分测井相,接着在此基础上细分解释单元,然后建立每一个解释单元原始地层电阻率模型,最后将建立的方法模型应用于实际新钻的调整井.准确恢复地层原始电阻率后求取原始含油饱和度,并结合目前剩余油饱和度得到储层的驱油效率,达到水淹级别定量评价的目的.新钻21口井的资料处理表明:水淹层定量解释与实际生产情况符合率高达93.7%,是渤海油田复杂水淹层定量解释的一种有效手段. 相似文献
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针对油藏测井解释中的水淹层计算机自动识别问题,本文首先提出一种基于量子神经网络的识别方法.首先构造了一个量子神经网络模型,该模型可以接收多维离散序列样本,隐层为量子神经元,输出层为普通神经元.采用梯度下降法设计了该模型的学习算法.然后设计了基于量子神经网络的水淹层识别方法.该方法精选了描述水淹级别的九个特征,直接采用这些特征的离散数值构造训练样本,实施网络训练,训练后的网络即可用于同类地区的水淹层识别.最后以辽河油田某区块258个地层样本为例,进行了水淹层识别处理,识别率可达88%.实验结果揭示出,量子神经网络对于水淹层自动识别问题具有良好的适应性和实用性. 相似文献
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由于南苏丹P区块没有可用于确定油层水淹程度的密闭取心新井资料,且单层生产及试油数据非常少,开采与完井时间间隔较长,地层水性质相同导致底水水淹与油水同层难以识别,因此,水淹层解释难度较大.本文首先根据区块地质特征与开发特征及水淹层水源和水进方向,归纳总结出研究区油层的水淹类型为边水与注入水推进水淹型和底水推进水淹型,注水水淹和边底水水淹在电阻率测井响应特征上均表现为电阻率值的明显降低.其次,采用新老井相同层位测井信息对比方法,结合相邻老井生产动态测试结果,确定出新井典型水淹层,分析水淹层测井响应特征,优选出深侧向电阻率、浅侧向电阻率、深浅侧向电阻率幅度差、深侧向电阻率与冲洗带电阻率幅度差等4个水淹敏感参数,其中深侧向电阻率和深浅侧向电阻率幅度差为最有效的水淹识别参数.利用深侧向电阻率值与深浅侧向幅度差交会,建立了水淹层定性识别图版,利用该图版可有效地区分水淹层与水层和油层.基于储层岩性物性测井响应特征分析,采用岩心刻度测井方法,建立了水淹层泥质含量、孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度等参数定量解释模型,利用计算的驱油效率值可有效地划分弱水淹、中水淹、强水淹.综合水淹层定性识别图版法以及定量解释方法,结合邻井生产动态,建立了水淹层综合测井评价方法,经实际井验证证明该方法结合了静态测井解释与动态生产数据在水淹层评价中优势,提高了水淹级别测井综合评价准确性.采用开发初期井连井剖面对比方法,确定出油水同层顶界面海拔深度,再结合邻井开发动态,寻找出新井水源,判断出新井水淹类型.对于底水水淹类型,新井不存在油水同层,只能为水淹层;对于边水水淹类型,将解释油水同层或水淹层海拔深度高于最高油水同层顶界面海拔深度的储层判定为水淹层,而海拔深度低于最高油水同层顶界面海拔深度的储层判定为油水同层,经实际井验证证明该方法可有效地区分底水水淹层与油水同层. 相似文献
7.
《地球物理学进展》2016,(1)
开展水淹层评价是实现M油藏增储上产的重要基础.然而,M油藏研究区套管测井和生产测井资料缺失.以含水率作为水淹特征的指标,综合开发地质特征和生产数据,统计表明:研究区水淹层分布与地层构造、沉积相、物性、重力和开发井网有关.为了实现水淹影响因素与测井评价资料的结合,提出基于地质因素约束的测井水淹层评价方法.方法以注采井组为单元,采用表征注采井间地质特征差异的参数(如地层构造差、产层渗透率差、井距和注见水时间差)和测井解释参数(如饱和度),通过数据统计分析,建立地质因素控制的水驱前缘到达时间、水淹层含水率变化速率的预测模型,实现现今水淹层及剩余油分布预测和解释.预测结果得到实际生产数据和油藏数值模拟结果的检验,显示本文提出的水淹层评价方法具有可行性,为水淹层研究提供了一定借鉴和参考. 相似文献
8.
