共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
Raymond C. H. Koo Julian S. H. Kwan Carlos Lam Charles W. W. Ng Jack Yiu Clarence E. Choi Axel K. L. Ng Ken K. S. Ho W. K. Pun 《Landslides》2017,14(3):905-916
Flexible steel barriers are commonly constructed on steep hillsides to mitigate rockfall. The evaluation of the dynamic response of proprietary flexible barriers is conventionally performed using full-scale field tests by dropping a weight onto the barriers in accordance with the European test standard ETAG 27. The weight typically has a spherical or polyhedral shape and cannot reproduce more complex rockfall scenarios encountered in the field. A rigid slab may load a barrier over a larger area and its effect has not been investigated. In this study, a calibrated three-dimensional finite-element model was developed to study the performance of vertically and horizontally orientated rockfall barriers under concentrated areal impact loads. A new bilinear force-displacement model was incorporated into the model to simulate the behavior of the energy-dissipating devices on the barriers. The effect of different weight geometries was studied by considering impacts by a rigid single spherical boulder and a rigid slab. Results reveal that areal loading induced by a rigid slab increases the loading on the barrier foundation by up to 40 % in both horizontally and vertically positioned barriers when compared to a concentrated load scenario with a single boulder. This indicates that barriers tested under the current test standard does not give the worst-case scenario in terms of foundation loads, and barrier designers should take into account the possible effect of increased foundation loads by reinforcing the barrier posts and/or increasing their spacing. 相似文献
2.
为获取被动柔性防护网在不同崩塌滚石运动特征下的动态响应规律,以鲁甸803地震震后崩塌滚石造成防护网损坏现场为例,通过无人机倾斜摄影技术实现地质调查,采用Rockyfor3D获取研究区落石的运动特征,并通过被动柔性防护网有限元模型,对不同落石冲击形式下防护网的动态响应规律进行研究.研究显示区内落石弹跳高度普遍在1~2 m,优势路径上的落石会形成稍高速低弹跳的范围冲击.在范围落石冲击下,防护网绳索最大拉力增加可达123.7%;在低弹跳落石冲击下,绳索最大拉力增加可达181.2%.范围落石冲击会导致防护网网面耗能的降低,并导致上拉锚绳拉力的增大.防护网下一级支撑绳对不同落石弹跳高度的响应较为敏感,部分高弹跳落石会对上拉锚绳和上一级支撑绳产生影响. 相似文献
3.
Perforation of Flexible Rockfall Barriers by Normal Block Impact 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
J. P. Hambleton O. Buzzi A. Giacomini M. Spadari S. W. Sloan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(3):515-526
Flexible rockfall barriers are a common form of protection against falling blocks of rock and rock fragments (rockfall). These barriers consist of a system of cables, posts, and a mesh, and their capacity is typically quantified in terms of the threshold of impact (kinetic) energy at which the barrier fails. This threshold, referred to here as the “critical energy,” is often regarded as a constant. However, several studies have pointed out that there is no single representative value of critical energy for a given barrier. Instead, the critical energy decreases as the block size decreases, a phenomenon referred to as the “bullet effect.” In this paper, we present a simple analytical model for determining the critical energy of a flexible barrier. The model considers a block that impacts normally and centrally on the wire mesh, and rather than incorporate the structural details of the cables and posts explicitly, the supporting elements are replaced by springs of representative stiffness. The analysis reveals the dependence of the critical energy on the block size, as well as other relevant variables, and it provides physical insight into the impact problem. For example, it is shown that bending of the wire mesh during impact reduces the axial force that can be sustained within the wires, thus reducing the energy that can be absorbed. The formulas derived in the paper are straightforward to use, and the analytical predictions compare favorably with data available in the literature. 相似文献
4.
The imperative need to protect structures in mountainous areas against rockfall has led to the development of various protection methods. This study introduces a new type of rockfall protection fence made of posts, wire ropes, wire netting and energy absorbers. The performance of this rock fence was verified in both experiments and dynamic finite element analysis. In collision tests, a reinforced-concrete block rolled down a natural slope and struck the rock fence at the end of the slope. A specialized system of measuring instruments was employed to accurately measure the acceleration of the block without cable connection. In particular, the performance of two energy absorbers, which contribute also to preventing wire ropes from breaking, was investigated to determine the best energy absorber. In numerical simulation, a commercial finite element code having explicit dynamic capabilities was employed to create models of the two full-scale tests. To facilitate simulation, certain simplifying assumptions for mechanical data of each individual component of the rock fence and geometrical data of the model were adopted. Good agreement between numerical simulation and experimental data validated the numerical simulation. Furthermore, the results of numerical simulation helped highlight limitations of the testing method. The results of numerical simulation thus provide a deeper understanding of the structural behavior of individual components of the rock fence during rockfall impact. More importantly, numerical simulations can be used not only as supplements to or substitutes for full-scale tests but also in parametric study and design. 相似文献
5.
