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1.
High- and Low-Temperature I-type Granites   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Abstract: I– and S-type granites differ in several distinctive ways, as a consequence of their derivation from contrasting source rocks. The more mafic granites, whose compositions are closest to those of the source rocks, are most readily classified as I– or S–type. As granites become more felsic, compositions of the two types converge towards those of lowest temperature silicate melts. While discrimination of the two is therefore more difficult for such felsic rocks, that in no way invalidates the twofold subdivision. If felsic granite melts undergo fractional crystallisation, the major element compositions are not affected to any significant extent, but the concentrations of trace elements can vary widely. For some trace elements, fractional crystallisation causes the trace element abundances to diverge, so the I– and S– type granites are again easily separated. Such fractionated S-type granites can be distinguished, for example, by high P and low Th and Ce, relative to their I-type analogues. Our observations in the Lachlan Fold Belt show that there is no genetic basis for subdividing peraluminous granites into more mafic and felsic varieties, as has been attempted elsewhere. The subdivision of felsic peraluminous granites into I– and S-types is more appropriate, and mafic peraluminous granites are always S–type. In a given area, associated mafic and felsic S-type granites are likely to be closely related in origin, with the former comprising both restite-rich magmas and cumulate rocks, and the felsic granites corresponding to melts that may have undergone fractional crystallisation after prior restite separation. We propose a subdivision of I-type granites into two groups, formed at high and low temperatures. The high-temperature I–type granites formed from a magma that was completely or largely molten, and in which crystals of zircon were not initially present because the melt was undersaturated in zircon. In comparison with low-temperature I–type granites, the compositions extend to lower SiO2 contents and the abundances of Ba, Zr and the rare earth elements initially increase with increasing SiO2 in the more mafic rocks. While the high-temperature I–type granite magmas were produced by the partial melting of mafic source rocks, their low-temperature analogues resulted from the partial melting of quartzofeldspathic rocks such as older tonalites. In that second case, the melt produced was felsic and the more mafic low-temperature I–type granites have that character because of the presence of entrained and magmatically equilibrated restite. High temperature granites are more prospective for mineralisation, both because of that higher temperature and because they have a greater capacity to undergo extended fractional crystallisation, with consequent concentration of incompatible components, including H2O.  相似文献   

2.
喜马拉雅碰撞造山带新生代地壳深熔作用与淡色花岗岩   总被引：12，自引：10，他引：2  
曾令森  高利娥 《岩石学报》2017,33(5):1420-1444
自从印度-欧亚大陆碰撞以来,伴随着构造演化和温度-压力-成分(P-T-X)的变化,喜马拉雅造山带中下地壳变质岩发生不同类型的部分熔融反应,形成性质各异的过铝质花岗岩。这些花岗岩在形成时代、矿物组成、全岩元素和放射性同位素地球化学特征上都表现出巨大的差异性。始新世构造岩浆作用形成高Sr/Y二云母花岗岩和演化程度较高的淡色花岗岩和淡色花岗玢岩,它们具有相似的Sr-Nd同位素组成,是碰撞早期增厚下地壳部分熔融的产物。渐新世淡色花岗岩主要为演化程度较高的淡色花岗岩,可能指示了喜马拉雅造山带的快速剥露作用起始于渐新世。早中新世以来的淡色花岗岩是喜马拉雅造山带淡色花岗岩的主体,是变泥质岩部分熔融的产物,包含两类部分熔融作用——水致白云母部分熔融作用(A类)和白云母脱水熔融作用(B类)。这两类部分熔融作用形成的花岗质熔体在元素和同位素地球化学特征上都表现出明显的差异性,主要受控于两类部分熔融作用过程中主要造岩矿物和副矿物的溶解行为。这些不同期次的地壳深熔作用都伴随着高分异淡色花岗岩,伴随着关键金属元素(Nb、Ta、Sn、Be等)的富集,是未来矿产勘探的重要靶区。新的观测结果表明:在碰撞造山带中,花岗岩岩石学和地球化学性质的变化是深部地壳物质对构造过程响应的结果,是深入理解碰撞造山带深部地壳物理和化学行为的重要岩石探针。  相似文献   

