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1.
Genevieve Simpson 《The Australian geographer》2010,41(3):403-423
Landcare groups in Australia work to increase biodiversity, eliminate invasive species and promote sustainable land-use practices. With the implementation of the Rudd government's ‘Caring for our Country’ policy during 2008–09, financial and organisational resources available to these groups diminished. This paper examines whether the National Landcare Program's initial intentions—that agency support could be provided to ‘kick-start’ the community groups into action with the Landcare groups quickly becoming independent bodies—are ultimately realistic. The results show that the majority of Landcare groups continue to be reliant on government-sourced funding and Landcare facilitators, and that those groups which do not have access to support have reduced their activity levels accordingly. Landcare groups were suffering from a reduced volunteer base, with static or decreasing numbers of participants, an inability to set regular meetings and a lack of volunteers to take up leadership positions. The reliance of Landcare groups on government support suggests that Landcare was an unsuccessful form of state-sponsored community participation, making Landcare groups similar to other volunteer organisations in terms of their functional characteristics and reliance on externally sourced funds. 相似文献
2.
Throughout Australia thousands of volunteers are engaged in Landcare projects that should help rehabilitate degraded landscapes. Many of these projects involve tree planting, but their seed is not necessarily of local provenance. Based on a survey of 85 Landcare groups working in the Hawkesbury–Nepean catchment, data were collected about Landcare groups' knowledge of their seed source, understanding of local provenance and the ecosystem in which they were planting trees and the source of funding for their projects. The findings from the study indicate that about one in five (21%) of the groups surveyed that introduced plant material were not aware of local provenance issues. Indirect indications were that a large number of Landcare groups state-wide may be doing more harm than good to the landscape while trying to rehabilitate it. The data also showed that one in seven (13%) of the groups funded by the Australian Government through the Natural Heritage Trust (NHT) had limited awareness of local provenance issues. With millions of dollars being spent on 'works on the ground', it would be prudent to allocate some funds to document and monitor current Landcare activities, so that the environmental outcomes can be quantified and more effective Landcare policies can be developed in the future. 相似文献
3.
Birgita D. Hansen Peter G. Dahlhaus Robert G. Milne Andrew D. MacLeod Chris Pitfield 《社会与自然资源》2019,32(6):709-719
Natural Resource Management (NRM) is often conducted as a partnership between government and citizens. In Australia, government agencies formulate policy and fund implementation that may be delivered on-ground by community groups (such as Landcare). Since the late 1980s, over AUS$8b of Commonwealth investment has been made in NRM. However, quantitative evidence of environmental improvements is lacking. The NRM Planning Portal has been developed to (1) provide an online spatial information system for sharing Landcare and agency data; and (2) to facilitate NRM priority setting at local and regional planning scales. While the project successfully federates Landcare NRM activity data, challenges included (1) unstructured, non-standardized data, meaning that quantitative reporting against strategic objectives is not currently possible, and (2) a lack of common understanding about the value proposition for adopting the portal approach. Demonstrating the benefit of technology adoption is a key lesson for digital NRM planning. 相似文献
4.
从珠三角到大珠三角再到粤港澳大湾区：改革开放以来中国的国家尺度重组 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
尺度重组是解释当前国家、城市等地域组织参与全球化竞争的工具媒介。文章以中国华南地区改革开放以来广东、香港、澳门三地跨界合作为例,借鉴行动者网络理论的研究方法深入剖析珠三角、大珠三角及粤港澳大湾区3个“新国家空间”的尺度重组过程,揭示中国尺度重组的政治经济逻辑。研究发现,行动者拥有的资源决定了其在尺度网络中的地位,而中国的“新国家空间”形成主要依托中央政府推动,其发展目标的设定具有决定性作用,港澳特区政府、广东省地方政府、乡镇企业和外资企业等其他行动者在协同合作中将自身的发展目标与之融合形成了“强制通过点”。纵观三阶段的演变过程,制度因素的重要性越来越得到凸显。 相似文献
5.
基于农户视角的盐池县退牧还草政策可持续性分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
退牧还草政策的可持续性是关系到政策目标的实现与巩固、关系到区域乃至国家生态安全及社会经济环境可持续发展的重大战略问题。本文基于农户视角,从农户对政策的满意度、支持度以及对当前政策有效性和稳定性的感知等方面出发,建立盐池县退牧还草政策可持续性的评价指标体系,采用TOPSIS分析法对盐池县退牧还草政策的可持续性进行定量评价,并对可持续性的阻碍因素进行诊断。结果显示:(1)当前盐池县退牧还草政策处于弱可持续性阶段,其中农户对政策的满意度、支持度以及政策有效性为中等水平,政策稳定性则较差;(2)盐池县退牧还草政策可持续性的主要障碍因子为政策实施后农户收入水平的变化、农户偷牧行为、农户对环境重要性的认知及其对退牧还草政策的接受态度等。在此基础上,提出提高盐池县退牧还草政策可持续性的建议。 相似文献
6.