随着注水开发方式的进行,跃进二号油田水淹已经非常严重,主产层含水率已超80%.经过多轮的注水开发和措施调整,常规测井资料不能满足水淹层评价的要求.因此,油田在2007年,引入PNN生产测井技术,但是在应用过程中发现,PNN测井资料受井中流体及矿化度影响较大,使得测井响应变化复杂,难以反映储层水淹程度.为了更加准确地解释水淹层,利用PNN测井宏观俘获截面和泥质含量、孔隙度,建立了评价水淹层的定量模型.首先,为了降低井眼和井中流体对PNN测井的影响,本文利用中子衰变公式模拟热中子俘获后,剩余热中子百分比与时间的关系曲线,研究发现:在0～100μs之间时,该曲线成线性反比关系,且斜率较大,表明该时间段热中子寿命小,热中子被快速俘获;在大于100μs的时间段,曲线变缓,斜率减小,热中子寿命明显增大;结果表明,0～100μs之间PNN测井受井眼影响,导致热中子被快速俘获,即PNN测井在大于100μs时开始计数可以降低井眼对测井的影响,测量地层真实宏观俘获截面.其次,通过岩心资料对泥质中的黏土矿物类型进行分析,发现泥质中的黏土矿物主要是高岭石、蒙脱石、绿泥石和伊利石四种;进一步分析泥质中的黏土矿物含量,发现该区块黏土矿物含量变化稳定,并利用泥质含量对各黏土矿物含量进行表征.将降低井眼影响后的宏观俘获截面和泥质含量引入传统的碳氢比、碳氧比计算模型,对该模型进行优化,提高了该模型对水淹层的解释精度.最后,综合射孔、注水及吸水层资料对不同水淹级别的响应特征进行分析,发现碳氢比、碳氧比优化模型不仅可以解释油层和水淹层,建立水淹层定量解释标准和划分水淹级别,同时可对储层进行更为精细的流体类型刻画.油田采用碳氢比、碳氧比优化模型对储层进行解释,深入挖掘剩余油潜力,实现增产的目的. 相似文献
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油气藏进入二次、三次开发后,剩余油饱和度的空间分布以及随时间的动态变化对于开发方案调整变得尤为重要.目前,基于测井曲线、测试资料的常规剩余油饱和度评价存在不等时性,即测井、开发和评价时刻不等,导致在某一评价时刻绘制的剩余油饱和度等值线图不能准确反映油水的空间分布特征,不同评价时刻的等值线图对比也不能反映油水的动态变化以及开发效果.将研究目的层划分为未投产未水淹、未投产水淹、在产水淹、在产未水淹4种情况,以地质和工程资料为约束,提出了一种动静态结合的等时剩余油饱和度动态定量评价方法.首先,依据测井资料、开发资料定性判别开发区块中的单井、单层在评价时刻是否水淹、是否在产.其次,根据注水受效、水淹、在产情况,依据测井曲线、产水率与评价时刻的匹配关系选取对应的基于动态资料(产水率)、静态资料(测井曲线)的剩余油饱和度评价方法,绘制目的工区目标层在特定时刻的等时剩余油饱和度分布等值线图.最后,绘制时间推移的等时剩余油饱和度动态变化图,进而分析剩余油饱和度随时间的变化规律,评价开发方案效果.在某断块油藏某层的应用效果表明,该方法呈现出不同时刻剩余油饱和度分布与注水井分布、作业情况吻合得很好,能够描述开发后剩余油的动态变化,评价开发效果. 相似文献
11.
D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
12.
The developed dynamic model of the main geomagnetic field (MGF) includes the sources of three levels, which have existed and continuously changed during the 100-year period. The spatial-temporal dynamics of the secular variations in MGF has been considered based on this model. It has been indicated that, at different times, the formation of anomalies (located in similar regions) depended on the total dynamics of different combinations of sources, including a change in the parameters of the dipoles of the secondorder smallness. Anomalies generated by the dynamics of the dipoles of the third-order smallness do not evidently manifest themselves in the total secular variations but are responsible for the specific shapes of isodynamic lines. Based on the stability and continuity of the constructed model, the conclusion is made that long-living turbulent flows of different scales can exist in the liquid core. 相似文献
13.
In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January. 相似文献
14.
Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations (i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil) in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96–6.58, 6.27–10.98, and 3.17–6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites. 相似文献
15.
浙江省北部及邻区中强地震前地倾斜异常特征及其预测意义 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
钟羽云 《地震地磁观测与研究》1998,(3)
解释并讨论了湖州和宁波台１９９３年以来的地倾斜资料,总结了震前有异常显示的６次地震。发现：①异常在现场记录资料中均有显示,异常形态的识别对预报地震有重要的意义;②能观测到异常全过程的倾斜仪与震中的距离基本符合式ｌｇＤｊ＝０．３０３（ＭＳ＋１．６）给出的监测能力半径,大于这个半径的台有时也能观测到异常,但多为短临异常。如果震前记录到异常的全过程,则利用单台资料可能对地震三要素进行预测。 相似文献
16.
The continuous increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is expected to cool higher levels of the atmosphere. There is some direct and indirect experimental evidence of long-term trends in temperature and other parameters in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Here we look for long-term trends in the annual and semiannual variations of the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere, which corresponds to the MLT region heights. Data from central and southeastern Europe are used. A consistent tendency to a positive trend in the amplitude of the semiannual wave appears to be observed. The reality of a similar tendency in the amplitude of the annual wave is questionable in the sense that the trend in the amplitude of the annual wave is probably induced by the trend in the yearly average values of absorption. The phases of both the annual and semiannual waves display a forward tendency, i.e. shift to an earlier time in the year. A tentative interpretation of these results in terms of changes of the seasonal variation of temperature and wind at MLT heights does not contradict the trends observed in those parameters. 相似文献
17.
