共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alan G. Jones 《Lithos》1999,48(1-4):57-80
The internal structure of the continental lithosphere holds the key to its creation and development, and this internal structure can be determined using appropriate seismic and electromagnetic methods. These two are complementary in that the seismic parameters usually represent bulk properties of the rock, whereas electrical conductivity is primarily a function of the connectivity of a minor constituent of the rock matrix, such as the presence of a conducting mineral phase, e.g. carbon in graphite form, or of a fluid phase, e.g. partial melt or volatiles. In particular, conductivity is especially sensitive to the top of the asthenosphere, generally considered to be a region of interconnected partial melt. Knowledge of the geometry of the lithosphere/asthenosphere boundary is important as this boundary partially controls the geodynamic processes that create, modify, and destroy the lithosphere. Accordingly, collocated seismic and electromagnetic experiments result in superior knowledge than would be obtained from using each on its own. This paper describes the state of knowledge of the continental upper mantle obtained primarily from the natural-source magnetotelluric technique, and outlines how hypotheses and models regarding the development of cratonic lithosphere can be tested using deep-probing electromagnetic surveying. The resolution properties of the method show the difficulties that can be encountered if there is conducting material in the crust. Examples of data and interpretations from various regions around the globe are discussed to demonstrate the correlation of electromagnetic and seismic observations of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary. Also, the observations from laboratory measurements on candidate mineralogies representative of the mantle, such as olivine, are presented. 相似文献
5.
Richard J. O'Connell 《Tectonophysics》1976,32(1-2)
The average physical properties of multiphase aggregates, such as rocks, depend on the properties of the individual phases as well as the statistical spatial distribution of the phases, such as the relative concentrations, and the shape, orientation, and distribution of the grains of the individual phases. If the properties of the phases are similar, the aggregate properties depend mainly on volume averages of properties of the phases; this is the case for elastic properties of rocks. If the properties of the phases differ significantly, the geometric distribution of the phases becomes important; this is the case if a fluid phase is present, which may have a large effect on elastic and electrical properties. Laboratory measurements of properties of individual phases and aggregates, used with theoretical treatments of aggregate properties, permits the interpretation of seismic velocities, attenuation and electrical conductivity in the earth in terms of possible compositions, phases and distribution of phases, such as intergranular fluids. 相似文献
6.
Klaus Ullemeyer Siegfried Siegesmund Patrick N.J. Rasolofosaon Jan H. Behrmann 《Tectonophysics》2006,414(1-4):97
A representative suite of deformed, metamorphic rocks from the TRANSALP reflection seismic traverse in the Eastern Alps was studied in the laboratory with respect to elastic properties and whole-rock texture. Compressional wave (P-wave) velocities and their anisotropies were measured at various experimental conditions (dry, wet, confining pressure), and compared to the texture-related component of anisotropy. Here ‘texture’ refers to crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs), which were determined by neutron texture goniometry. In gneisses and schists P-wave anisotropies are mainly controlled by the microcrack fabric. In marbles and amphibolites CPO contributes very significantly to anisotropy. At 200 MPa confining pressure the degree of anisotropy is between 5% and 15%, depending on rock composition and/or CPO intensity. Special emphasis was also put on discussing possible effects of fluids on seismic velocity and anisotropy. Distributions of water-filled microcracks and pores are distinctly anisotropic, with maximum contribution to bulk rock velocity mostly parallel to the foliation pole. Decreasing P-wave velocity and increasing anisotropy of immersed samples may be explained by crack-induced changes of the elastic moduli of bulk rock. The main conclusion regarding interpretation of TRANSALP data is that strong reflections in the deep Alpine crust are probably due to marble–gneiss and metabasite–gneiss contacts, although P-wave anisotropy and boundaries between zones of ‘dry’ or ‘wet’ series may contribute to reflectivity to some extent. 相似文献
7.
While the d.c. electrical properties of a rock, through the volume conductivity, provide information on pore space structure (Formation factor) and pore fluid, the frequency dependence of the electrical parameters allows the characterization of the pore-matrix interfaces. To illustrate these properties, we present here some results of measurements performed on sedimentary rocks (Vosges and Fontainebleau sandstones). These samples have a classical electrical response, i.e. a ‘Cole and Cole’ frequency behaviour near a certain relaxation frequency and a low-frequency dispersion. We discuss some of the models that have been proposed in the past to explain this behaviour. It appears that most of them are valid near and above the relaxation frequency, but only Dissado and Hill's model seems to be satisfactory over the whole frequency range. The fractal nature of the interfaces, assumed in two of these models but appropriate only for one of them, could also be a convenient explanation for the frequency dependence. 相似文献
8.