Indicators of natural disaster resilience are factors that impact the ability to cope with and adapt to a natural disaster and climate change events. They can either contribute to or detract from resilience. Existing research has emphasized the importance of quantifying resilience in order to estimate baseline resilience and measure progress toward resilience enhancement. Previous attempts at quantification of resilience have not incorporated place-specific indicators or differential weighting of indicators for prioritization of resilience enhancement actions. Previous research efforts have also not incorporated spatial and temporal contexts when attempting to quantify resilience indicators. This research demonstrates the importance for quantifying resilience place-specific indicators, differential weighting of indicators, and the spatial and temporal contexts of indicators for resilience estimation and quantification through a case study of Sarasota County, Florida. This case study was conducted in four phases: preliminary interviews, plan review, focus group, and spatial analysis. Preliminary interviews were intended to contribute to development of research goals. The plan review process served to identify Sarasota County's planning priorities to determine possible indicators of resilience unique to Sarasota County as well as existing and planned county hazard mitigation strategies. The focus group was concerned with identifying resilience indicators through a workshop with officials from Sarasota County. The spatial analysis portion used findings from all three previous phases to demonstrate spatial patterns of resilience. This research demonstrates that although national resilience quantification metrics are useful, local scale resilience estimates appear more useful if community hazard mitigation and climate change adaptation is the primary goal. 相似文献
7.
Public access to and along the coast is identified as a matter of national importance in the Resource Management Act 1991. Despite this, few local authorities have started to monitor public access to and along the coast. The adoption of two indicators of public coastal access by the Ministry for the Environment deserves closer analysis ‐ how can local authorities implement those indicators as part of their section 35 responsibilities? Research carried out in Otago in 1999 examined the effectiveness of five indicators of public coastal access. This research concluded that one of the Ministry's indicators is a good measure of public access, but it could be extended to include other factors that influence public access. 相似文献
8.
Bjørn-Tore Flåten Arne Isaksen James Karlsen 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2015,69(2):102-111
The article departs from empirical studies of two competitive firms in an organisationally thin region in Norway. The main question in the article is how these firms have achieved global competitiveness. The article focuses its inquiry on how the firms organise their innovation activity, giving special attention to the firms' organisational learning and absorptive capacity. It is found that find that workplace learning enables the firms to utilise knowledge in uncommon ways. The learning rests on specific organisational traits in the firms, such as broad participation, long-term on-the-job training, the use of practice-based knowledge in innovation projects, and links to national and global knowledge sources. The characteristics of thin regions indicate that these traits make up a generally applicable strategy in such regions. 相似文献
9.
农业工业化和“去地化”的生产模式、不透明的流通过程以及膨胀的消费欲望致使饮食系统危机不断,其可持续性成为全球尺度的挑战。当前饮食系统的可持续性研究面临尺度问题,涉及从全球地方的目标转化,以及从地方到全球的经验反馈两个方面。首先,全球尺度的可持续目标宏大包容,但是对地方尺度的差异性缺乏关照。其次,部分西方国家的可持续实践垄断了经验表达,过于重视社区等微观尺度而忽略了其他尺度的潜在作用,引发“尺度陷阱”。本文深入剖析中国、巴西、南非的饮食系统内部各类参与者的可持续性建构,提出全球和地方可持续饮食系统互动的尺度逻辑：① 从全球到地方的目标转化需要兼顾地方差异。中国、巴西、南非各自生成优先的可持续目标,分别针对食品安全、食物原真性和食物浪费、结构性的食物匮乏等问题。这些目标之间充满张力和博弈,不能等同替代。② 从地方到全球的经验反馈需要打破西方经验赋予的微观尺度的优越性,转向跨尺度的实践。发展中国家的可持续实践路径的要义在于发挥饮食系统各类参与者的能动性,调动资源形成有效的跨尺度行动网络。③ 发展中国家的经验表明尺度本身是方法,而不是目的,每个具体的可持续目标与适切的尺度方法匹配。有必要研究建议挖掘多元、差异的可持续模式,更加有针对性地促进当地乃至全球饮食系统的可持续发展。 相似文献
10.