In this study, the dynamic behavior of rock clusters falling on rough slopes and impacting a vertical barrier is investigated experimentally and numerically using discrete element analysis. A specially designed laboratory setup that involves a flume of adjustable slope lined with a bumpy surface and equipped with an instrumented wall at the toe is used in the experimental investigation. The velocity profiles and impact forces were measured for three inclination angles using two different rock clusters. Three-dimensional discrete element analysis is then conducted to investigate the mechanical behavior of the rockfall and examine the role of sphericity of the rock cluster on the overall behavior of the system. This was achieved by explicitly simulating the complex shapes of the used rocks and the rough surface of the slope. The material coefficient of friction was measured using heap tests, and the results are compared with those obtained numerically using four different particle sphericities. Conclusions are made regarding the effect of slope inclination angle and the volume of the cluster on the impact forces exerted on rigid barriers. This study suggests that rock sphericity plays important roles on the dynamic behavior of the system and should be taken into consideration in simulating rockfall problems. 相似文献
6.
This study uses a numerical procedure, previously validated with data from full-scale experiments, to investigate the performance of a modified prototype wire-rope fence to provide protection against rockfall. The cost-reducing modifications are increased post spacing and fewer wire netting layers. The numerical procedure provides the nonlinear response of the prototype under various impact conditions and insights into each component’s role in dissipating impact energy. A simple but effective method to increase fence capacity is also developed. Finally, the use of two units of the prototype to protect a wide area is investigated employing the numerical procedure. 相似文献
7.
为探究落石正转和反转转速对法向恢复系数（Rn）的影响,选制正方、圆盘和圆柱三种典型形状试块,通过专门研发的落石碰撞测试装置,开展不同正转和反转转速下试块绕X和Y轴与坡面的碰撞测试。试验结果表明:圆盘和圆柱状试块绕Y轴旋转时（近似正碰）,转速对Rn基本无影响;3种形状试块绕X轴旋转时（非正碰）,转速和Rn存在一定相关性,但Rn还受到试块形状和冲击姿态联合影响。为此,引入综合变量-冲击姿态系数（IPC）来量化转速对Rn的影响。鉴于不同冲击姿态下法向冲击力对Rn的力学作用机制存在差异,对试块冲击回弹特征采取分类探讨。一次冲击回弹型,正转试验中质心（C）在接触点（CP）之后和C在CP之前条件下,IPC与Rn分别呈线性正相关和负相关关系;反转试验结果则正好相反。二次冲击回弹型,无论正转或反转,第一次冲击C在CP之前或之后,各形状试块IPC与Rn均为强正相关,但各工况下的相关规律并不一致。这些获得的结论基本揭示了转速对Rn的影响关系,同时为转动异形落石冲击回弹过程的精准预测提供了参考。 相似文献
8.
Full-scale Modelling of Falling Rock Protection Barriers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Full-scale impact tests, carried out to evaluate the behaviour of flexible falling rock protection barriers, are described
and relevant results presented and discussed. Falling rock protection barriers, which may be numbered among passive measures
against rockfall, are designed to intercept and stop falling rocks by dissipation of impact energies through the elasto-plastic
deformation of a system made up of metallic nets and supporting and connecting components. The testing programme involved
models of barriers subjected to the impact of free-falling blocks of kinetic energy ranging from 500 to 5,000 kJ. The experimental
test site, set-up in Fonzaso (Italy), and the experimental procedure were developed according to the new European testing
standards (ETAG 027) on falling rock protection kits. The paper is aimed at presenting an extensive and high quality database,
which can be extremely useful for a better understanding of the actual response of such structures and for any subsequent
analytical and numerical modelling. 相似文献
9.