何展翔 《物探化探计算技术》2019,(4):433-447
电磁勘探技术是应用最早、应用最广的物探技术之一,也是与地震法最为接近的勘探技术。电磁勘探技术无论是发展规模还是技术水平与地震的差距还是很大。加快电磁勘探技术的发展和应用具有重要意义。通过对比两者的技术经济特征,分析电磁勘探技术在油气、深部矿产和水资源等六个领域的现状、潜力和机遇。进一步剖析了电磁勘探技术中电磁波场的固有局限性、岩石导电物理机理研究的不足,以及电磁勘探数据采集、处理解释技术的问题,同时指出了在这几个方面的发展方向。 相似文献
9.
While 3D seismic has been the basis for geological model building for a long time, time-lapse seismic has primarily been used
in a qualitative manner to assist in monitoring reservoir behavior. With the growing acceptance of assisted history matching
methods has come an equally rising interest in incorporating 3D or time-lapse seismic data into the history matching process
in a more quantitative manner. The common approach in recent studies has been to invert the seismic data to elastic or to
dynamic reservoir properties, typically acoustic impedance or saturation changes. Here we consider the use of both 3D and
time-lapse seismic amplitude data based on a forward modeling approach that does not require any inversion in the traditional
sense. Advantages of such an approach may be better estimation and treatment of model and measurement errors, the combination
of two inversion steps into one by removing the explicit inversion to state space variables, and more consistent dependence
on the validity of assumptions underlying the inversion process. In this paper, we introduce this approach with the use of
an assisted history matching method in mind. Two ensemble-based methods, the ensemble Kalman filter and the ensemble randomized
maximum likelihood method, are used to investigate issues arising from the use of seismic amplitude data, and possible solutions
are presented. Experiments with a 3D synthetic reservoir model show that additional information on the distribution of reservoir
fluids, and on rock properties such as porosity and permeability, can be extracted from the seismic data. The role for localization
and iterative methods are discussed in detail. 相似文献
10.
Oderson Antônio de Souza Filho Adalene Moreira Silva Armando Zaupa Remacre Sérgio Sacani Sancevero Anne Elizabeth McCafferty Mônica Mazzini Perrotta 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(4):905-916
Geostatistical modeling, using airborne and borehole electromagnetic data, was used to estimate electrical conductivity in groundwater within fractured paragneisses and migmatites in a semi-arid climate in northeastern Brazil. Despite the geologic heterogeneity of crystalline aquifers, the use of high resolution helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) data enabled the characterization of groundwater electrical conductivity where data from drilled wells were insufficient. The tacit assumption is that HEM measurements can be used to relate rock electrical conductivity to groundwater electrical conductivity. In this study, the HEM data were used as an external drift variable in non-stationary estimation and stochastic simulation to identify the variability of groundwater electrical conductivity. Validation tests, comparing predicted values for groundwater conductivity with measurements in new wells, confirmed the success of these models in locating fresh groundwater sources in crystalline bedrock. 相似文献
11.
岩体节理表面几何特性描述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩体节理表面几何特征对岩体变形、刚度、剪切强度和水渗导性有重要影响,一般用节理粗糙度系数（ＪＲＣ）、节理吻合系数（ＪＭＣ）来描述。本文用节理表面分维（ＪＳＦ）来描述节理表面形态的复杂性,为节理表面几何特征描述提供了一个新的方法。 相似文献
12.
柱状节理岩体原位变形试验力学浅析与模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在白鹤滩坝址区柱状节理岩体原位变形试验成果的基础上,针对节理刚度的取值进行讨论,利用柔性中心孔试验值反算得到柱状节理岩体节理面刚度值。岩体变形是由岩块和节理两部分组成,分析含单节理岩体概念模型的单轴加、卸载规律性和其变形特性,发现其滞回特性是节理力学行为造成的;推导得到了岩体变形计算公式,可用于多组相交节理岩体等效弹性模量的计算,能够反映出节理岩体的各向异性特征;建立了柱状节理随机模型,采用离散元方法和反算的刚度值进行了仿真分析,得到等效变形参数在试验结果范围内。 相似文献
13.