3.
Although zircon is the most widely used geochronometer to determine the crystallisation ages of granites, it can be unreliable for low-temperature melts because they may not crystallise new zircon. For leucocratic granites U–Pb zircon dates, therefore, may reflect the ages of the source rocks rather than the igneous crystallisation age. In the Proterozoic Capricorn Orogen of Western Australia, leucocratic granites are associated with several pulses of intracontinental magmatism spanning ~800 million years. In several instances, SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of these leucocratic granites either yielded ages that were inconclusive (e.g., multiple concordant ages) or incompatible with other geochronological data. To overcome this we used SHRIMP U–Th–Pb monazite geochronology to obtain igneous crystallisation ages that are consistent with the geological and geochronological framework of the orogen. The U–Th–Pb monazite geochronology has resolved the time interval over which two granitic supersuites were emplaced; a Paleoproterozoic supersuite thought to span ~80 million years was emplaced in less than half that time (1688–1659 Ma) and a small Meso- to Neoproterozoic supersuite considered to have been intruded over ~70 million years was instead assembled over ~130 million years and outlasted associated regional metamorphism by ~100 million years. Both findings have consequences for the duration of associated orogenic events and any estimates for magma generation rates. The monazite geochronology has contributed to a more reliable tectonic history for a complex, long-lived orogen. Our results emphasise the benefit of monazite as a geochronometer for leucocratic granites derived by low-temperature crustal melting and are relevant to other orogens worldwide.  相似文献   

4.
The interfacial contact region between a rhyolite melt and the accessory minerals monazite, xenotime, and zircon is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. On all surfaces, major structural rearrangement extends about 1 nm into the melt from the interface. As evidenced by the structural perturbations in the ion distribution profiles, the affinity of the melt for the surface increases in going from monazite to xenotime to zircon. Alkali ions are enriched in the melt in contact with an inert wall, as well as at the mineral surfaces. Melt in contact with zircon has a particularly strong level of aluminum enrichment. In xenotime, the enrichment of aluminum is less than that in zircon, but still notable. In monazite, the aluminum enrichment in the contact layer is much less. It is expected that the relative surface energies of these accessory minerals will be a strong function of the aluminum content of the melt and that nucleation of zircon, in particular, would be easier for melts with higher aluminum concentration. The crystal growth rate for zircon is expected to be slower at a higher aluminum concentration because of the effectiveness of aluminum in solvating the zircon surface. The variable interfacial concentration profiles across the series of accessory minerals will likely affect the kinetics of trace element incorporation, as the trace elements must compete with the major elements for surface sites on the growing accessory minerals.  相似文献   

5.
The profound geochemical conseqences of accessory phase behaviour during partial melting of highgrade metapelites are demonstrated with reference to two geochemically distinct crustal melts produced by biotite dehydration melting reactions under granulite facies (kbar, 860°CC) conditions. These two leucogneiss suites, from the Brattstrand Bluffs coastline, eastern Antarctica, have similar field relations, transport distances (10–100 s of metres) and major element chemistry. Type 1 leucogneisses have low Zr, Th and LREE, positive Eu anomalies and Zr/Zr* and LREEt/LREEt * values less than 1.0 (i.e. less than required to saturate the melt). Mass balance constraints suggest that these melts have been extracted before equilibration with host melanosomes. The dry, peraluminous nature of vapour-undersaturated melts inhibits monazite and zircon solubility and results in concentration of these phases in the residue. Melts are consequently depleted in LREE and HREE. Melanosomes show complementary enrichment in LREE, while HREE patterns are dominated by residual garnet. Type 2 leucogneisses, in contrast, have strongly enriched Zr, Th and LREE abundances, negative Eu anomalies and Zr/Zr* and LREEt/LREEt *>1 resulting from accessory phase entrainment. Vapour-absent partial melting under moderate (6–8 kbar) pressure granulite-facies conditions of a pelitic source containing monazite is likely to give disequilibrium melts depleted in LREE and HREE as monazite and garnet are concentrated in the residue. If temperatures are high enough (850–870° C) to permit relatively large degrees of partial melting then the feldspar component of the source will be removed almost completely, giving melts with large positive Eu anomalies. Melts formed under vapour-present conditions are unlikely to show such extreme LREE and HREE depletion or positive Eu anomalies, even at high degrees of partial melting. Disequilibrium melting coupled with source entrainment could fortuitously produce REE and trace element signatures similar to those typical of S-type granites and usually ascribed to equilibrium melting conditions.  相似文献   

