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大连地区大雾特征   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
选取2007年2月和4月出现在大连及其沿海地区的两次大雾过程, 采用GTS1型数字式探空仪探测资料、常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 对其环境场、热力和动力作用等进行诊断分析。结果表明:大雾期间, 中高纬度地区高空纬向暖干气流和对流层中下层西南暖湿气流, 为大雾形成提供了有利的水汽和风场条件。低层大气稳定层结的建立及暖干空气与雾层的上下叠置, 有利于大雾的维持。黄渤海的海温作用使冬季地面冷高压进一步增温变性, 有利于辐射雾形成发展, 使春季的暖气团冷却凝结, 有利于平流冷却雾的生成维持。伴有冷平流东移南下的偏北风是促使持续大雾消散的动力因子。  相似文献   

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The Lakagígar eruption in Iceland during 1783 was followed by the severe winter of 1783/1784, which was characterised by low temperatures, frozen soils, ice-bound watercourses and high rates of snow accumulation across much of Europe. Sudden warming coupled with rainfall led to rapid snowmelt, resulting in a series of flooding phases across much of Europe. The first phase of flooding occurred in late December 1783–early January 1784 in England, France, the Low Countries and historical Hungary. The second phase at the turn of February–March 1784 was of greater extent, generated by the melting of an unusually large accumulation of snow and river ice, affecting catchments across France and Central Europe (where it is still considered as one of the most disastrous known floods), throughout the Danube catchment and in southeast Central Europe. The third and final phase of flooding occurred mainly in historical Hungary during late March and early April 1784. The different impacts and consequences of the above floods on both local and regional scales were reflected in the economic and societal responses, material damage and human losses. The winter of 1783/1784 can be considered as typical, if severe, for the Little Ice Age period across much of Europe.  相似文献   

4.
长江中上游平原地区冬季雾观测分析   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
费冬冬  牛生杰 《气象科学》2017,37(3):376-384
长江中上游年平均雾日数达到20~106 d,是我国主要雾区之一。利用2010年12月在江汉平原观测获得的边界层廓线和雾滴谱资料,重点分析了该地区冬季雾过程的边界层结构及其生消过程。结果表明:荆州冬季雾多出现在寒潮过境1~2 d后,多为平流辐射雾;雾顶发展是水汽在上层逆温下积累,并伴随200~300 m高度冷平流降温引起;近地层冷平流降温导致饱和水汽压减小,同时上层系统性下沉增温引起逆温增强,水汽积累促使强浓雾过程产生;低空急流促使外界偏干气流与雾体混合后雾滴蒸发,是该地区雾顶迅速下降的主要原因;平均数浓度为150~406个·cm-3,极大值达到1 983个·cm-3,平均液水含量为0.014~0.118 g·m-3,极值达到0.786 g·m-3,与南京和重庆强浓雾观测值相似,超过其他地区观测值。城市地区高气溶胶浓度,配合充足的水汽条件,使得荆州雾过程微物理参量数值较大,易出现能见度小于50 m,持续时间4~9 h的强浓雾过程。  相似文献   

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In this paper, a heavy sea fog episode that occurred over the Yellow Sea on 9 March 2005 is investigated. The sea fog patch, with a spatial scale of several hundred kilometers at its mature stage, reduced visibility along the Shandong Peninsula coast to 100 m or much less at some sites. Satellite images, surface observations and soundings at islands and coasts, and analyses from the Japan Meteorology Agency (JMA) axe used to describe and analyze this event. The analysis indicates that this sea fog can be categorized as advection cooling fog. The main features of this sea fog including fog area and its movement axe reasonably reproduced by the Fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). Model results suggest that the formation and evolution of this event can be outlined as: (1) southerly warm/moist advection of low-level air resulted in a strong sea-surface-based inversion with a thickness of about 600 m; (2) when the inversion moved from the warmer East Sea to the colder Yellow Sea, a thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) gradually formed at the base of the inversion while the sea fog grew in response to cooling and moistening by turbulence mixing; (3) the sea fog developed as the TIBL moved northward and (4) strong northerly cold and dry wind destroyed the TIBL and dissipated the sea fog. The principal findings of this study axe that sea fog forms in response to relatively persistent southerly waxm/moist wind and a cold sea surface, and that turbulence mixing by wind shear is the primary mechanism for the cooling and moistening the marine layer. In addition, the study of sensitivity experiments indicates that deterministic numerical modeling offers a promising approach to the prediction of sea fog over the Yellow Sea but it may be more efficient to consider ensemble numerical modeling because of the extreme sensitivity to model input.  相似文献   

