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Three-Phase Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The objective of this work is to study the migration of hydrocarbons from a source rock into possible reservoirs. In particular, we consider simultaneous migration of gas and oil through a water-filled carrier bed and how this flow might result in characteristics that could be interpreted by nontraditional exploration methods. In the modeling, one-dimensional, immiscible, isothermal flow is assumed, and capillary effects are excluded. The seal is modeled as a layer of very low permeability. Our analysis is based on the method of characteristics and simple wave theory. Waves are changes in saturation(s) that move through a reservoir or carrier bed at a characteristic velocity. The analysis does not require capillary forces to trap hydrocarbons, but relies on nonlinear wave phenomena to explain migration and entrapment. No doubt, capillary forces are important in secondary migration and entrapment. Our treatment can be viewed as being part of a more complete theory on secondary migration, considering hydrodynamic effects here. We demonstrate that capillary forces are not the only mechanism that can cause trapping of hydrocarbons. We focus on the role of gas in the trapping of oil. If the seal is slightly permeable, some oil will flow through it. With gas present, the efficiency of the seal can increase, and oil can be completely trapped by a structure that would otherwise be permeable. For example, gas, being much more mobile than oil, can form a bank at the interface between two layers that have a modest permeability contrast. This gas bank will have a relatively large gas saturation. This will decrease the relative permeability to oil and completely trap subsequently migrated oil. Oil can also be trapped even when no gas bank is formed at the permeable seal. Features of this problem that might affect a seismic signal are (1) the existence of gas above (caused by a stow leakage of gas) and below a modest seal, (2) the gas leakage itself, (3) modest saturations in the oil column, and (4) overpressuring in the gas column. 相似文献
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非常规油气领域是目前油气勘探和开发的热点领域, 也是石油工业的发展趋向, 非常规油气的成藏研究对非常规油气勘探具有重要指导意义。非常规油气与常规油气成藏的最本质区别在于非常规油气是非浮力驱动聚集, 这主要是由于致密储集层中微纳米级孔隙发育导致毛细管阻力较大, 同时缺乏提供强大浮力的有利条件。根据烃源岩演化与非常规油气成藏的关系, 将非常规油气资源分为油页岩、页岩油、致密油、页岩气、致密气和煤层气6种类型。油页岩、页岩油、煤层气和页岩气的源储组合特征都是“源储一体”, 而致密油气源储组合有2种类型：一种是源储叠置的临源型致密油气, 另一种是与常规油气藏类似的源储不相临、但距离不远的近源型致密油气。成藏动力学上的差异使非常规油气藏在地质上表现为大面积分布、局部富集、油气赋存具有明显的“滞留”或短距运移特征、没有明显的圈闭边界和无统一的油水界面等特点。 相似文献
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利用填装玻璃微珠的玻璃管模型,观察静水条件下油在饱含水孔隙介质中靠浮力形成优势运移路径,以及随后沿已形成的路径运移的过程。实验发现,运移的形成过程、路径的形态以及油在已形成的路径内的运移均表现出强烈的非均一性;前缘跳跃、分段运移等现象揭示了运移过程的复杂性。运移路径一旦形成,直到运移结束,其形态和空间展布特征基本一致;再次注入的油仍基本沿原来的路径运移。连续油柱的浮力及该连续油柱所接触到的孔道的毛细管力之间的复杂关系决定了油气非均匀运移路径的形成过程及其形态特征。 相似文献
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Dynamic Field Division of Hydrocarbon Migration,Accumulation and Hydrocarbon Enrichment Rules in Sedimentary Basins 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
PANG Xiongqi LIU Keyu MA Zhongzhen JIANG Zhenxue XIANG Caifu HUO Zhipeng PANG Hong CHEN Junqing 《《地质学报》英文版》2012,86(6):1559-1592
Hydrocarbon distribution rules in the deep and shallow parts of sedimentary basins are considerably different, particularly in the following four aspects. First, the critical porosity for hydrocarbon migration is much lower in the deep parts of basins: at a depth of 7000 m, hydrocarbons can accumulate only in rocks with porosity less than 5%. However, in the shallow parts of basins (i.e., depths of around 1000 m), hydrocarbon can accumulate in rocks only when porosity is over 20%. Second, hydrocarbon reservoirs tend to exhibit negative pressures after hydrocarbon accumulation at depth, with a pressure coefficient less than 0.7. However, hydrocarbon reservoirs at shallow depths tend to exhibit high pressure after hydrocarbon accumulation. Third, deep reservoirs tend to exhibit characteristics of oil (–gas)–water inversion, indicating that the oil (gas) accumulated under the water. However, the oil (gas) tends to accumulate over water in shallow reservoirs. Fourth, continuous unconventional tight hydrocarbon reservoirs are distributed widely in deep reservoirs, where the buoyancy force is not the primary dynamic force and the caprock is not involved during the process of hydrocarbon accumulation. Conversely, the majority of hydrocarbons in shallow regions accumulate in traps with complex structures. The results of this study indicate that two dynamic boundary conditions are primarily responsible for the above phenomena: a lower limit to the buoyancy force and the lower limit of hydrocarbon accumulation overall, corresponding to about 10%–12% porosity and irreducible water saturation of 100%, respectively. 相似文献
6.