6.
1INTRODUCTION THELATEPRECAMBRIANGRANITOIDSOFTHEARABONU BIANSHIELDINEGYPTWEREEXPOSEDBYEARLYTOMIDDLE TERTIARYUPLIFTANDENSUINGEROSIONDURINGTHEREDSEA RIFTINGEVENT(GREENBERG,1981).THEREAREANUMBER OFEFFECTIVEANDRELATIVELYSUCCESSFULSCHEMESFORTHE CLASSIFICATIONOF…  相似文献   

7.
李鑫  刘强  樊燏  章军锋 《地球科学》2019,44(12):4152-4156
在碰撞造山带构造演化过程中,中下地壳深熔作用对于深部地壳物理性质与化学成分具有重要控制作用.作为深熔作用的"见证者",纳米花岗岩包裹体是寄主岩石部分熔融作用的产物,能够为确定陆壳岩石中天然熔体特征及分析熔融机制提供关键信息.在喜马拉雅东构造结南迦巴瓦岩群的代表性岩石单元（泥质片麻岩与长英质片麻岩）中,石榴石与锆石中常包含有典型的纳米花岗岩包裹体,其代表性子矿物组合为钾长石+斜长石+石英±黑云母,这是在黑云母脱水熔融过程中、寄主片麻岩中熔体被主要转熔矿物（如石榴石等）捕获所形成一类特殊包裹体.在观测基础上,采用高温高压与高温常压手段,对纳米花岗岩包裹体进行均一化实验并获得均一化玻璃质熔体.成分分析表明,均一化熔体成分以过铝质花岗岩为主,其主/微量元素特征能够有效反演部分熔融作用的演化过程.因此,纳米花岗岩包裹体的天然观测与实验研究对于确定天然熔体特征与深入剖析碰撞造山带的地壳深熔作用具有重要启示意义.   相似文献   

8.
Two isotopically distinct but otherwise chemically similar leucogranitesuites in the Proterozoic Horney Peak Granite, Black Hills,South Dakota, have contrasting light rare earth element (LREE)concentrations. Most samples of a relatively 18O-depleted suitehave LREE- enriched, chondrite-normalized patterns, typicalof melts derived from metasedimentary protoliths, whereas allsamples of the regionally significant, relatively 18O-enrichedsuite have LREE-depleted patterns. The latter patterns are interpretedto have resulted from disequilibrium melting of schists. Monaziteand perhaps other accessory minerals remained armored by biotiteand garnet which did not partake in the muscovite dehydration-meltingreaction that produced LREE-depleted melts. The REE concentrationsin the LREE-depleted samples are below saturation levels formonazite at reasonable melting temperatures and melt water contents,whereas the REE concentrations in the LREE-enriched samplesyield 700–800C monazite saturation temperatures, reasonablefor biotite dehydration-melting reactions. LREE depletions,analogous to those in the LREE-depleted granites, are also foundin leucosomes of partially molten schists, thought to be theprotolith for the granite. In contrast, the melanosomes holdthe accessory minerals and bulk of the LREEs. KEY WORDS: accessory minerals; leucogranites; Black Hills; monazite; partial melting *Corresponding author at Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri. Telephone: 314-884-6463. Fax: 314-882-5458. e-mail: geolpin{at}showme.missouri.edu.  相似文献   

9.
The field relations, mineralogy, and major and trace elements (including REE analyses of whole-rock samples and minerals) of granites and their associated molybdenite uranium mineralized aplites in Southeastern Desert, Egypt, have been studied. The granites are leucocratic and mostly peraluminous in nature with muscovite increasing at the expense of biotite. The chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the granitic rocks indicate that their melts originated from the LILE-enriched mantle wedge by partial melting and are contaminated by crustal melts, followed by thermogravitational processes. Leucogranites with higher Na2O/K2O ratios from Um Dargag and Um Maiat crystallized under H2O-saturated equilibrium conditions in which the exsolved vapor continuously migrated away. The REE patterns of the granites studied are characterized by LREE enrichments and negative Eu anomalies. In comparison, the potassic aplites and the more sodic leucogranites are depleted in LREE, enriched in HREE and show more remarkable negative Eu anomalies. Allanite and monazite are the most important REE carriers in the granites. These minerals are strongly enriched in LREE, whereas fluorite and xenotime, which are more abundant in the aplites, are enriched in HREE. The average Lu/Ce ratio represents the fractionation trend with respect to HREE. It is 0.71 for radioactive fluorite, and it increases to 1.22 for non-radioactive fluorite. The high REE contents of molybdenite represent re-deposition of the mobilized Mo and REE. Due to the strong control of accessory minerals, the REEs are of limited use in petrogenetic modelling of highly evolved granitic systems.  相似文献   

