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1.
New sandstone petrology and petrostratigraphy provide insights on Palaeogene (Middle Eocene to Oligocene) clastics of the Thrace Basin in Greece, which developed synchronously with post‐Cretaceous collision and subsequent Tertiary extension. Sandstone petrofacies are used as a tool to unravel complex geodynamic changes that occurred at the southern continental margin of the European plate, identifying detrital signals of the accretionary processes of the Rhodope orogen, as well as subsequent partitioning related to extension of the Rhodope area, followed by Oligocene to present Aegean extension and wide magmatic activity starting during the Early Oligocene. Sandstone detrital modes include three distinctive petrofacies: quartzolithic, quartzofeldspathic and feldspatholithic. Major contributions are from metamorphic basement units, represented mostly by low to medium‐grade lithic fragments for the quartzolithic petrofacies and high‐grade metamorphic rock fragments for the quartzofeldspathic petrofacies. Volcaniclastic sandstones were derived from different volcanic areas, with a composition varying from dominantly silicic to subordinate intermediate products (mainly rhyolitic glass, spherulites and felsitic lithics). Evolution of detrital modes documents contributions from three key source areas corresponding to the two main crystalline tectonic units: (i) the Variegated Complex (ultramafic complex), in the initial stage of accretion (quartzolithic petrofacies); (ii) the Gneiss–Migmatite Complex (quartzofeldspathic petrofacies); and (iii) the Circum‐Rhodope Belt. The volcaniclastic petrofacies is interbedded with quartzofeldspathic petrofacies, reflecting superposition of active volcanic activity on regional erosion. The three key petrofacies reflect complex provenance from different tectonic settings, from collisional orogenic terranes to local basement uplift and volcanic activity. The composition and stratigraphic relations of sandstones derived from erosion of the Rhodope orogenic belt and superposed magmatism after the extensional phase in northern Greece provide constraints for palaeogeographic and palaeotectonic models of the Eocene to Oligocene western portions of the Thrace Basin. Clastic detritus in the following sedimentary assemblages was derived mainly from provenance terranes of the Palaeozoic section within the strongly deformed Rhodope Massif of northern Greece and south‐east Bulgaria, from the epimetamorphic units of the Circum‐Rhodope Belt and from superposed Late Eocene to Early Oligocene magmatism related to orogenic collapse of the Rhodope orogen. The sedimentary provenance of the Rhodope Palaeogene sandstones documents the changing nature of this orogenic belt through time, and may contribute to a general understanding of similar geodynamic settings.  相似文献   