人类有关地球内部物质成份、结构和物理状态的认识绝大多数来自于地震波的资料,而地震波资料的正确解释又离不开岩石地震波性质的高温高压实验研究。地壳和地幔岩石的地震波性质和各向异性是当今世界地学前沿研究的一项重要内容,该领域横跨了地震学、岩石物理学和构造地质学,在过去一段时间里非常活跃并取得许多重要的成果。本文仅将作者近年来研究岩石地震波性质（例如,岩石波速滞后性,地震波速随围压的变化规律,纵、横波速之间的关系,泊松比等）的部分进展做一简扼的综述,并谨以此纪念已故中国科学院院士张文佑先生诞辰100周年。 相似文献
14.
We present the influence of mineralogy and microstructure on the seismic velocity anisotropy of evaporites. Bulk elastic properties and seismic velocities are calculated for a suite of 20 natural evaporite samples, which consist mainly of halite, anhydrite, and gypsum. They exhibit strong fabrics as a result of tectonic and diagenetic processes. Sample mineralogy and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) were obtained with the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique and the data used for seismic velocity calculations. Bulk seismic properties for polymineralic evaporites were evaluated with a rock recipe approach. Ultrasonic velocity measurements were also taken on cube shaped samples to assess the contribution of grain-scale shape preferred orientation (SPO) to the total seismic anisotropy. The sample results suggest that CPO is responsible for a significant fraction of the bulk seismic properties, in agreement with observations from previous studies. Results from the rock recipe indicate that increasing modal proportion of anhydrite grains can lead to a greater seismic anisotropy of a halite-dominated rock. Conversely, it can lead to a smaller seismic anisotropy degree of a gypsum-dominated rock until an estimated threshold proportion after which anisotropy increases again. The difference between the predicted anisotropy due to CPO and the anisotropy measured with ultrasonic velocities is attributed to the SPO and grain boundary effects in these evaporites. 相似文献
15.
Correlation between rock fabrics and physical properties of carbonate reservoir rocks 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Three carbonate core samples from an oil and gas reservoir of the NW German basin were chosen to study the correlation between
rock fabrics and physical properties of reservoir rocks. Detailed fabric analyses and texture investigations were carried
out as well as laboratory measurements of different physical properties, e.g. density, porosity, permeability, electrical
conductivity, seismic compressional and shear wave velocities. Although the three core samples come from a similar depositional
facies, they show great differences in the occurrence and three-dimensional distribution of the rock fabric elements. These
heterogeneities are the result of various diagenetic and tectonic processes. For the correlation between the rock fabrics
and the physical properties four main rock fabric types have to be considered: (a) major constituents, e.g. fossils, ooides,
peloides and crystals; (b) pore space with different pore types; (c) fractures; and (d) stylolites. The results of the correlation
clearly show that the values and anisotropies of the petrophysical properties are fairly related to the observed fabric elements,
with their different arrangements, spatial distributions and preferred orientations. These results also provide a fundamental
understanding of the petrophysical responses, such as seismics, to the different geological features (e.g. fractures) and
their dynamic changes with pressure, which can be converted to different depths. The knowledge gained from such correlations
may lead to an improved interpretation of geophysical data for hydrocarbon exploration and production and therefore to an
advanced reservoir characterization.
Received: 28 January 1999 / Accepted: 21 June 1999 相似文献
16.
超高压变质岩物理性质的相关性对建立结晶岩区地球物理解释标尺的意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大陆科学钻探为认识深部地壳的结构、组成、力学性质和物理状态提供了重要的基础数据。岩石物理性质的测量对于原位测井资料的校正和地表地球物理测量的解释具有重要意义,岩石物理性质和岩石学研究相结合,还能为岩石的变质作用以及变质过程中化学成分的迁移提供必要的约束。本文主要对CCSD100-3100m的综合岩石物理资料进行了相关性调查和聚类分析,并得出如下结论:(1)岩石物理性质中的地震波速度、密度、热导率之间具有强相关性,他们都受岩石中主要矿物的组成和含量所控制;(2)岩石的电阻率和磁化率受金属氧化物含量的控制,与岩性有相关性;孔隙度、渗透率与岩性没有相关性;(3)利用岩石的物理性质可以反演不同的岩性,其中地震波速度、密度和热导率对榴辉岩和片麻岩大类具有很好的分类效果,而结合磁化率和电阻率则能更好的区分出超基性岩、正片麻岩和副片麻岩。上述结论对综合地球物理解释中物理参数的选取和结晶岩区地球物理解释标尺的建立具有重要的意义。 相似文献
17.