10.
Anatexis of metapelitic rocks at the Bandelierkop Quarry (BQ) locality in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt occurred via muscovite and biotite breakdown reactions which, in order of increasing temperature, can be modelled as: (1) Muscovite + quartz + plagioclase = sillimanite + melt; (2) Biotite + sillimanite + quartz + plagioclase = garnet + melt; (3) Biotite + quartz + plagioclase = orthopyroxene ± cordierite ± garnet + melt. Reactions 1 and 2 produced stromatic leucosomes, which underwent solid‐state deformation before the formation of undeformed nebulitic leucosomes by reaction 3. The zircon U–Pb ages for both leucosomes are within error identical. Thus, the melt or magma formed by the first two reactions segregated and formed mechanically solid stromatic veins whilst temperature was increasing. As might be predicted from the deformational history and sequence of melting reactions, the compositions of the stromatic leucosomes depart markedly from those of melts from metapelitic sources. Despite having similar Si contents to melts, the leucosomes are strongly K‐depleted, have Ca:Na ratios similar to the residua from which their magmas segregated and are characterized by a strong positive Eu anomaly, whilst the associated residua has no pronounced Eu anomaly. In addition, within the leucosomes and their wall rocks, peritectic garnet and orthopyroxene are very well preserved. This collective evidence suggests that melt loss from the stromatic leucosome structures whilst the rocks were still undergoing heating is the dominant process that shaped the chemistry of these leucosomes and produced solid leucosomes. Two alternative scenarios are evaluated as generalized petrogenetic models for producing Si‐rich, yet markedly K‐depleted and Ca‐enriched leucosomes from metapelitic sources. The first process involves the mechanical concentration of entrained peritectic plagioclase and garnet in the leucosomes. In this scenario, the volume of quartz in the leucosome must reflect the remaining melt fraction with resultant positive correlation between Si and K in the leucosomes. No such correlation exists in the BQ leucosomes and in similar leucosomes from elsewhere. Consequently, we suggest disequilibrium congruent melting of plagioclase in the source and consequential crystallization of peritectic plagioclase in the melt transfer and accumulation structures rather than at the sites of biotite melting. This induces co‐precipitation of quartz in the structures by increasing SiO2 content of the melt. This process is characterized by an absence of plagioclase‐induced fractionation of Eu on melting, and the formation of Eu‐enriched, quartz + plagioclase + garnet leucosomes. From these findings, we argue that melt leaves the source rapidly and that the leucosomes form incrementally as melt or magma leaving the source dumps its disequilibrium Ca load, as well as quartz and entrained ferromagnesian peritectic minerals, in sites of magma accumulation and escape. This is consistent with evidence from S‐type granites suggesting rapid magma transfer from source to high level plutons. These findings also suggest that leucosomes of this type should be regarded as constituting part of the residuum from partial melting.  相似文献   

11.
Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) complex of the Sikkim Himalaya predominantly consists of high-grade pelitic migmatites. In this study, reaction textures, mineral/bulk rare earth elements (REE), trace element partition coefficients and trace element zoning profiles in garnet are used to demonstrate a complex petrogenetic process during crustal anatexis. With the help of equilibrium REE and trace element partitioning model, it is shown that strong enrichment of Effective Bulk Composition (EBC) is responsible for the zoning in garnet in these rocks. The data strongly support disequilibrium element partitioning and suggest that the anatectic melts associated with mafic selvedges are likely produced by disequilibrium melting because of fast melt segregation process.  相似文献   