2.
The Villa Olmo Conglomerate (lower member of the Como Conglomerate Formation, Gonfolite Lombarda Group, Southern Alps, Italy) represents the first coarse clastic inputs into the Oligocene Southalpine Foredeep. A number of techniques including sedimentary lithofacies analyses, clast counts on turbidite conglomerate bodies, sandstone petrography through Gazzi–Dickinson point‐count method and XRF analyses, and optical and minero‐chemical analyses on single clasts have been performed, in order to better define the sediment source area and geodynamic conditions which promoted sedimentation in the Southalpine Foredeep at the end of the Oligocene. The Villa Olmo Conglomerate interdigitates with the upper part of the Chiasso Formation, and gradually passes upward into the overlying Como Conglomerate Formation. Provenance analyses (conglomerate clast counts and sandstone petrography) reveal a strong metamorphic provenance signal, likely sourced from eroded Southalpine basement. An increase in igneous plutonic clasts reflects sediment supply from the Southern Steep Belt and a decrease of volcano‐sedimentary Mesozoic cover sequences. Optical and minero‐chemical analyses on volcanic detritus detect the presence of sub‐intrusive to effusive, andesite to rhyolite products, ascribable to the Varese‐Lugano Permian volcanoclastic suite, as well as Oligocene andesite products. Plutonic clasts document the presence of tonalites, granites, and brittle deformed granodiorites (with two micas), being likely sourced from the tonalite tail of the Bergell Pluton and the plutonic units of the Bellinzona‐Dascio Zone. The identification of this provenance suite implies palaeo‐drainage from the region between Varese (Southern Alps) and the Bellinzona‐Dascio Zone (Central Alps). The Villa Olmo Conglomerate is the first depositional record of the onset of tectonically driven erosion in the Alpine belt. We infer that the previous low sediment budget regime (Eocene–Middle Oligocene) was a consequence of a tectonically controlled melting phase, during which tectonic events promoted magmatic production in the middle crust of the Central Alps at rates higher than those of crustal deformation, so inhibiting sediment production. We conclude that changes in the deep structures of the Alpine Orogenic chain have controlled the main geodynamic processes during Oligocene–Neogene times, and have controlled sediment composition and supply into the Southalpine Foredeep. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
Hathway  & Kelley 《Sedimentology》2000,47(2):451-470
Lower Cretaceous conglomeratic strata exposed on southern Sobral Peninsula were deposited on a deep‐marine apron in the back‐arc Larsen Basin close to its faulted boundary with the Antarctic Peninsula magmatic arc. The succession is dominated by amalgamated beds of clast‐supported conglomerate, which, together with minor intercalated sandstones, consist of varied, but largely basaltic to andesitic, volcanic material and clasts derived from the Palaeozoic–Triassic (meta)sedimentary basement of the arc. Most of the volcanic clasts are thought to have been derived from lithified volcanic successions or older synvolcanic deposits, rather than from sites of coeval eruption. These mixed‐provenance strata enclose a number of intervals, consisting mainly of inverse–normally graded conglomerate and graded–stratified pebbly sandstone, in which the sand fraction is dominated by crystals and vitric grains considered to have been redeposited in the immediate aftermath of explosive silicic arc volcanism. Like syneruption deposits on non‐marine volcaniclastic aprons, these intervals are more sand‐prone than the enclosing strata and appear to show evidence of unusually rapid aggradation. Plagioclase from one such interval has yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages concordant at ≈121 Ma, similar to those obtained from the non‐marine Cerro Negro Formation, deposited within the magmatic arc. It is suggested that the two successions can be viewed as counterparts, both recording a history of mainly basaltic to andesitic volcanism, punctuated by relatively infrequent, explosive silicic eruptions. Whereas the Cerro Negro Formation consists mainly of syneruption deposits, most of the volcaniclastic material delivered to the eruption‐distal, deep‐marine apron appears to have been derived by normal degradation processes. Only rare silicic eruptions were capable of supplying pyroclastic material rapidly enough and in sufficient quantities to produce compositionally distinct syneruption intervals.  相似文献   

4.
The Sis conglomerate body represents the Middle Eocene to Oligocene transfer‐zone trunk palaeovalley fill of the Sis fluvial system, a drainage system established within the Pyrenees during Late Palaeocene times. The spatial stability of the fluvial transfer zone (active for at least 38 My), and hence the longevity of its aggradational palaeovalley component (>19·5 My), was controlled by its location between long‐lived pre‐existing structures. Coarse‐grained fluvial facies dominate the palaeovalley fill, with alluvial fan facies shed from its defining marginal structures. The detailed sedimentology of very proximal fluvial facies deposited within the dominantly erosional realm of an active mountain belt has rarely been documented before because of their poor preservation potential. The Sis conglomerate body contains a robust internal stratigraphy with stratigraphic units defined by distinct bounding surfaces, across which there are pronounced changes in facies and provenance. These mark the reorganization of the headward portions of the Sis fluvial system during the evolution of the Pyrenean Axial Zone antiformal stack. Major changes in discharge resulted, demonstrating the highly variable nature of even mountain belt‐scale fluvial systems when viewed on timescales of several to tens of millions of years. Provenance details indicate that initial unroofing of Hercynian granitoids, situated within the Pyrenean Axial Zone, occurred around 54·5 Ma (early Ypresian) immediately before the first significant exhumation event within the drainage basin of the Sis fluvial system. This is earlier than previously constrained by apatite fission track studies. Rock uplift accelerated in the Lutetian and Bartonian with the initial aggradation of the palaeovalley fill (the Cajigar and Cornudella Formations and Sis One and Two Members). This became marked in the Priabonian (Sis Three and Four Members), with significant activity on local structures including the Morreres backthrust. An increase in basement‐derived clasts and a headwater decapitation event also indicate pronounced Axial Zone antiformal stack development at this time. Axial Zone development intensified further in the Oligocene with the deposition of the Collegats Formation and the switch in the main depositional loci of the system from the Tremp‐Graus thrust‐sheet‐top basin to the Ebro Basin to the south.  相似文献   