天然气的加速式二次运移过程研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在静水条件下,游离相天然气运移的主要动力是浮力,阻力是毛细管力。根据前人的实验数据,通过理论计算发现,浮力和毛细管力均受地层温度和压力的影响,气体在储层中上浮的临界高度随地层温度和压力的降低而增大。根据气体状态方程及天然气运移的动力学理论,推导出温度和压力降低前、后气体流速比方程,用其计算了不同储层中临界气体长度并分析不同储层中相同长度的气体在运移途中的变化规律。由此发现,在运载层物性不变的情况下,天然气沿上倾地层向上倾方向运移的过程,是随地层温度和压力不断降低、其运移速度逐渐增大的过程,如果有后续气体的加入,会使气体长度增大,致使运移速度增加得更快。 相似文献
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为了研究三肇地区扶余油层砂岩储层特征,采用三维CT扫描技术和恒速压汞技术,对储层微观孔喉结构特征进行表征。结果表明,常规砂岩储层的孔喉大量发育,连通性好,为微米级孔喉。致密砂岩储层孔喉非均质性强,孤立零散分布,连通性差,以纳米级孔喉为主。微观孔喉特征的差异决定了油气充注、运移、聚集及渗流机理等成藏动力学特征具有差异性。通过对该区扶余油层砂岩储层的高压压汞实验、浮力与毛细管阻力公式计算及岩芯流动实验进行分析,认为油气在常规砂岩储层中初次运移动力是超压,二次运移及聚集的主要动力是浮力,油气以侧向运移为主,断层和砂体的匹配是主要的运移通道,流体流动状态呈达西渗流规律;油气在致密砂岩储层中运移动力为超压,油气以垂向运移为主,流体呈低速非达西渗流现象,以活塞-推挤的方式聚集。由于常规和致密油藏成藏动力学特征的差异,决定了油藏地质特征及分布的差异。三肇地区常规油藏主要是远距离、构造高部位聚集,上油下水规律明显,受构造控制;致密油藏主要是近距离、源下聚集,"甜点区"富集,圈闭边界不明显。 相似文献
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利用核磁共振物理模拟实验研究岩性油气藏成藏机理 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
本文采用核磁共振成像技术(NMR)进行物理模拟实验,直观地观测了岩性圈闭中油的聚集成藏过程并定量模拟了不同条件下砂体中的含油性。实验结果表明,油气在砂体中的聚集是缓慢的,向上、向下及侧向都有油的运移,但以向上的运移速度较快,其次是侧向,向下较慢;温度、压力、砂体物性和围岩含油性是影响砂体含油性的重要因素。在实验研究的基础上,分析了岩性油气成藏的微观机理,将油气成藏过程划分为三个阶段,第一阶段为在扩散作用力、烃浓度差异压力作为动力克服毛细管阻力下的油气在烃源岩孔隙中心顺干酪根网络运移的过程;第二阶段为在毛细管压力差引导下的油气在砂泥岩界面通过孔隙和喉道渗滤的过程;第三阶段为在浮力作用下克服流体流动粘滞阻力和吸附阻力在砂体内富集的过程。 相似文献
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沉积盆地中地质流体运动与油气成藏 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
沉积盆地内地质流体运动的驱动力主要有压实作用、地下水重力作用、构造作用和进入盆地中的热流。在不同的驱动力作用下,地质流体可有离心流、向心流、穿越流以及幕式和集中式等不同的运动特征,对油气成藏的影响亦存在差异。在压实作用驱动下,油气藏围绕盆地生油中心成环状分布。在重力作用驱动下,油气主要聚集在地下水的低势区,如盆地的斜坡和中心,或地下水中下游的靠盆地一侧。构造作用驱动下的油气运移比较复杂,油气主要聚集在冲断层一侧,但也可以长距离运移到斜坡带聚集。 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长8油层组在不同地区其勘探成果和油藏规模存在明显的差异,为了分析其原因,对长8油层组油藏的油源、成藏期古物性特征、毛细管力、浮力和过剩压力等进行了研究,得出了过剩压力远大于毛细管力、源储压差能够克服相应储层的毛细管力从而运移成藏的认识。在此基础上,根据姬塬、陇东和陕北三个地区烃源岩和储层发育特征、物性及运移通道的特征,构建了三种不同的成藏模式。具体表现为,姬塬地区的双向排烃、复合成藏模式:即长7段优质烃源岩异常发育,生烃增压作用强烈,使得生成的烃类流体在过剩压力的驱动下向上覆的长6-长4+5地层和下伏的长8地层中双向排烃,在多层系富集成藏;陇东地区的上生下储、下部成藏模式:长7烃源岩发育,存在较高过剩压力,下伏的长8油层组储层物性明显的要优于上覆的长6油层组储层物性,利于烃类大规模向下运移,在长8聚集成藏;陕北地区的侧向运移、上部成藏模式:长7段烃源岩在该区不发育,且上覆长6储层物性远优于下伏长8储层物性,烃类优先在长6成藏,长8油藏规模有限。这三种成藏模式代表了以长7为主要烃源岩的油藏的主要成藏机理,三者在油气分布规律上存在明显的差异。 相似文献