12.
BEA  F. 《Journal of Petrology》1996,37(3):521-552
A systematic study with laser ablation—ICP-MS, scanningelectron microscopy and electron microprobe revealed that 70–95wt% of REE (except Eu), Y, Th and U in granite rocks and crustalprotoliths reside within REEYThU-rich accessories whose nature,composition and associations change with the rock aluminosity.The accessory assemblage of peraluminous granites, migmatitesand high-grade rocks is composed of monazite, xenotime (in low-Cavarieties), apatite, zircon, Thorthosilicate, uraninite andbetafite-pyrochlore. Metaluminous granites have allanite, sphene,apatite, zircon, monazite and Thorthosilicaie. Peralkaline graniteshave aeschinite, fergusonite, samarskite, bastnaesite, fluocerite,allanite, sphene, zircon, monazite, xenotime and Th-orthosilicate.Granulite-grade garnets are enriched in Nd and Sm by no lessthan one order of magnitude with respect to amphibolite-gradegarnets. Granulitegrade feldspars are also enriched in LREEwith respect to amphibolite-grade feldspars. Accessories causenon-Henrian behaviour of REE, Y, Th and U during melt—solidpartitioning. Because elevated fractions of monazite, xenotimeand zircon in common migmatites are included within major minerals,their behaviour during anatexis is controlled by that of theirhost. Settling curves calculated for a convecting magma showthat accessories are too small to settle appreciably, beingseparated from the melt as inclusions within larger minerals.Biotite has the greatest tendency to include accessories, therebyindirectly controlling the geochemistry of REE, Y, Th and U.We conclude that REE, Y, Th and U are unsuitable for petrogeneticalmodelling of granitoids through equilibrium-based trace-elementfractionation equations. KEY WORDS: accessory minerals; geochemical modelling; granitoids; REE, Y, Th, U  相似文献   

13.
New trace element data were obtained by ICP-MS for 58 samples representing eight intrusive phases of the Raumid granite Pluton. All of the rocks, except for one sample that was deliberately taken from a greisenized zone, were not affected by postmagmatic fluid alteration. The sequential accumulation of incompatible trace elements (Rb, Ta, Nb, Pb, U, and others) in the Raumid Pluton from the early to late phases coupled with a decrease in incompatible element contents (Sr, Eu, Ba, and others) indicates a genetic link between the granites of all phases via fractional crystallization of a granite melt. The REE distribution patterns of final granite phases are typical of rare-metal granites. The Ta content in the granites of phase 8 is only slightly lower than that of typical rare-metal granites. Greisenization disturbed the systematic variations in trace element distribution formed during the magmatic stage. The ranges of trace element contents (Rb, Sr, Ta, Nb, and others) and ratios (Rb/Sr, La/Lu, Eu/Eu*, and others) in the Raumid granite overlap almost entirely the ranges of granitic rocks of various compositions, from the least differentiated with ordinary trace element contents to rare-metal granites. This indicates that the geochemical signature of rare-metal granites can develop at the magmatic stage owing to fractional crystallization of melts, which is the case for the melt of the Raumid granite.  相似文献   

14.
This study is aimed at understanding the behavior of monazite, xenotime, apatite and zircon, and the redistribution of Zr, REE, Y, Th, and U among melt, rock-forming and accessory phases in a prograde metamorphic sequence, the Kinzigite Formation of Ivrea-Verbano, NW Italy, that may represent a section from the middle to lower continental crust. Metamorphism ranges from middle amphibolite to granulite facies and metapelites show evidence of intense partial melting and melt extraction. The appearance of melt controls the grain size, fraction of inclusions and redistribution of REE, Y, Th, and U among accessories and major minerals. The textural evolution of zircon and monazite follows, in general, the model of Watson et al. (1989). Apatite is extracted from the system dissolved into partial melts. Xenotime is consumed in garnet-forming reactions and is the first source for the elevated Y and HREE contents of garnet. Once xenotime is exhausted, monazite, apatite, zircon, K-feldspar, and plagioclase are progressively depleted in Y, HREE, and MREE as the modal abundance of garnet increases. Monazite is severely affected by two retrograde reactions, which may have consequences for U-Pb dating of this mineral. Granulite-grade metapelites (stronalites) are significantly richer in Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Sc, V, Cr, Zn, Y, and HREE, and poorer in Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl, U, and P, but have roughly the same average concentration of Cu, Sr, Pb, Zr, Ba, LREE, and Th as amphibolite-grade metapelites (kinzigites). The kinzigite-stronalite transition is marked by the sudden change of Th/U from 5–6 to 14–15, the progressive increase of Nb/Ta, and the decoupling of Ho from Y. Leucosomes were saturated in zircon, apatite, and (except at the lowest degree of partial melting) monazite. Their REE patterns, especially the magnitude of the Eu anomaly, depend on the relative proportion of feldspars and monazite incorporated into the melt. The presence of monazite in the source causes an excellent correlation of LREE and Th, with nearly constant Nd/Th ≈ 2.5–3. The U depletion and increase in Th/U characteristic of granulite facies only happens in monazite-bearing rocks. It is attributed to enhancement of the U partitioning in the melt due to elevated Cl activity followed by the release of a Cl-rich F-poor aqueous fluid at the end of the crystallization of leucosomes. Halide activity in partial melts was buffered by monazite and apatite. Since the U (and K) depletion does not substantially affect the heat-production of metapelites, and mafic granulites maintain similar Th/U and abundance of U and Th as their unmetamorphosed equivalents, it seems that geochemical changes associated to granulitization have only a minor influence on heat-production in the lower crust.  相似文献   