5.
阿尔金山脉新生代剥露历史——前陆盆地沉积记录   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  
新疆且末县江尕勒萨依盆地位于阿尔金山脉的北西山前,其内连续沉积了中生代一新生代地层。盆地内古新统一始新统为河流相沉积;渐新统至中新统为山麓河流相灰色砾岩和棕色砂岩;上新统为山麓洪积相砾岩夹泥岩;下更新统全为砾岩层。岩性组合特征及其砂岩碎屑、砾石组分变化规律,反映出阿尔金山脉的新生代剥蚀历史：古近纪早、中期,阿尔金山脉的地形高差小,古生界双峰式火山岩首先被剥蚀;至渐新世末一中新世早期,山脉高差加大,基底元古宇开始出露地表被剥蚀;中新世末期,山脉高差进一步加大,剥蚀速率加快;至第四纪早期西域砾岩开始沉积时,地形高差加剧,中、古元古界开始暴露被剥蚀。区域资料分析表明,阿尔金山脉在新生代具有多期次阶段性隆升的特征,存在3期次快速隆升事件：渐新世末一中新世早期、中新世晚期(大约8Ma)和第四纪早期。  相似文献   

6.
The Asmari Formation deposited in the Zagros foreland basin during the OligoceneMiocene. Lithologically, the Asmari Formation consists of limestone, dolomitic limestone, dolomite, argillaceous limestone, some anhydrite(Kalhur Member) and sandstones(Ahwaz Member). This study is based on the analysis of core samples from four subsurface sections(wells Mn-68, Mn-281, Mn-292 and Mn-312) in the Marun Oilfield in the Dezful embayment subzone in order to infer their provenance and tectonic setting of the Ahwaz Sandstone Member. Petrographical data reveal that the Ahwaz Sandstone comprises 97.5% quartz, 1.6% feldspar, and 0.9% rock fragments and all samples are classified as quartz arenites. The provenance and tectonic setting of the Ahwaz Sandstone have been assessed using integrated petrographic and geochemical studies. Petrographic analysis reveals that mono- and poly-crystalline quartz grains from metamorphic and igneous rocks of a craton interior setting were the dominant sources. Chemically, major and trace element concentrations in the rocks of the Ahwaz Sandstone indicate deposition in a passive continental margin setting. As indicated by the CIW′ index(chemical index of weathering) of the Ahwaz Sandstone(average value of 82) their source area underwent "intense" recycling but "moderate to high" degree of chemical weathering. The petrography and geochemistry results are consistent with a tropical, humid climate and low-relief highlands.  相似文献   

7.
松辽盆地东缘六台地区营城组露头地质调查和实验室分析显示,貌似正常碎屑岩的营二段是一套复杂的火山熔岩和沉积岩之间的过渡岩性。这套岩性包括了碎屑熔岩、凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质碎屑岩和正常碎屑岩,显示了它们形成于火山—沉积盆地的过渡环境,即火山斜坡过渡到冲积平原和湖泊环境。与火山作用有关岩相有4种端元的火山碎屑岩相:弹射坠落爆发空落相、喷射降落爆发空落相、热碎屑流相和热基浪相。火山物质堆积在火山斜坡以及前方的冲积平原上,往往以火山碎屑岩相或者冲积扇相、辫状河相保存;它们堆积在湖泊中则为三角洲相、扇三角洲相、较深水相和沼泽相。这些相的空间组合反映了火山喷发—碎屑堆积的过程。根据旋回发育营二段可以区分出3种类型的充填序列:沉积—火山充填序列、沉积充填序列和火山充填序列。较为完整的序列为粗碎屑岩—火山岩和火山碎屑岩—细碎屑岩,对应着裂谷类盆地断裂作用—火山作用—沉积充填的过程,记录在特定的地层结构中。  相似文献   