6.
2019年夏季(6—8月)大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬度西风带呈4波型分布,欧亚大陆为“两槽一脊”的环流型。6月,我国北方海域多入海气旋和海雾,7—8月副热带高压位置较常年偏东、偏南,不利于热带气旋生成。我国近海有10次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋过程大风有6次,2次由入海温带气旋造成,另外2次过程主要由雷暴大风引起;出现了14次明显的海雾过程,其中6月出现7次,7月出现4次,8月出现3次;发生13次2 m以上的大浪过程,6月出现4次,7月出现5次,8月出现4次。西北太平洋和南海共有10个热带气旋命名,比常年平均偏少1个;其他各大洋共有14个命名热带气旋生成,分别为:北大西洋4个、东太平洋9个、北印度洋1个。  相似文献   

7.
Data from several cases of radiation fog occurring at the Met Office field site at Cardington, Bedfordshire, UK have been analyzed with a view to elucidating the typical evolution in its static stability from formation to dissipation. Typically the early stages of radiation fog are characterized by a stable thermal profile and a relatively shallow depth. However, when the fog reached approximately 100 m depth it was observed to become optically thick (to longwave radiation), with a subsequent change over several hours to a saturated adiabatic stability profile. At this time turbulence levels were seen to increase significantly. The mechanisms involved appear to be radiative cooling from fog top and a positive heat flux to the atmosphere from the soil. The importance of this change in stability for numerical modelling of fog episodes is discussed. Several case studies are made to gain some insight into how common this transition is. Droplet spectra were measured at 2-m height for many of the cases considered, and their evolution is discussed. It is found that distributions fall into an initial phase with small drop sizes (approximately ≤ 10 μm diameter) and concentration, and a mature phase with the appearance of much larger drop sizes with a mean diameter of approximately 15−20 μm. It is found that the appearance of the mature phase does not coincide with the change in stability from stable to saturated adiabatic, but there is some evidence that once a saturated adiabatic profile is established, the droplet spectra variations are significantly less than for the stable period. The observed evolution of these spectra brings into question the suitability of microphysical schemes that assume constant spectral shape, drop diameter, and number density.  相似文献   

8.
In the present study, we analyzed the chemical properties and factors impacting the sea fog water during two sea fog events over the northwestern South China Sea in March 2017, and compared our results with those of other regions. The sea fog water during these two events were highly acidic and their average pH was below 3, which was related to the high initial acidifying potential and large amounts of NO3- and SO42- not involved in the neutralization ...  相似文献   

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2018年春节期间,琼州海峡持续6 d(2月15—20日)有雾,最低能见度不足200 m。主要从气象卫星监测上分析此次琼州海峡持续性海雾的时间演变特征,并从大气海洋条件分析形成持续性海雾的原因,得出如下结论:1)2018年2月华南东侧西太平洋海面温度较常年同期偏高,有3个暖海面温度距平中心,为持续性大雾提供暖湿气流;2)此次持续性大雾过程琼州海峡位于均压场,但西南低涡起着辅助的作用,致使海洋性的南风在边界层抵御了干燥的大陆性气团,利于维持边界层的湿度;3)低层流场为暖湿气流,925 hPa近地面湿层上空有一个干中心维持,“上干下湿”的湿度层结有利于海雾维持和向上发展形成一定厚度的海雾;4)低云增加和弱降水是使18日全天海雾得以维持的重要因素。  相似文献   