落石与坡面或者防护结构接触过程中冲击参量随时间变化特征是描述落石碰撞过程的重要指标,对于揭示落石与坡面相互作用机制以及采取合理的防护措施具有重要的意义。在现有的相关设计规范中,并没有给出关于落石冲击力时程关系的计算方法,仅参照有关规范或经验方法确定一个落石最大冲击力值。为此,首先基于线黏弹性接触理论,建立落石冲击地面力学模型,根据位移-速度组合初始条件以及速度-加速度组合初始条件分别推导得到两种落石冲击特征参量理论解析解;然后基于 ANSYS/LS-DYNA 非线性动力学软件,建立落石冲击地面三维数值模型,研究球体落石冲击地面力学特点;最后将理论结果对比室内试验和已有的研究成果,得出以下结论：（1）Hertz 弹性接触理论结果中各参量变化在加载阶段和恢复阶段均呈现对称的趋势,速度、加速度初始条件下的落石冲击特征参量和动力有限元法非常接近,而位移-速度初始条件组合并不适用于研究落石冲击下的动力特征;（2）不同速度和下落高度下,落石最大冲击力值随落石下落高度和冲击速度的增大而增加,而落石冲击作用时间随下落高度和冲击速度的增加而减小;（3）计算结果得到的落石最大冲击力以及落石冲击作用时间与室内试验结果和已有成果相接近,相比室内试验和有限元结果的震荡性,此结果更能体现落石冲击力变化规律; （4）多种冲击速度下,对比不同方法得到的落石最大冲击力,可知计算结果均在各种冲击力计算结果的范围内,具有很好的可靠性。考虑到现有研究理论的不足,难以求解落石冲击力时程关系,求解结果丰富了落石碰撞理论,可以指导工程有关落石灾害的防护设计。 相似文献
10.
2008年“5.12”汶川特大地震诱发了大量的震裂山体危岩崩塌灾害。这类危岩发育位置高、冲击能量大,存在主动加固措施难以实施且被动防护网防护能级不足的问题,为此在汶川、芦山、九寨沟地震灾区逐渐广泛使用桩板拦石墙结构用于防治高位崩塌落石,取得了非常好的效果,但同时也存在部分桩板拦石墙墙后因未设缓冲层或挂废旧轮胎而被落石直接撞击并损毁的现象。为避免落石直接与此类钢筋混凝土（RC）板碰撞造成刚性破坏,工程上常采用就地开挖的碎石土、砂土作为缓冲层以减缓落石冲击力,为研究冲击作用下不同类型缓冲层消能效果及RC板的动力响应特征,基于室外搭建的落石冲击试验平台,开展了不同缓冲层及其相互组合的系列落石冲击试验。结果表明,总厚度相同前提下,EPS泡沫-砂土组合缓冲层的消能效果最优,其次为碎石土,砂最差。与其他两种缓冲层消能方式相比,落石锤与组合缓冲层碰撞过程中发生多次反弹且接触时长远大于其他两种;相同的冲击工况下,EPS中心位置压溃并下陷,且产生大量辐射状宽大裂缝;组合缓冲层能够有效减小RC板的跨中位移,在3,5,7 m冲击高度下,比砂作为缓冲层时跨中位移减小了37%~46%。在R4落石锤冲击下,RC板跨中位移显著增加且产生明显塑性位移,随冲击能量增大跨中裂缝自下而上延伸,RC板最终破坏时表现为典型的弯曲破坏特征。 相似文献
11.
落石冲击棚洞结构作用过程复杂,缺乏统一的落石冲击力表达式。首先,将落石简化为刚性球体,基于Hertz接触理论,推导得到落石冲击力半正弦算法的理论表达式,考虑落石冲击下棚洞的非弹性特征,根据落石与材料碰撞过程中落石加速度曲线特征,采用函数拟合法推导得到落石法向冲击下其冲击力的理论计算方法;然后,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立落石冲击棚洞数值计算模型,研究不同冲击速度下落石冲击棚洞动力特征;最后,与现存常见的多种方法进行对比,得出以下结论：Hertz半正弦法得到的落石冲击力远大于函数拟合法和数值法,而函数拟合法和数值法得到的落石冲击力时程曲线相接近,表明函数拟合法更能反映落石与棚洞接触碰撞动力关系;对比其他计算方法可以得到,Hertz算法适用于分析无能量损失下的弹性碰撞问题,而Logistic算法适用于材料大塑性变形的情况,弹塑性接触理论结果和动力有限元结果存在差异,而采用函数拟合推导的计算方法得到的落石最大冲击力和落石冲击作用时间与动力有限元法更接近,更能反映落石冲击棚洞动力响应特征,推导的落石冲击力计算方法可为工程实践中棚洞防护设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
12.