时频电磁法(TFEM)作为一项比较成熟的油气检测技术,在国内外已得到了广泛的应用.在时频电磁解释过程中,主要采用电阻率和极化率联合定性检测,不能给出含油气的定量评价,并把地层电阻率视作与温度、压力无关的量.但随着地层深度增加,地层的温度、压力变化会对电阻率产生影响.由温度、压力的变化引起的电性变化会给储层解释带来误差.通过对岩石的频散测试,分析岩石电性参数随频率变化的规律,并结合岩石的频散性质研究了地层电阻率受温度、压力影响后的变化特征,而后通过拟合获得岩石电阻率与温度、压力的近似关系式.利用恰当的温压-电阻率函数,对时频电磁储层数据进行电阻率校正;利用校正后的电阻率数据,基于Archie公式计算研究区储层目标段的饱和度,并对储层进行了定量评价. 相似文献
18.
Analysis of strength and moduli of jointed rocks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper deals with two aspects of jointed rock mass behavior, first the finite element modeling of a jointed rock mass as an equivalent continuum, second the comparison of empirical strength criteria of a jointed rock mass. In finite element modeling the jointed rock properties are represented by a set of empirical relationships, which express the properties of the jointed medium as a function of joint factor and the properties of the intact rock. These relationships have been derived from a large set of experimental data of tangent elastic modulus. It is concluded that equivalent continuum analysis gives the best results for both single and multiple jointed rock. The reliability of the analysis depends on the estimation of joint factor, which is a function of the joint orientation, joint frequency and joint strength.Empirical strength criteria for jointed rocks, namely Hoek and Brown, Yudhbir et al., Ramamurthy and Arora, Mohr–Coulomb have been incorporated in a nonlinear finite element analysis of jointed rock using the equivalent continuum approach, to determine the failure stress. The major principal stress at failure, obtained using Ramamurthy's criteria, compares very well with experimental results. 相似文献
19.
N. E. Odling 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1994,27(3):135-153
Summary Thirteen natural rock profiles (Barton and Choubey, 1977) are analyzed for their fractal properties. Most of the profiles were found to approximate fractal curves but some also showed features of specific wavelengths and amplitudes superimposed on fractal characteristics. The profiles showed fractal dimensions from 1.1 to 1.5 covering a range of selfsimilar and self-affine curves. The analysis results suggest a negative correlation between fractal dimension,D, and amplitude,A. Joint roughness coefficients (JRC) show a positive correlation with amplitude,A, and a negative correlation with fractal dimension,D. A numerical model of fracture closure is used to investigate the effects of different profile characteristics (D, A and sample size) on the nature of dilation and contact area, using the natural profiles and synthetic fractional Brownian motion profiles. Smooth profiles (low JRC, highD, lowA) display many small contact regions whereas rough fractures (high JRC, lowD, highA) display few large contact areas. The agreement with published experimental data supports the suggested correlations between JRC and the fractal parameters,A andD. It is suggested that observed scale effects in JRC and joint dilation can be explained by small differential strain discontinuities across fractures, which originate at the time of fracture formation. 相似文献
20.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(2):141-147
Rock microfracturing significantly affects elastic and anelastic parameters as well as transport properties. Several rock models are proposed in literature relating rock microfractures and cracks to the effective velocities. However, the mechanisms involved in the attenuation of seismic waves still need further investigation in order to properly relate attenuation to fracturing. Laboratory measurements of ultrasonic wave propagation are performed on dry sandstones during increasing fracturing of the samples. Perpendicular to the loading axis the wave velocities decrease and attenuation increase. The observed decrease of wave velocity is a measure for the crack density of the newly formed cracks. Utilising crack densities and microstructural parameters the attenuation behaviour is interpreted in terms of the mechanisms friction and scattering. On the same rock samples the effect of fracturing on water transport is investigated. Measurements before and after the mechanical fracturing show a decrease of permeability in loading direction. The changes in seismic parameters and permeability are interpreted by different variations in rock microstructure. This should be considered when relating seismic and transport rock properties. 相似文献