Yu. F. Moroz T. A. Moroz V. A. Loginov A. G. Nurmukhamedov D. A. Alekseev 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(1):29-44
The results of the magnetotelluric (MT) soundings before and after an earthquake are analyzed. The interpretation is based on the longitudinal and transverse MT curves (along and across the strike of the main tectonic elements, respectively). The MT curves are distorted by the ρ- and coast effect. The distortions due to the coast effect are estimated by the testing three-dimensional (3D) model. It is established that the coast effect distortion at the periods up to 1000 s is small and can be disregarded. The divergence of the longitudinal and transverse MT curves, which points to the presence of the deep faults, is thoroughly studied. The inversion of the MTsounding curves is carried out by the REBOCC program of the numerical two-dimensional modeling. This program implements the procedures of elimination of the ρ-effect and the joint inversion of the longitudinal and transverse MT sounding curves. The obtained geoelectrical cross sections provide an insight into the structure of electrical conductivity of the lithosphere before and after the earthquake. The more intense variations in the electric conductivity are observed in the zone of the deep faults. These variations are related to the changes in the porosity and saturation of the rocks by the highly mineralized fluids. 相似文献
18.
M. MONIRUL QADER MIRZA 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):613-631
Abstract The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly. 相似文献
19.
George E. Backus 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1982,28(3):191-214
A rigorous singular perturbation theory is developed to estimate the electric field E produced in the mantle M by the core dynamo when the electrical conductivity σ in M depends only on radius r, and when |r?rln σ| ? 1 in most of M. It is assumed that σ has only one local minimum in M, either (a) at the Earth's surface ?V, or (b) at a radius b inside the mantle, or (c) at the core-mantle boundary ?K. In all three cases, the region where σ is no more than e times its minimum value constitutes a thin critical layer; in case (a), the radial electric field Er ≈ 0 there, while in cases (b) and (c), Er is very large there. Outside the critical layer, Er ≈ 0 in all three cases. In no case is the tangential electric field ES small, nearly toroidal, or nearly calculable from the magnetic vector potential A as ??tAS. The defects in Muth's (1979) argument which led him to contrary conclusions are identified. Benton (1979) cited Muth's work to argue that the core-fluid velocity u just below ?K can be estimated from measurements on ?V of the magnetic field B and its time derivative . A simple model for westward drift is discussed which shows that Benton's conclusion is also wrong.In case (a), it is shown that knowledge of σ in M is unnecessary for estimating ES on ?K with a relative error |r?r 1nσ|?1from measurements of ES on ?V and knowledge of ?tB in M (calculable from ?tB on ?V if σ is small). Then, in case (a), u just below ?K can be estimated as . The method is impractical unless the contribution to ES on ?V from ocean currents can be removed.The perturbation theory appropriate when σ in M is small is considered briefly; smallness of σ and of |r?r ln σ|?1 a independent questions. It is found that as σ → 0, B approaches the vacuum field in M but E does not; the explanation lies in the hydromagnetic approximation, which is certainly valid in M but fails as σ → 0. It is also found that the singular perturbation theory for |r?r ln σ|?1 is a useful tool in the perturbation calculations for σ when both σ and |r?r ln σ|?1 are small. 相似文献
20.
Matthias Koschorreck Katrin Wendt-Potthoff Burkhard Scharf Hans H. Richnow 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008
The biogeochemistry of methane in the sediments of Lake Caviahue was examined by geochemical analysis, microbial activity assays and isotopic analysis. The pH in the water column was 2.6 and increased up to a pH of 6 in the deeper sediment pore waters. The carbon isotope composition of CH4 was between − 65 and − 70‰ which is indicative for the biological origin of the methane. The enrichment factor ε increased from − 46‰ in the upper sediment column to more than − 80 in the deeper sediment section suggesting a transition from acetoclastic methanogenesis to CO2 reduction with depth. In the most acidic surface layer of the sediment (pH < 4) methanogenesis is inhibited as suggested by a linear CH4 concentration profile, activity assays and MPN analysis. The CH4 activity assays and the CH4 profile indicate that methanogenesis in the sediment of Lake Caviahue was active below 40 cm depth. At that depth the pH was above 4 and sulfate reduction was sulfate limited. Methane was diffusing with a flux of 0.9 mmol m− 2 d− 1 to the sediment surface where it was probably oxidized. Methanogenesis contributed little to the sediments carbon budget and had no significant impact on lake water quality. The high biomass content of the sediment, which was probably caused by the last eruption of Copahue Volcano, supported high rates of sulfate reduction which probably raised the pH and created favorable conditions for methanogens in deeper sediment layers. 相似文献