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Numerical simulations show that water and oil/oily-contaminant migration are controlled by regional fluid-potential fields which may be modified locally by highly permeable lenses and buoyancy. In addition, fluid potentials are coupled to the distribution of oil/oily-contaminant via relative permeability and capillary-pressure curves. As saturation distributions evolve through space and time, so do the water and oil fluid-potential surfaces. The importance of capillary forces in oil contaminant migration and entrapment is illustrated by the fact that, in certain cases, lenses fill from above, even when the migrating fluid is lighter than water. Capillary forces operating in conjunction with lenticular reservoirs create excellent dynamic oil traps by allowing free passage of water, while retaining and concentrating oil. The analysis of oil (oily-contaminant) migration using numerical modeling and potentiometric-surface techniques is useful for the prediction of migration pathways and potential accumulation sites. On the other hand, identifying acatual accumulations from fluid-potential measurements (via inverse modeling) is not possible because fluid potentials are not uniquely dependent on saturation. 相似文献
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油气优势运移通道的类型及其物理模拟实验研究 总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25
地质分析和物理模拟实验证实地质条件下油气总是沿着浮力最大和阻力最小的的方向和通道运移,形成油气优势运移通道有5种基本模式:级差优势、分隔优势、流向优势、流压优势和断面优势。物理模拟实验结果表明油气运移实际通道只占输导层的1%~10%,但却运输了油气的绝大部分;输导层物性的差异、盖层沉降中心的偏移、流体动力、断层倾角及断层面几何形态控制了油气运移的优势通道;实际地质条件下油气运移所形成的优势通道是上述5种模式综合作用的结果。由于优势通道是大部分油气运移的实际路径,其研究对追踪油气来源、预测有利圈闭有着十分重要的作用。 相似文献
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Multi-phase flow in porous media in the presence of viscous, gravitational, and capillary forces is described by advection diffusion equations with nonlinear parameters of relative permeability and capillary pressures. The conventional numerical method employs a fully implicit finite volume formulation. The phase-potential-based upwind direction is commonly used in computing the transport terms between two adjacent cells. The numerical method, however, often experiences non-convergence in a nonlinear iterative solution due to the discontinuity of transmissibilities, especially in transition between co-current and counter-current flows. Recently, Lee et al. (Adv. Wat. Res. 82, 27–38, 2015) proposed a hybrid upwinding method for the two-phase transport equation that comprises viscous and gravitational fluxes. The viscous part is a co-current flow with a one-point upwinding based on the total velocity and the buoyancy part is modeled by a counter-current flow with zero total velocity. The hybrid scheme yields C1-continuous discretization for the transport equation and improves numerical convergence in the Newton nonlinear solver. Lee and Efendiev (Adv. Wat. Res. 96, 209–224, 2016) extended the hybrid upwind method to three-phase flow in the presence of gravity. In this paper, we present the hybrid-upwind formula in a generalized form that describes two- and three-phase flows with viscous, gravity, and capillary forces. In the derivation of the hybrid scheme for capillarity, we note that there is a strong similarity in mathematical formulation between gravity and capillarity. We thus greatly utilize the previous derivation of the hybrid upwind scheme for gravitational force in deriving that for capillary force. Furthermore, we also discuss some mathematical issues related to heterogeneous capillary domains and propose a simple discretization model by adapting multi-valued capillary pressures at the end points of capillary pressure curves. We demonstrate this new model always admits a consistent solution that is within the discretization error. This new generalized hybrid scheme yields a discretization method that improves numerical stability in reservoir simulation. 相似文献
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库车坳陷的油气运移全定量模拟 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
为了给库车坳陷的油气勘探提供定量依据, 使用盆地模拟软件BASIMS对该坳陷的地史、热史、成岩史、生烃史、排烃史及运聚史进行了全定量模拟.其中油气初次运移的模拟使用简易而实用的方法, 即: 对于油气初次运移, 采用沉积压实渗流法求排油、物质平衡法求排气; 对于油气二次运移, 采用基于浮力驱动及达西定律的拟三维运聚模型.除了讨论这些数值方法的敏感性参数(参数敏感性与风险分析、排烃分配因子、断层及不整合面的渗透率、油气储集单元的确定) 外, 给出了排烃史和运聚史的模拟结果, 其聚集量的模拟结果不仅在数量上而且在位置上与实际情况符合, 尤其是预测出的几个有利勘探目标后来被勘探结果所证实 相似文献
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分析天然气(CH4)驱油、原油驱水原理,建立了幔源CO2流体的充注驱油模型,在模型中CO2能否形成足够驱动力是驱油的关键。松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷泉四段储层与该模型相符合,在储层中发现幔源CO2与油气混层现象,并且CO2充注时间晚于油气注入时间。根据研究区地质条件,对幔源CO2驱油动力和阻力以及影响其大小的参数(CO2与原油的密度、界面张力、孔喉半径和CO2柱高度)进行分析,得出幔源CO2与原油所产生的浮力足可以突破油气运移阻力(毛细管阻力)。从物理和数学的角度证明幔源成因CO2能够对油气运移起到推动作用。 相似文献
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论成藏动力系统中的流体动力学机制 总被引：32，自引：1，他引：32
介绍了成藏动力系统中流体的 3个来源 ,即沉积流体、自源流体和深源流体 ;推动流体运动的五种动力 ,即盆地深部的热动力、自源动力、重力流、浮力和毛细管力叠加产生的作用力、构造动力。分析了在成藏动力系统中这几种动力的作用机制。指出深部热动力控制了成藏动力系统的温压场和成藏作用的时空展布 ,沉积盆地中自源动力控制烃源岩生排烃过程 ,而油气在自源动力的压实流、重力流、浮力以及毛细管阻力叠加形成的流体势控制下进行二次运移、聚集和成藏。构造动力既是圈闭形成分布和油气运移聚集的控制因素 ,又是导致油气藏破坏、油气再次运移、聚集的重要作用力 相似文献
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油气运移聚集定量化模拟 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
动态再现油气运移聚集过程的难点在于运移聚集模型的建立.传统的基于达西定律的油气运聚模拟有其局限性, 而采用流线模拟模型, 基于浮力驱动, 跟踪计算油气运移轨迹流线, 并将关于油气运聚的一些公认的地质模型转化成定量化的数学模型, 体现在模拟中, 实现了油气在非均匀介质中的充注动态过程模拟.基于此模拟结果, 可进行区带资源评价, 同时为地质家解释油气运移主通道提供一个可视化的直观的分析工具.实际模拟计算表明, 该定量化模型合理可靠, 能够满足实际地质分析需要. 相似文献
18.