Jarle Aarstad Stig-Erik Jakobsen 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(5):290-300
ABSTRACTThe purpose of the article is to assess whether an entrepreneurial causation or effectuation logic is a function of geographical location in densely populated economic regions versus sparsely populated economic regions. A causation logic implies that the entrepreneur primarily focuses on a predefined goal and further aims to identify the means to reach that goal. By contrast, an effectuation logic implies that the entrepreneur to a larger extent focuses on the means at hand, which she or he aims at materialising into one or more goals that are not necessarily predefined. The empirical data for the study are based on an investigation and evaluation of Norwegian entrepreneurs in business incubation that are located in many different economic regions of the country. Multilevel regression analyses showed that geographical location in sparsely populated economic regions is associated with a causation logic, whereas a location in densely populated economic regions is associated with an effectuation logic. An implication of the article is that entrepreneurial stakeholders, such as policymakers, incubator managers, public and private partners, and entrepreneurs themselves should be aware of differences in causation and effectuation logics between entrepreneurs located in densely versus sparsely populated economic regions. 相似文献
11.
Cacti are a plant group of special conservation interest because of their economic value and the threats they face. In this paper, we studied cactus diversity in the Saltenian Calchaquíes Valleys, the most diverse region in Argentina. Our goals were: 1) to analyze diversity patterns, 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of the extant reserve network, 3) to select the complementary areas for cactus conservation, and 4) to evaluate the effectiveness of endemic cactus diversity as surrogate for all cactus diversity in this region. In our study, we recorded 41 cactus species, 22 of which were endemic. The most diverse cells of the survey grid were located in the High Monte ecoregion and in transition zones between this ecoregion and the Dry Chaco and Central Andean Puna ecoregions. Spatial congruence between species richness and endemism was high. The extant Saltenian Calchaquíes Valleys reserve network was effective for the cactus conservation because only three cells were necessary to maximize their protection with minimum representation. Endemic species had a good performance as surrogates of all cactus diversity. The present study is the first to define cactus diversity and to establish conservation strategies in this singular region. 相似文献
12.
乡村旅游景观特质网络演进的蒋巷村案例 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
在乡村地理的相关研究中,景观特质演化的逻辑主线与运行机理未得到充分重视。以蒋巷村为案例地,运用社会网络分析与行动者网络理论等研究方法,以网络结构特征与权力关系为切入点,力图呈现乡村旅游景观特质网络演进过程,并解读其背后的逻辑。研究发现：① 蒋巷村景观特质网络密度不断增大,景观特质间联系度持续增强;景观特质网络主题特色整体稳定,高中心度特质波动明显,其中,服务环境和村干部C的名人效应不断凸显,但乡村氛围有所下降。② 蒋巷村景观特质演进的背后是中央政府、地方政府、村两委、政治精英、驻村企业、村民以及当地的资源环境要素等七类主体组成的行动者网络;政府有效引导、精英人物视野以及形式变化下主体的倒逼与自觉成为景观特质演进成功与否的关键;权力格局与利益通道的变化成为角色定义、分配与转换的驱动力量,也成为景观特质网络构建的主要因素。③ 社会网络分析和行动者网络理论在抽象关系网络化以及演进形成机制逻辑梳理方面具有适用性。此外,还对景观特质演变与社会空间重构,空间、权力与利益的运行逻辑以及案例背后的制度逻辑进行了讨论。 相似文献
13.
运用昆明市老年公交爱心卡和常规地铁刷卡数据,考虑老龄化不同程度的影响,剖析老年群体的地铁出行特征,并从活动空间的视角重点解析和对比低龄老年群体和高龄老年群体的地铁日常出行和活动模式。结果显示：1）同非老年群体相比,老年群体移动性更低,出行时刻集中于早高峰时段,活动范围相对集中于市中心。2）随年龄增长,老年群体的移动性进一步降低,活动空间收缩,但对公共交通的依赖性增强。相较于低龄老年群体（60~69岁）,高龄老年群体（≥70岁）具有“出行频次高、活动空间范围小”的出行特征。3）低龄老年和高龄老年群体的活动空间分布存在明显分异,其中高龄老年群体的活动空间向居住密集区聚集,且出行在较大程度上受建成环境的制约。 相似文献
14.
分析和评述了国内耕地利用与保护的研究动态,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。国内有关耕地利用与保护的研究经历了研究背景由耕地无保护向耕地严格保护过渡,研究方法由定性为主向定量和计量为主转变,空间落点由东部经济发达地区向城镇化速度快、耕地资源禀赋条件好的中部地区转移。在某一研究论题断面上,东、中部地区始终先于西部地区。得出以下结论:经济、社会因子与耕地数量保护之间的作用机制研究已近饱和;耕地质量变动对耕地利用与地区生态环境演变的响应机制探讨亟待深入;我国应开展广义的耕地保护,走"目标多样化、政策多样化、途径多样化"的可持续耕地保护之路。 相似文献
15.