10.
人为大气污染物对一次冬季浓雾形成发展的影响研究   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
贾星灿  郭学良 《大气科学》2012,36(5):995-1008
基于WRF/Chem模式和雾的观测资料,开展了包含和不包含人为污染排放源两种大气背景条件下的数值模拟对比试验,在此基础上探讨了人为污染物对2009年12月1日发生在我国华北和华东地区的一次浓雾天气过程的影响机理.结果表明,在考虑污染排放源时,模式模拟的雾的空间分布和强度变化与卫星、能见度仪和微波辐射计的观测更为接近.污...  相似文献   

11.
华北平原3次持续性大雾过程的特征及成因分析   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
赵玉广  李江波  李青春 《气象》2015,41(4):427-437
应用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站资料、NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)再分析资料和L波段加密探空资料,对近年华北平原3次持续10 d以上的大雾天气过程的高空及地面气象要素条件、大尺度环流背景、边界层特征、温湿场特征以及形成原因和维持机理进行了天气学诊断分析。结果表明:3次大雾过程都发生在纬向环流背景下,其平均高度场、湿度场、温度场和海平面气压场极其相似,其高空和地面气象要素如相对湿度、风速、温度露点差、逆温层厚度等的统计值也比较近似;高空纬向环流长时间维持导致的冷空气活动偏弱,加上太行山、燕山对冷空气的阻挡和消弱造成的华北平原长期静稳天气形势,是华北平原大雾长时间维持的根本原因;纬向环流背景下多个“干性短波槽”活动、大尺度下沉运动、太行山地形造成的地形辐合线及偏西气流越过太行山下沉增温导致的层结更加稳定也是华北平原大雾加强和维持的重要原因。  相似文献   

12.
基于MTSAT卫星遥感监测的浙江省及周边海区大雾分布特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用日本静止气象卫星MTSAT逐时资料,综合地面气象观测数据,对浙江省及其周边海区陆地和海上2008—2012年的大雾进行了专题信息提取,并给出了浙江省陆域、周边海域0.05°×0.05°网格点的小时尺度的遥感大雾产品,结果表明:(1)基于MTSAT卫星观测数据,采用分级判识太阳高度角阈值和归一化大雾指数的方法,构建的浙江及其周边地区陆地和海上遥感大雾监测模型,大雾判识精度总体超过75%,基本满足使用需求。(2)浙江省陆域近5年大雾年平均累计为411.7 h,约占全年的4.7%,基本呈南多北少,山区多平原少的格局,其中浙江南部高山区、舟山和温州部分海岛及西部山区为大雾多发区,且大雾季节分布为冬秋季较多,春夏季较少,22时至09时是浙江省陆域大雾的高发时段,10时以后大雾逐渐消散,至后半夜、凌晨前后,大雾频次逐渐增多。(3)研究区海雾主要发生在大陆近海,呈现由近海向外海减少的空间格局,东海海域年大雾累计为311.7 h,以东海西南部地区大雾出现最多,浙江省沿海大雾的高发区位于温州海域及钱塘江口。研究区海域大雾具有明显的季节特征,主要表现为春季较多,夏季次之,秋冬季较少的分布格局,且海上主要受平流雾影响,大雾不易消散,持续时间较长。从各海区大雾发生频次从高到低依次为:东海东南部、台湾以东洋面、东海中东部、黄海西南部、东海中西部、台湾海峡、东海西北部、黄海东南部、东海西南部和东海东北部。  相似文献   