15.
The post-Variscan complex of Porto consists of metaluminous to slightly peraluminous A-type biotite granites mingled with gabbro-dioritic rocks, and late dykes with basaltic to trachyandesitic composition. U-Pb zircon dating by LA-ICP-MS on two mafic intrusive samples constrains the time of the gabbro–granite crystallisation at 281 ± 3 Ma and 283 ± 2 Ma. Hornblende 40Ar-39Ar ages from a late trachyandesite dyke date the dyking event at 280 ± 2 Ma, which is within error the U-Pb zircon ages of the intrusives. Biotite granites show variable major and trace element compositions and similar initial εNd (−0.3 to +0.9). Whole rock chemistry variations and trace element compositions of plagioclase and allanite indicate that the granites are genetically linked, essentially through fractional crystallisation of feldspars and minor allanite. On the basis of whole-rock chemistry e.g. initial εNd +4.9 to +1.7 and trace element clinopyroxene compositions, we have ascertained that the mafic intrusives and basic dykes formed from isotopically depleted mantle source-derived melts with similar trace element signature. These basic melts experienced slightly different evolutionary histories, controlled by fractional crystallisation and crustal contamination, mainly by the acid magma that gave rise to the associated biotite granites, but also by the enclosing older Variscan granitoids. U-Pb zircon data suggest that the Porto complex was affected by hydrothermal fluid circulation at 259 ± 9 Ma.  相似文献   

16.
I. A. Andreeva 《Petrology》2016,24(5):462-476
Melt inclusions were studied by various methods, including electron and ion microprobe analysis, to determine the compositions of melts and mechanisms of formation of rare-metal peralkaline granites of the Khaldzan Buregtey massif in Mongolia. Primary crystalline and coexisting melt inclusions were found in quartz from the rare-metal granites of intrusive phase V. Among the crystalline inclusions, we identified potassium feldspar, albite, tuhualite, titanite, fluorite, and diverse rare-metal phases, including minerals of zirconium (zircon and gittinsite), niobium (pyrochlore), and rare earth elements (parisite). The observed crystalline inclusions reproduce almost the whole suite of major and accessory minerals of the rare-metal granites, which supports the possibility of their crystallization from a magmatic melt. Melt inclusions in quartz from these rocks are completely crystallized. Their daughter mineral assemblage includes quartz, microcline, aegirine, arfvedsonite, polylithionite, a zirconosilicate, pyrochlore, and a rare-earth fluorocarbonate. The melt inclusions were homogenized in an internally heated gas vessel at a temperature of 850°C and a pressure of 3 kbar. After the experiments, many inclusions were homogeneous and consisted of silicate glass. In addition to silicate glass, some inclusions contained tiny quench zircon crystals confined to the boundary of inclusions, which indicates that the melts were saturated in zircon. In a few inclusions, glass coexisted with a CO2 phase. This allowed us to estimate the content of CO2 in the inclusion as 1.5 wt %. The composition of glasses from the homogeneous melt inclusions is similar to the composition of the rare-metal granites, in particular, with respect to SiO2 (68–74 wt %), TiO2 (0.5–0.9 wt %), FeO (2.2–4.6 wt %), MgO (0.02 wt %), and Na2O + K2O (up to 8.5 wt %). On the other hand, the glasses of melt inclusions appeared to be strongly depleted compared with the rocks in CaO (0.22 and 4 wt %, respectively) and Al2O3 (5.5–7.0 and 9.6 wt %, respectively). The agpaitic index is 1.1–1.7. The melts contain up to 3 wt % H2O and 2–4 wt % F. The trace element analysis of glasses from homogenized melt inclusions in quartz showed that the rare-metal granites were formed from extensively evolved rare-metal alkaline melts with high contents of Zr, Nb, Th, U, Ta, Hf, Rb, Pb, Y, and REE, which reflects the metallogenic signature of the Khaldzan Buregtey deposit. The development of unique rare metal Zr–Nb–REE mineralization in these rocks is related to the prolonged crystallization differentiation of melts and assimilation of enclosing carbonate rocks.  相似文献   