8.
DANIELA FONTANA 《Sedimentology》1991,38(6):1085-1095
The Upper Cretaceous Pietraforte Formation, an allochthonous unit of the Ligurian domain in the northern Apennines, provides a case study of the importance of detrital carbonate grains for provenance determination in sandstones. The Pietraforte Formation is composed of turbidite sandstones with subordinate conglomerate, deposited in an external sector of the Ligurian ocean, close to the Adriatic margin. The sandstones have a lithic composition, characterized by abundant sedimentary and metasedimentary rock fragments (35–56% of the terrigenous framework), little feldspar (<7%) that is almost exclusively plagioclase, and a high ratio of fine- to coarse-grained polycrystalline quartzose grains to total quartzose grains (average Qp/Qt=0.37). Carbonate rock fragments dominate the lithic association of both sandstones and conglomerates and provide the most detailed information for provenance determination. They are composed primarily of dolostones and a wide variety of limestones containing identifiable age-diagnostic microfossils. Fossils and rock textures of carbonate clasts document the erosion of Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous shelf and pelagic carbonate units which can be matched with Mesozoic rock types present in the Tuscan domain of the northern Apennines. Compositional results constrain the source of the Pietraforte Formation sandstones to the western margin of the Adriatic plate, from uplifted sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of the Tuscan domain and its low-grade metamorphic basement. Coeval intrabasinal sources provided additional supplies to the depositional basin of the Pietraforte Formation; this intrabasinal supply consists of shelf carbonate allochems, planktonic foraminifera and argillaceous rip-up clasts. The presence of carbonate grains from shallow-water environments may indicate the existence during deposition of marginal shelf areas favourable for carbonate allochem production.  相似文献   

9.
PROVENANCE OF LOWER TERTIARY REDBEDS IN HOH XIL BASIN AND UPLIFT OF NORTHERN TIBET PLATEAU  相似文献   

10.
This paper gives insight into continental sedimentary deposits that occur at the uppermost part of the stratigraphic succession present in the north-eastern sector of the Farafra Depression (Western Desert, Egypt). Using space imagery to complete the field work, the geology of the area has been mapped and the presence of a N–S oriented fault system is documented. The analysis of the morphotectonic features related to this fault system allows reconstructing the structural and sedimentological evolution of the area. The study indicates that the continental deposits were accumulated in alluvial systems that unconformably overlie shale and evaporitic rocks attributable to the Paleocene–Eocene Esna Formation. The deposits of the Esna Formation show soft-sediment deformation features, which include slump associated to dish and pillar sedimentary structures and provide evidence of syndepositional tectonic activity during the sedimentation of this unit. The outcrops are preserved in two areas on separated fault-bounded blocks. Proximal alluvial fan facies crop out in a dowthrown block close to the depression boundary. The proximal facies are made up mostly by polymictic conglomerates which occasionally contain boulders. The conglomerate clasts are mainly quartz, carbonate, anhydrite satin spar vein, mudrock, ironstone and nummulite fossils. The mid-fan facies consist of trough cross-bedded, rippled and cross-laminated quartzarenites with reworked glauconite grains and carbonate rock fragments, interpreted as deposited by distributary streams. The distal alluvial fan deposits consist of sandy marls that evolve toward the top of the sections into root-bioturbated lacustrine limestone beds that are locally silicified. The limestones are biomicrites containing characea, ostracods and gastropods with fenestral porosity.A number of features, including clast provenance (mainly from marine Paleocene and Eocene rocks), the observed fractural pattern (N–S direction related to the opening of the Red Sea), and the sedimentary relationships, suggests that the continental deposits were accumulated during the Oligocene–Miocene interval.  相似文献   

11.
The Lower to ?Middle Devonian Kowmung Volcaniclastics form the upper part of a succession of Upper Siluran to mid‐Devonian flyschoid rocks in the Yerranderie area of N.S.W., and contain two major facies associations. (1) A mudstone facies association represents the ambient, background sedimentation, comprising predominantly buff mudstone that is host to an assemblage of coarser‐grained sediments, including graded‐bedded to massive siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, allodapic limestone, and large allochthonous limestone blocks and associated limestone breccia. Bouma sequences are common, sole structures occur and maximum bed thickness is about 3 m. (2) A volcaniclastic facies association intrudes and interrupts the accumulation of the ambient mudstone facies association, and contains massive to partly graded, quartzofeldspathic siltstone, sandstone, breccia and conglomerate. Sedimentation units in the volcaniclastic facies association are up to 120 m thick. The two facies associations interfinger. Stratigraphically, the base of the Kowmung Volcaniclastics is taken as the first sedimentation unit of the volcaniclastic facies association. The mudstone facies association below this level is part of the Siluro‐Devonian Taralga Group.

Both facies associations were deposited in relatively deep‐water. The dominant transport process in both associations was mass‐flow, involving granular mass‐flows (turbidity currents, grain flows), debris flows and avalanches. Massive mudstone is hemipelagic in origin. The volcaniclastic facies association probably represents a submarine volcanic apron around the emergent, volcanic Bindook Complex. Grossly, the succession coarsens upwards, and there is evidence of several sources of sediment, rather than a single point at the head of a submarine fan.