This paper presents a new numerical strategy for the design and verification of flexible falling rock barriers: passive protection measures for risk mitigation of potentially unstable rock slopes. The key point of the proposed approach is that notwithstanding the complexity of the simulated phenomenon, the resulting highly non-linear, dynamic model is simple and produces an accurate prediction of all the relevant parameters for barrier design, such as anchorage forces, net panel elongations and residual heights.The modelling procedure has been assessed using detailed experimental data obtained from a set of full-scale tests on three barrier prototypes with various energy absorption capacities (5000 kJ, 3000 kJ and 500 kJ). By comparison with the experimental results, the numerical model has shown to be reliable in capturing very accurately the barrier response to a block impact. Consequently, this method can be extended to investigate the behaviour of flexible falling rock protection barriers under conditions different from those encountered in full-scale tests. Therefore, the numerical procedure can be regarded as an effective tool used for designing and testing these structures. 相似文献
13.
滚石防护加筋土挡墙是工程上常见的落石防护工程结构, 通常用于拦截大体积或高速滚落的山坡落石。滚石防护加筋土挡墙能有效拦截具有高冲击动能的岩块滚落。但由于其结构较大, 受滚石撞击时会发生不可逆的诱发性破坏变形, 加筋土体应力-应变性状非线性, 不同加筋材料与土体界面特性及作用机制相当复杂, 目前防滚石撞击的加筋土防护挡墙的设计方法不够完善。通过总结已有文献的研究成果, 重点阐述了受滚石撞击的加筋土挡墙结构响应性状, 从落石轨迹控制和挡墙稳定性两个方面对挡墙设计方法进行了讨论。同时指出滚石旋转动能不可忽略, 已有成果在滚石冲击力计算、结构撞击响应分析方法等问题的研究仍显不足, 为今后研究提供参考。 相似文献
14.
Experimental Testing of Rockfall Barriers Designed for the Low Range of Impact Energy 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
O. Buzzi M. Spadari A. Giacomini S. Fityus S. W. Sloan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(4):701-712
Most of the recent research on rockfall and the development of protective systems, such as flexible rockfall barriers, have been focused on medium to high levels of impacting energy. However, in many regions of the world, the rockfall hazard involves low levels of energy. This is particularly the case in New South Wales, Australia, because of the nature of the geological environments. The state Road and Traffic Authority (RTA) has designed various types of rockfall barriers, including some of low capacity, i.e. 35 kJ. The latter were tested indoors using a pendulum equipped with an automatic block release mechanism triggered by an optical beam. Another three systems were also tested, including two products designed by rockfall specialised companies and one modification of the initial design of the RTA. The research focused on the influence of the system’s stiffness on the transmission of load to components of the barrier such as posts and cables. Not surprisingly, the more compliant the system, the less loaded the cables and posts. It was also found that removing the intermediate cables and placing the mesh downslope could reduce the stiffness of the system designed by the RTA. The paper concludes with some multi-scale considerations on the capacity of a barrier to absorb the energy based on experimental evidence. 相似文献
15.
钢筋混凝土（RC）板与一定厚度的土颗粒缓冲层组合结构被广泛用于山区高位单体及群发性崩塌落石的防治,为研究此类防护结构在落石作用下的冲击力衰减规律及RC板的破坏模式,开展了室外系列落石冲击试验。结果表明,增大缓冲层厚度能够有效减小最大冲击力,峰值加速度随缓冲层厚度减小而增大,尤其在缓冲层厚度为0.1 m及0.2 m时,最大值急剧增大,峰值加速度与缓冲层厚度的变化满足指数函数关系;根据量纲分析原理得到缓冲层最大冲击深度与动能的平方成正比、与最大入射冲击力成反比的计算公式,且与实测值较吻合;入射冲击力在缓冲层内的衰减率随缓冲层厚度的增加以指数函数递增,在0.6 m缓冲层厚度下可使峰值冲击力衰减70%左右;随累积冲击能级的增大,RC板经历了弯曲起裂及扩展、次级弯曲裂纹和剪裂纹产生及跨中弯曲裂纹贯通的过程,试验结束时RC板整体表现出典型的弯曲破坏特征。 相似文献
16.