17.
SAWYER  E. W. 《Journal of Petrology》1991,32(4):701-738
Migmatites are developed in Archaean metabasites south of theGrenville Front. Relative to equivalent greenschist facies metabasites,those hosting the migmatites have undergone some mobilizationof CaO, Na2O, and Sr, and, in the case of sheared metabasites,the introduction of K2O, Ba, Cs, and Rb, before migmatization.Three types of anatectic migmatite are recognized, based ontheir leucosome-melanosome relationships: (1) non-segregatedmigmatites in which new leucocratic and magic phases are intimatelymixed in patches up to 15 cm across, (2) segregated migmatitesin which the leucosomes are located in boudin necks and shearbands, and are separated from their associated mafic selvedgesby 5–100 cm, and (3) vein-type migmatites where discordantleucosomes lack mafic selvedges. The non-segregated and segregatedmigmatites have a local and essentially isochemical origin,whereas the vein-type represent injected melt. Leucosomes fromthe segregated and vein-type migmatites have similar tonaliticmajor oxide compositions, but they differ greatly in their trace-elementcharacteristics. The vein-type leucosomes are enriched in K2O, Ba, Cs, Rb, LREE,Th, Hf, Zr, and P2O5 relative to their metabasite hosts, andhave greater La/YbN ratios (27 compared with 0?6–17).These veins may have formed by between 5 and 25%equilibriumbatch partial melting of Archaean metabasalt, leaving garnet+ hornblende in the residuum. In contrast, leucosomes from the segregated migmatites are depletedin REE, Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Ti, Th, Hf, Zr, Nb, and P2O5 relativeto their source rocks; the associated mafic selvedges are enrichedin these elements. The leucosomes and mafic selvedges both haveLa/YbN ratios that are similar to those of the source metabasitesirrespective of whether the source is LREE depleted or LREEenriched. The abundances of many trace elements in the leucosomesappear to be controlled by the degree of contamination withresiduum material. Zr concentrations in the leucosomes are between10 and 52% of the estimated equilibrium concentrations in felsicmelts at the temperature (750–775 ?C) of migmatization.A numerical simulation of disequilibrium melting using bothLREE-depleted and LREE-enriched sources yields model melts withtrace element abundances that match those of the natural leucosomes.Mafic selvedge compositions indicate that the segregated migmatitesrepresent a range of between 12 and 36% partial melting of theirhost metamatization. Based upon calculated dissolution times for zircon in wet melts,the melt and residuum were separated in less than 23a, otherwisemelts would have become saturated in Zr. Rapid melt extractionis thought to be driven by pressure gradients developed duringnon-coaxial deformation of the anisotropic palaeosome duringmigmatization. The common occurrence, based on published work, of disequilibriumcompositions in migmatite leucosomes implies that during mid-crustalmelting the melt-segregation rates are greater than the rateof chemical equilibration between melt and the residual solid.In contrast, at the higher temperatures of granite formation,the rate of chemical equilibration exceeds that of melt-segregationand equilibrium melt compositions are reached before segregationcan occur. On the basis of their trace element characteristics,the melt which forms segregated migmatites cannot be the sameas that which forms the vein-like migmatites, or granitoid plutons.  相似文献   