CAO Jian WANG Xulong SUN Ping’an SHI Xinpu HU Wenxuan YAO Suping ZHANG Yueqian TANG Yong XIE Xiaomin 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(5):1163-1172
The values of grains containing oil inclusions (GOI) in 120 reservoir sandstone samples from the central Junggar Basin of Northwest China were investigated. The sandstones are characterized by different types of hydrocarbon production and shows. The values range from 0.015% to 19.9%, and show a fairly good correlation with the hydrocarbon production/shows, which are qualitatively suggestive of reservoir hydrocarbon abundance and petroleum migration. Thus, it may be implied that the values can reflect hydrocarbon migration, being not controlled mainly by the other influencing factors. Further correlation between the values and the reservoir hydrocarbon production and show types indicates that the GOI method can be used in hydrocarbon migration study when the petroleum type of a reservoir is normal oil or gas alone, but it should be used with caution when light oil charges the reservoirs or a complex hydrocarbon migration event takes place. The case study in the central Junggar Basin using the method presents some new understanding on hydrocarbon migration. Thus, the method may help to solve specific petroleum geological problems, and can be treated as a routine tool in hydrocarbon migration study. 相似文献
19.
A theory of stress and strain variations in viscous layers, and its geological implications 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Susan H. Treagus 《Tectonophysics》1981,72(1-2)
A system of contrasting viscous layers in oblique deformation is considered. A method of deriving the attitudes and relative values of the principal deviatoric stresses in a layer of particular attitude and viscosity, is presented. For most oblique layers the method is numerical and graphical, but some algebraic solutions are given. Examples demonstrate that stresses refract from layer to layer, and vary in size. The results are more useful to the geologist as infinitesimal strains. It is shown that strain is not homogeneous in layered viscous systems, and strong variations in orientation, size and shape of strain ellipsoids may occur. Some tentative geological implications are suggested. 相似文献
20.
油气运移基础理论与油气勘探 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20
在非均质地层中, 烃类的扩散流和体积流可以同时存在并可相互转换.扩散流有助于烃类从源岩中排出, 并通过流动方式的转变直接参与油气的聚集成藏.在致密泥岩层中, 扩散流和体积流的计算流速分别为4~18 m/Ma和3~15 m/Ma, 几乎没有差别, 说明泥岩中的流动也可以用达西公式来表述.虽然油气的浮力流和渗流都是地下多孔介质中的流动, 但油气在水中上浮不呈连续相流动.因此不要求也不能用达西公式表述临界运移饱和度和相对渗透率.优势运移通道和有效运移空间是2个不同的概念, 前者是指油气运移的主要方向, 后者是指地层中真正发生了油气运移的空间.大约有70%的油气藏位于优势运移通道上, 而在运载层中有效运移通道空间约占总孔隙空间的5%~10%.圈闭的封盖强度与闭合度有3种不同的组合类型, 它们是世界上油气分布的主控因素.根据研究和统计, 世界石油储量的半衰期约为29 Ma, 大油田的中值年龄约为35 Ma.根据烃类的微渗漏流量计算, 中-大型油气藏的平均自然年龄约为50~100 Ma. 相似文献