The proportion of individuals age sixty-five and over is growing at an astronomical rate in the United States, and some estimate that this demographic age group will double by the year 2025. Older adults and adults nearing retirement age tend to reside in suburban neighborhoods and rely heavily on personal vehicles. This study uses travel diary data on automobile trips to construct activity spaces to explore whether or not travel patterns across age groups result in differential access to particular goods and services in the Orlando Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Using an approach based on time geographic density estimation, this research identifies activity spaces across different age cohorts to identify differences in the automobility of different age groups. Results indicate that the geographic dispersion of activities with the Orlando MSA currently favors younger adults. Adults age fifty to sixty-four had the lowest accessibility scores compared to other age cohorts. If this preretirement group has poor access now, holding other effects constant, their access might only get worse as they get older and stop commuting. Transportation is an important consideration in planning for aging populations, and analyzing differences in how older adults travel compared to their younger counterparts can offer insight into the diverse needs of this group. Key Words: accessibility, aging populations, mobility, time geography, transportation. 相似文献
16.
The opportunity to engage university students in authentic, open humanitarian mapping raises important questions about how to guide the quality and productivity of volunteer spatial contributions while providing a valuable learning experience. It presents the unique chance to pique new mappers’ interest, satisfaction, and confidence in spatial technologies in particular, and technology in general, as well as pique their interest in the people and places that are served by the humanitarian mapping projects. This article shares the findings of a study that explores the importance of sharing authentic contextual information about the purpose of the humanitarian mapping task. Two groups of beginner mappers were given mapping tasks, with only one group being provided details on the purpose. Comparisons were made on their respective performance and changes in affective response to a series of questions about technology, education, good citizenship, and empathy. Measures of the quantity and quality of spatial data produced; their respective levels of interest, satisfaction, and confidence in technology; and affective responses before and after mapping show the relative effects of contextual information. Results provide insights about the potential effectiveness of authentic instruction on the performance of mapping as well as the potential effect on mappers themselves. Key Words: citizenship, data quality, empathy, humanitarian mapping, volunteered geographic information. 相似文献
17.
The environmental performance of transnational corporations (TNCs) may need to be updated to include evidence of increased corporate environmental responsibility. This is a challenge to geographical perspectives that have been critical of the environmental performance of TNCs. The paper reports the findings of a survey of TNCs with branches in Singapore. Using the survey evidence, TNCs are classified according to their degree of participation in a range of voluntary environmental initiatives. According to the classification, there is a similar proportion of low and high performers but a dominance of medium level activity that can involve little organisational change. A significant association between organisational size and environmental activity is found. Respondents most frequently report that corporate environmental standards motivate environmental action in Singapore. Overall the survey evidence indicates that few TNCs are significantly changing their environmental behaviour. The absence of citizen, NGO and government pressure on TNCs is reducing the extent of voluntary environmental action in Singapore and expectations of widespread corporate greening overlook organisational differences in their opportunity to benefit from investment in environmental management. It is concluded that voluntary corporate environmentalism does not reduce the need for government regulation. 相似文献
18.
Andrew McGregor 《The Australian geographer》2004,35(2):141-149
This paper presents group research as a potentially powerful research tool for cultural geographers interested in the ways knowledge is produced at the interpersonal level. I argue that groups can create unique research spaces that incorporate 'sociality', the everyday social norms, logics and languages that guide ordinary conversations, into the research agenda. By concentrating on these discursive norms, insights can be obtained into the ways that knowledge is negotiated, produced and constrained in different places. To demonstrate the value of group research, a case study involving Australian environmentalists is analysed, to show how forests are constructed, contested and naturalised within this particular subculture. The article concludes by emphasising the importance of group research to critical geographers interested in social empowerment and change. 相似文献
19.
This paper reports on a project that integrates basic behavioral and need assessment research with program design, implementation and evaluation to promote consistent condom use in the sex industry of Thailand. The project structure consisted of Phase I, which provided a detailed psychosocial investigation into the factors influencing condom use by female sex workers in Thailand. Phase II translated the research findings of Phase I into an operational intervention. This involved an integrated series of stages including pre-program needs assessment, intervention design, implementation, evaluation, and finally dissemination and policy integration. As a basis for open discussion and personal exploration the use of dramatic narrative scenarios on video were used to depict the problems experienced by sex workers. This program was implemented in high and low-income establishments in central Thailand; evaluation was performed through pre/post-test, intervention and control, and quasi-experimental design. Findings demonstrated an increase in the consistency of condom use over a period of 1 month among the low-income intervention group, from 66% (pre-test) to 86% (post-test), while there was no significant change observed among the sex workers in the control group. 相似文献