Provenance is diverse. In the mudstone facies association, framework grains in sandstone are microlitic volcanic‐rock fragments with a mafic to intermediate volcanic source. Clasts in conglomerate and breccia are consistent with derivation from the regionally extensive, quartzose Ordovician flyschoid successions. Clasts of ?penecontemporaneous limestone also occur. The volcaniclastic facies association was probably derived largely from the nearby, coeval Bindook Complex, which consists of silicic ash‐flow and ash‐fall tuff, lava, associated sediment and granitoids. Detritus was either derived directly from volcanic eruptions or was worked in fringing littoral and fluvial environments prior to redeposition by mass‐flow. Quartzite boulders mixed with volcanic clasts in the conglomerate suggest that Ordovician quartzarenite was also exposed around the volcanic complex. Tentative provenance correlations have been made between the different rock units in the Kowmung Volcaniclastics and their possible sources in the northern part of the Bindook Complex.  相似文献   

12.
对野外剖面实际测量及室内薄片鉴定等资料研究表明,松辽盆地营城组一段复成分砾岩共有4种胶结成岩类型：熔浆胶结、灰泥球胶结、凝灰质胶结和砂泥质胶结。其中以熔浆胶结发育最为广泛。砾岩中砾石成分复杂,以基底花岗岩及二叠系变质岩为主,原地火山岩次之。砾石整体分选性差,磨圆度中等-好,以次圆状-次棱角状最为发育。自基底向火山活动中心,砾岩中外来砾石逐渐减少,原地火山岩砾石逐渐增多。基质成分由底部的砂泥质向上过渡为凝灰质并最终完全过渡到熔浆质胶结。砾岩是冲积扇或辫状河等沉积环境下已经堆积但未固结或半固结的砂砾质沉积物,在火山活动期被火山碎屑流或熔浆流再搬运,这种碎屑流、熔浆流和水介质构成的多相混合物通过岩浆冷凝和压实复合成岩作用而形成的岩石,实质是爆发相热碎屑流亚相的另一种表现形式。由于该类砾岩主要见于断陷盆地边缘火山岩序列下部靠近基底一侧,说明其形成与构造-岩浆活动密切相关,是火山旋回早期所特有的产物。  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this paper is to study the provenance of Late Cretaceous sandstones deposited along the south flank of the Golfo San Jorge Basin. For this purpose, detrital modes of three hundred thirty-seven sandstone samples collected in the Mina del Carmen, Bajo Barreal, and Cañadón Seco Formations were studied in ten oil fields. According to the modal composition of the sandstones, six petrofacies were defined allowing the identification of not only principal, but also secondary provenance areas. The QVM and VQM petrofacies are more than 20% metamorphic, sedimentary, and polycrystalline quartz clasts (Lm + Ls + Qpg > 20%), evidencing a secondary signal of basement supply masked by a predominant volcanic provenance. The petrofacies VP and VF are characterized by Lm + Ls + Qpg <20% and more than 20% total feldspar (Pm + Om >20%.), which indicate a supply of sediment from volcanic terrains and scarce derivation of materials from basement rocks. Based on the plagioclase/k-feldspar ratio, the VF petrofacies is interpreted to be dominated by the supply of sand grains from the Andean volcanic-arc, while VP is supposed have originated through the erosion of intermediate volcanic rock outcroppings in the Macizo del Deseado. Finally, both the VQ and QV petrofacies show Lm + Ls + Qpg <20% and Pm + Om<20%, indicating a provenance of volcanic areas coupled with minor contributions from basement rocks. During the Late Cretaceous, the Golfo San Jorge Basin underwent a sag phase that was characterized by very scarce volcanism and tectonic activity. Although these conditions did not favor defined patterns in the vertical stacking of petrofacies, the sandstones exhibit remarkable changes in their regional distribution, which were determined by the paleogeography of the basin and differences in basement composition within the source areas. Finally, a paleogeographic model for sediment circulation in the basin is proposed. This model recognizes the main fluvial dispersal trends that flowed northwest to southeast and transported large amounts of volcanic clasts (associated with petrofacies VF-VQ). To the extent that rivers flowed eastward, a secondary supply from the Precambrian basement, which were composed of low-to high-grade metamorphic rocks, was also important (petrofacies association VQM and QVM). The southwestern area of the basin is dominated by VP petrofacies that record the supply of plagioclase-rich volcanic clasts. This petrofacies likely corresponds to the erosion of Jurassic volcanic units that crop out in the Macizo del Deseado.  相似文献   