Dao-Yuan Tan Jian-Hua Yin Jie-Qiong Qin Zhuo-Hui Zhu Wei-Qiang Feng 《Landslides》2018,15(12):2487-2497
Flexible barriers have been widely applied in rockfall mitigation in recent years. However, the behavior of flexible barriers under the impact of boulders is still not fully understood. To investigate the interaction between a flexible barrier and a falling boulder, a large-scale physical modeling device has been constructed at a site in Hong Kong. Using this device, large-scale impact tests using boulders with different diameters were conducted. Test results are presented and analyzed in this paper. The motion of the boulder during impact is traced and analyzed. The impact forces on the flexible ring net and the supporting structures are measured and compared. From the comparison, the impact reduction rates (IRR) of boulders with different diameters are calculated. Moreover, a simple approach for estimating the impact loading of a boulder on a flexible barrier is proposed in this study. This approach is calibrated and verified using measured impact forces in the tests. 相似文献
17.
Kaiheng Hu Chaohua Wu Jinbo Tang Alessandro Pasuto Yanji Li Shuaixing Yan 《Landslides》2018,15(12):2465-2474
On June 24, 2017 (21:39 UTC, June 23rd), a catastrophic landslide occurred at Xinmo village of Mao County, Sichuan Province, China. Soon after the event, some research teams carried out field investigations in order to both support the emergency operations and to understand the failure mechanism and possible evolutionary scenarios. Based on further in-depth interpretation of high-resolution remote-sensing images and detailed field surveys, it is newly found that there are at least six old rockfall deposits in the source area that prove the historic activity of the landslide scarp. Seismic data of the event and morphological evidences along the slope indicate that the landslide was preceded by a significant rockfall. Mechanical calculations show that the surface force due to pore water was far less than the impact force due to the rockfall. It means that the subsequent major rock avalanche was more likely due to the impact of the rockfall on the rock slope below, which broke the rock bridges and caused drop of shear resistance along the fractures. According to these new understandings, a different triggering mechanism for the landslide is proposed. 相似文献
18.
滚石是突发于人工边坡或自然边坡上的一类特殊的地质灾害,对坡下的人类活动和基础设施的安全构成极大威胁.柔性防护系统是滚石灾害防治的重要方法之一,而摩擦制动环是应用于钢绳拦石网并起到关键缓冲作用的部件.作者发现,当前使用的摩擦制动环存在着缓冲效率较低、较易损坏、成本较高等诸多不足.针对这些不足,提出了一种可应用于滚石柔性防护系统的簧式缓冲器.理论研究表明,它具有缓冲效率较高、不易损坏、价格较低等优点,可望在滚石柔性防护系统中得到广泛应用. 相似文献
19.
滚石冲击力测试研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以国内外代表性滚石冲击力计算方法为基础,针对冲击力的影响因素,设计了一套滚石冲击力测试装置。通过试验设计,选取不同的滚石质量、冲击速度、入射角度、缓冲材料性质及厚度等影响因素,获得冲击力变化规律。结果表明：最大冲击力随滚石重量的减小或冲击速度的降低而逐渐减小,2 cm厚度缓冲层比直接冲击时减小了90%左右,缓冲效果明显。同时最大冲击力随着入射角度的变小而降低,但入射角度越小,冲击力值降低的幅度越小。结合冲击试验结果,通过冲击力计算方法对比分析,建立了可用于各影响因素的最大冲击力计算方法,验算表明误差很小。研究结果可为滚石灾害的防治设计提供参考依据。 相似文献
20.
为了研究颗粒棱角对颗粒材料力学行为的影响,建立了具有不同棱角度的对称多面体颗粒,采用了一种简单并适合任意颗粒形状的接触本构模型,对三维离散元开源程序YADE进行了修改,研究了颗粒棱角度在模拟直剪试验中的影响以及接触力各向异性在剪切过程中的演化规律。研究结果表明,颗粒棱角度越小,颗粒间相互咬合自锁的作用越小,颗粒受剪更易转动,致使颗粒体系的剪切强度和剪胀性下降;竖向加载力越大,颗粒棱角度的影响越明显;法向接触力的各向异性在剪切过程中表现为先增后减最后趋向稳定的趋势;法向接触力的各向异性变化程度随颗粒棱角度的增大而增大。 相似文献