18.
Two-mica granites that locally contain garnet and sillimaniteoccur as dikes, sills, and sheets up to 50 m thick within thesillimanite zonc of the Monashee Mountains in the southeasternCanadian Cordillera of British Columbia. Syn-kinematic and post-kinematicgranites are recognized. U-Pb dating of zircon demonstrates that the syn-kinematic granitesare 100.4?0.3 Ma old, based on duplicate concordant single abradedzircon analyses. Other zircons have slightly older Pb/Pb dates,indicating small amounts of inherited zircons. Monazites are99?10 Ma old. Post-kinematic granites have 62.5?0.2 Ma zirconages and 634+0.1 Ma monazite ages. High initial 87 ratios (0.71492–0.74181)and evidence of Precambrian Pb inheritance indicates that bothsyn- and post-kinematic granites were derived from a crustalsource. Geobarometric estimates suggest that both generationsof granites equilibrated at 6–8 kb (22–30 km). Zirconand monazite saturation temperatures range from 660–824?Cand indicate that these minerals were liquidus phases earlyin the crystallization history of the granites. Because monazitesaturation temperatures generally exceed those of zircon, itis possible that some monazites may be inherited. Apatite saturationtemperatures in excess of 900?C suggest that both generationsof granites contain source inherited apatite. Syn- and post-kinematic granites have essentially identicalmajor and trace element chemistries. Syn-kinematic graniteshave steep light rare earth element (LREE) enriched patternswith pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The REE patterns of post-kinematicgranites range from steep LREE enriched patterns with negativeNd and Eu anomalies to flat patterns with low LREE contents,negative Nd anomalies, and both positive and negative Eu anomalies.Modelling of REE, Rb, Sr, and Ba contents demonstrates thatsyn-kinematic gramtes could have been generated by a low degreeof partial melting (with 10–25% feldspar fractionationof the melt) of Late Proterozoic Horsethief Creek Group metapelitesleaving a monazite-bearing upper amphibolite facies residue.Post-kinematic granites were produced by partial melting ofa geochemically and isotopically similar metapelitic source.The suite of post-kinematic granites can be related by a smallamount (up to 0.1%) of monazite crystal fractionation.  相似文献   

19.
Several volumetrically minor \(\sim \)2.8 Ga anorogenic granites and rhyolites occur along the marginal part of the Singhbhum craton whose origin and role in crustal evolution are poorly constrained. This contribution presents petrographic, geochemical, zircon U–Pb and trace element, and mineral chemical data on such granites exposed in the Pala Lahara area to understand their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. The Pala Lahara granites are calc-alkaline, high-silica rocks and define a zircon U–Pb age of 2.79 Ga. These granites are ferroan, weakly metaluminous, depleted in Al, Ca and Mg and rich in LILE and HFSE. They are classified as A2-type granites with high Y/Nb ratios. Geochemical characteristics (high \(\hbox {SiO}_{2}\) and \(\hbox {K}_{2}\hbox {O}\), very low MgO, Mg#, Cr, Ni and V, negative Eu anomaly, flat HREE and low Sr/Y) and comparison with melts reported by published experimental studies suggest an origin through high-temperature, shallow crustal melting of tonalitic/granodioritic source similar to the \(\sim \)3.3 Ga Singhbhum Granite. Intrusion of the Pala Lahara granites was coeval with prominent mafic magmatism in the Singhbhum craton (e.g., the Dhanjori mafic volcanic rocks and NNE–SSW trending mafic dyke swarm). It is suggested that the \(\sim \)2.8 Ga A-type granites in the Singhbhum craton mark a significant crustal reworking event attendant to mantle-derived mafic magmatism in an extensional tectonic setting.  相似文献   

20.
Experimental data indicate that high F concentrations in leucocratic aluminosilicate melts (of granite and nepheline syenite composition) bring about the crystallization of F-rich minerals (topaz, villiaumite, and cryolite) on the liquidus. The crystallization of the minerals is controlled by the silicity, agpaitic coefficient, and proportions of alkalis in the system SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-K2O-F-H2O. Our earlier experimental data on this system are compared with petrographic and petrochemical data on granites and nepheline syenites containing accessory topaz, cryolite, and villiaumite. The composition of topaz- and cryolite-bearing rocks is proved to correspond to the experimentally established equilibrium fields of F-rich aluminosilicate melt with these minerals. It is proved that the high-F minerals can crystallize from melt. The partial substitution of K and Na for Li modifies phase relations in the system, first of all, significantly expands the equilibrium field of aluminosilicate melt and alkaline aluminofluoride melts. The two melts are proved to be immiscible within broad compositional ranges in the SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-Li2O-F-H2O system at 800–650°C and 1 kbar. Experimental data indicate that fluoride brine can coexist with aluminosilicate melts in nature. This finds support data on melt inclusions in granites and alkaline rocks whose contents of major components, water and fluorine are close to those in the experimental glasses. Our data lend support to the hypothesis that large cryolite bodies at the Ivigtut, Pitinga, Ulog-Tanzek, and other deposits were formed by fluoride salt melts that separated from F-rich aluminosilicate magmas late in the course of their differentiation. It is experimentally established that fluoride salt melts are able to concentrate valuable trace elements, such as Li, W, Nb, Hf, Sc, U, Th, and REE, which suggests that such melts can play an important role in the origin of rare-metal deposits genetically related to rocks that crystallize from magmas rich in F.  相似文献   

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