14.
The Blue Nile Basin, situated in the Northwestern Ethiopian Plateau, contains ∼1400 m thick Mesozoic sedimentary section underlain by Neoproterozoic basement rocks and overlain by Early–Late Oligocene and Quaternary volcanic rocks. This study outlines the stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Blue Nile Basin based on field and remote sensing studies along the Gorge of the Nile. The Blue Nile Basin has evolved in three main phases: (1) pre‐sedimentation phase, include pre‐rift peneplanation of the Neoproterozoic basement rocks, possibly during Palaeozoic time; (2) sedimentation phase from Triassic to Early Cretaceous, including: (a) Triassic–Early Jurassic fluvial sedimentation (Lower Sandstone, ∼300 m thick); (b) Early Jurassic marine transgression (glauconitic sandy mudstone, ∼30 m thick); (c) Early–Middle Jurassic deepening of the basin (Lower Limestone, ∼450 m thick); (d) desiccation of the basin and deposition of Early–Middle Jurassic gypsum; (e) Middle–Late Jurassic marine transgression (Upper Limestone, ∼400 m thick); (f) Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous basin‐uplift and marine regression (alluvial/fluvial Upper Sandstone, ∼280 m thick); (3) the post‐sedimentation phase, including Early–Late Oligocene eruption of 500–2000 m thick Lower volcanic rocks, related to the Afar Mantle Plume and emplacement of ∼300 m thick Quaternary Upper volcanic rocks. The Mesozoic to Cenozoic units were deposited during extension attributed to Triassic–Cretaceous NE–SW‐directed extension related to the Mesozoic rifting of Gondwana. The Blue Nile Basin was formed as a NW‐trending rift, within which much of the Mesozoic clastic and marine sediments were deposited. This was followed by Late Miocene NW–SE‐directed extension related to the Main Ethiopian Rift that formed NE‐trending faults, affecting Lower volcanic rocks and the upper part of the Mesozoic section. The region was subsequently affected by Quaternary E–W and NNE–SSW‐directed extensions related to oblique opening of the Main Ethiopian Rift and development of E‐trending transverse faults, as well as NE–SW‐directed extension in southern Afar (related to northeastward separation of the Arabian Plate from the African Plate) and E–W‐directed extensions in western Afar (related to the stepping of the Red Sea axis into Afar). These Quaternary stress regimes resulted in the development of N‐, ESE‐ and NW‐trending extensional structures within the Blue Nile Basin. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
郑勇  孔屏 《岩石学报》2013,29(8):2949-2958
新生代早期印度与欧亚板块的俯冲碰撞造就了巍峨高耸的青藏高原.然而,在其相邻的四川盆地,伴随青藏高原强烈隆升所堆积的碎屑沉积物,最老仅能追索到晚新生代的大邑砾岩.因此,解读广泛发育于四川盆地西缘的大邑砾岩成因对获取青藏高原及其周缘古环境信息及理解相关的构造演化过程具有重要意义.本文报告了对三个典型大邑砾岩剖面样品的重矿物和孢粉组合研究结果,试图从大邑砾岩的物源区和沉积环境来解读大邑砾岩的成因.大邑砾岩中重矿物种类繁多,表明相应物源区具有多种岩石类型.除极不稳定矿物外,大邑砾岩新鲜剖面样品的重矿物组合与现代岷江沉积极其相似,表明大邑砾岩是经由岷江通道输送到四川盆地的;富含石榴子石等远源矿物表明当时的古岷江已切穿龙门山,深入到松潘-甘孜褶皱带内.孢粉分析显示孢粉含量极低,为0.2粒/克,孢粉类型以高山黯针叶林成分为主,混有少量落叶阔叶林和草本植物花粉,显示了高寒的环境.结合已有的年代学结果,本文认为大邑砾岩是形成于2.0Ma的冰水沉积物,其形成反映了青藏高原第四纪早期的寒冷环境.  相似文献   