13.
2007年初一次雪后大雾天气过程分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
曹治强  方翔  吴晓京  李小龙 《气象》2007,33(9):52-58
大雾天气是主要的灾害性天气之一。利用多种观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了2007年1月15日华北和黄淮地区的雪后大雾天气产生的天气背景及其形成的温湿条件和层结特征。结果表明:在这次大雾天气发生时,亚欧大陆中高纬度的环流形势为两槽一脊型,中纬度无明显冷空气活动,南支气流较为平直,天气形势比较稳定。华北和黄淮地区位于入海高压的后部,近地面层有弱的东北风或偏东风,即有利于海洋上暖湿气流的平流输送,又不至于破坏大雾形成的温湿条件。同时,大气层结是绝对稳定的,低层有深厚的逆温层,当暖湿空气平流到温度较低的下垫面上时冷却而形成雾,因而这次大雾天气属于典型的平流雾。这种形势的稳定维持,造成了这次持续时间较长的大范围的大雾天气。另外,华北和黄淮较低的海拔高度,有利于暖湿空气的平流进入,也是大雾形成的重要因子。  相似文献   

14.
春季黄海海雾WRF参数化方案敏感性研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
利用2005—2011年10次春季黄海海雾个例开展WRF模式参数化方案敏感性研究。结果表明:边界层方案对WRF模式雾区模拟结果起决定作用,而微物理方案影响较小,它主要影响海雾浓度和高度。边界层与微物理方案的最佳组合为YSU与Lin方案,最差为Mellor-Yamada与WSM5方案;Mellor-Yamada和QNSE方案模拟的近海面湍流过强,导致边界层过高,不利于海雾的发展与维持;而MYNN与YSU方案刻画的湍流强度与边界层高度合适,有利于海雾发展与维持。MYNN方案虽与YSU方案相当,但在大多数海雾个例中,后者明显优于前者,而在有些个例中却刚好相反。因此对于某一具体海雾个例而言,所用边界层方案仍需在它们之中选择最优者。这些信息可为黄海海雾WRF模式边界层与微物理方案的选择与改进提供参考。  相似文献   

15.
南京冬季一次雾过程宏微观结构的突变特征及成因分析   总被引:18,自引:3,他引:15  
陆春松  牛生杰  杨军 《大气科学》2010,34(4):681-690
2006年冬, 利用系留气球探测系统、雾滴谱仪、能见度仪等仪器在南京北郊进行了雾的综合观测。本文选取2006年12月14日的一次浓雾过程, 利用边界层廓线、雾滴谱、能见度以及NCEP再分析资料, 深入研究雾顶和地面雾浓度的突变特征 (爆发性增强和迅速减弱过程) 及其成因。结果表明: 雾顶的爆发性发展是湍流促使水汽向上输送、 在上层逆温下累积并伴随大幅降温引起的; 地面雾浓度爆发性增强时, 近地层冷平流降温导致饱和水汽压减小, 同时上层系统性的下沉增温引起逆温增强, 水汽得以累积; 雾顶的迅速下降过程中, 雾顶部湍流发展, 同时下沉运动引起了气层增温、 雾体双层结构和低空急流的出现; 地面雾的迅速减弱是太阳辐射和动量下传共同作用的结果; 下沉运动对雾生消的作用具有双重性; 雾的双层结构出现在雾顶大幅下降过程中, 并加快了雾顶的下降速度, 这与以往研究中双层结构促使雾顶爆发性发展有很大差异。  相似文献   

16.
利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、成都双流机场自动观测资料,统计分析了2003~2015年双流机场夏季大雾出现时气象要素的特征,并对2003~2015年出现的大雾天气过程进行合成分析,以探寻双流机场夏季大雾的特征和形成机理。结果表明:双流机场夏季大雾均为辐射雾,持续时间较短,风向多为偏南风和西南风,风速较小;大雾发生在降水系统后部的负渦度区内,前期降水为大雾形成提供了充足的水汽条件,前一日20时相对湿度在80%以上,大雾出现时相对湿度在92%以上;在高压系统稳定维持的天气背景下,中高层干空气侵入促使双流机场上空维持上干下湿的结构;下沉气流的存在有利于下沉增温和近地面辐射降温共同形成等温或逆温结构,促进稳定层结的建立,有利于大雾的维持。   相似文献   

17.
Using the composite field observational data collected in the area south of the Nanling Mts. and numerical modeling, the seasonal features of dense fog and visibility, fog drop spectrum and physical concept of fog forming have been analyzed. The occurring frequency of low visibility(≤200 m) is very high with a mean of 24.7%, a maximum of 41.8% from the end of autumn to winter and next spring. The fog processes that occur in the area south of the Nanling Mts. in spring and winter result from the interactions of complicated micro-physical processes, the local terrain, water vapor transportation and the influencing weather system. The fog processes are arisen from advection or windward slope, which is much different from the radiation fog. Cooling condensation due to the air lifted by the local mountain plays an important role in fog formation. Windward slope of the mountain is favorable to the fog formation. Dense fog can occur at lower altitudes in the windward slope of mountain, resulting in the lower visibility. The fog is mainly of small-drop spectrum with smaller number-density than that of urban fog, and its drop spectrum has descending trend in the section of smaller diameter. The inverse relationship between fog water content and visibility is the best among several relationships of micro-variables. In addition to micro-physical processes of fog body itself, the motion of irregular climbing and crossing over hillside while the fog body is being transported by the wind are also important reasons for the fluctuation of micro-physical parameters such as fog water content.  相似文献   

18.
基于华北雾-霾综合观测试验资料,分析了2011年12月4日河北涿州一次浓雾过程爆发性增强的微物理特征及形成机理。结果表明:此次浓雾过程除具有均压场、地面辐射降温、逆温层、静稳天气等特征外,还具有雾微物理过程出现爆发性增强的特征,10 min内,小雾滴浓度显著增加,含水量增大了3个量级,雾滴谱由15 μm拓宽到35 μm,能见度由500 m骤降至70 m。夜间地面长波辐射冷却效应导致近地层雾的形成,而近地层雾的形成反过来快速地增强了地面长波辐射冷却效应,促使大量小雾滴的形成和碰并过程的产生,这是一种正反馈效应;大量雾滴形成释放的潜热,促使雾体抬升和向下长波辐射增强,又使地面长波辐射冷却效应减弱,产生负反馈效应。相对于南京辐射雾过程,此次涿州浓雾的小雾滴粒子数浓度高,液态水含量明显偏小,这与华北高浓度气溶胶和弱水汽输送有关。  相似文献   

19.
雾霾天气个例气象条件对比分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和L波段探空资料从环流形势、扩散条件和边界层特征3个方面对2013年两次雾、霾天气个例进行对比分析,结果表明:500hPa西北气流冷平流、地面弱风场、垂直速度呈弱上升-下沉的垂直分层特点和逆温是两次雾、霾天气出现和维持的共同特征。地面西北风、850hPa弱冷平流、近地层浅薄的接地逆温(100~200m)和湿层与霾天气对应,地面偏东风、850hPa暖平流、925hPa以下深厚的悬浮逆温(400m)和湿层与雾天气对应,霾过程较雾过程逆温强度强,上升运动高度高。消散时雾较霾下沉运动中心高度低,强度弱;霾消散时接地逆温特征变化不大,雾消散时悬浮逆温有底部抬升和大气稳定层结向中性层结转变的变化特征;但均有下沉气流接地、垂直风切变较强和高层低露点干空气下传到地面的特点。  相似文献   

20.
再论都市霾与雾的区别   总被引:71,自引:4,他引:71  
吴兑 《气象》2006,32(4):9-15
都市霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义,而雾或轻雾与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快,都市霾现象或灰霾天气日趋严重,霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实,又迫切需要解决的问题。东南沿海各省用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低,将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的,而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的;霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴,必须有足够的过饱和度,能够越过过饱和驼峰才行,这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下,不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴,即便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明,出现雾时,极端最小相对湿度是91%,在相对湿度低于90%的情况下,没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程,在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70%界定轻雾与霾的补充规定。区分霾和雾,应该根据影响天气系统的变化,结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90%,作为区分轻雾与霾的辅助判据是合理的。  相似文献   

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