16.
The middle to late Oligocene Polonez Cove Formation, exposed on south‐eastern King George Island, South Shetland Islands, provides rare evidence of mid‐Cenozoic West Antarctic cryosphere evolution. A revised lithostratigraphy and facies analysis and a review of the palaeoenvironmental significance of the formation are presented here. The diamictite‐dominated basal member of the formation (Krakowiak Glacier Member) records the presence and retreat of marine‐based ice on a shallow continental shelf. Five overlying members are recognized. These consist of basaltic‐sourced sedimentary rocks and lavas and represent a variety of shoreface and shallow continental shelf environments in an active volcanic setting. These units contain diverse reworked and ice‐rafted exotic clasts that become sparse towards the top of the formation, suggesting a continuing but waning glacial influence. New 40Ar/39Ar dates from interbedded lava flows indicate a late Oligocene age (25·6–27·2 Ma) for the Polonez Cove Formation, but are slightly younger than skeletal carbonate Sr‐isotope ages obtained previously (28·5–29·8 Ma). There is evidence for wet‐based subice conditions at the base of the Polonez Cove Formation, but no sedimentary facies to suggest substantial meltwater. This may reflect a subpolar setting or may result from lack of preservation or a high‐energy depositional environment. A northern Antarctic Peninsula/South Shetland Islands provenance is probable for most non‐basaltic clasts, but certain lithologies with possible origins in the Transantarctic and Ellsworth Mountains also occur sparsely throughout the formation. There is evidence to suggest that the presence of such far‐travelled clasts within subglacially deposited facies at the base of the formation reflects the advance of a local ice cap across marine sediments containing the clasts as ice‐rafted material. The presence of these clasts suggests that extensive marine‐based ice drained into the southern Weddell Sea region and that a strong Weddell Sea surface current operated both before and during deposition of the Polonez Cove Formation.  相似文献   

17.
In this paper, U‐Pb zircon, monazite and rutile data for crystalline rocks deposited as clasts in the Upper Viséan conglomerates at the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif are reported. U‐Pb data of spherical zircon from three different granulite clasts yielded a mean age of 339.0 ± 0.7 Ma (±2σ), while oval and spherical grains of another granulite pebble define a slightly younger date of 337.1 ± 1.1 Ma. These ages are interpreted as dating granulite facies metamorphism. Thermochronology and the derived pressure–temperature (P–T) path of the granulite pebbles reflect two‐stage exhumation of the granulites. Near‐to‐isothermal decompression from at least 44 km to mid‐crustal depths of around 22 km was followed by a near‐isobaric cooling stage based on reaction textures and geothermobarometry. Minimum average exhumation rate corresponds to 2.8–4.3 mm year?1. The extensive medium‐pressure/high‐temperature overprint on granulite assemblages is dated by U‐Pb in monazite at c. 333 Ma. This thermal event probably has a close link to generation and emplacement of voluminous Moldanubian granites, including the cordierite granite present in clasts. This granite was emplaced at mid‐crustal levels at 331 ± 3 Ma (U‐Pb monazite), whereas the U‐Pb zircon ages record only a previous magmatic event at c. 378 Ma. Eclogites and garnet peridotites normally associated with high‐pressure granulites are absent in the clasts but exotic subvolcanic and volcanic members of the ultrapotassic igneous rock series (durbachites) of the Bohemian Massif have been found in the clasts. It is therefore assumed that the clasts deposited in the Upper Viséan conglomerates sampled a structurally higher tectonic unit than the one that corresponds to the present denudation level of the Moldanubicum of the Bohemian Massif. The strong medium‐temperature overprint on granulites dated at c. 333 Ma is attributed to the relatively small size of the entirely eroded bodies compared with the presently exposed granulites.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT

This article presents detailed mapping results and the first U–Pb zircon dating and sedimentological characterization of the Zacatecas Conglomerate, which belongs to the Palaeogene red beds of central Mexico, deposited in fault-bounded basins during the Late Cretaceous to Eocene Laramide orogeny. The conglomerate was divided into five depositional facies associations according to their clast-type abundances and interlayered volcanic rocks. The lowermost member has a maximum depositional age based on young zircon grain ages varying from ca. 63 to 81 Ma. It is unconformably overlain by a continuous sequence characterized by a conglomerate rich in granite clasts at the bottom, with an interlayered tuff dated at 37.64 ± 0.36 Ma. Near the top, another tuff was dated at 30.84 ± 0.47 Ma, and a sandstone has a maximum depositional age of ca. 31.5 Ma. Normal grading, massive textures, channels, channel-form sandstone bodies, and upward-finning successions suggest that the Zacatecas Conglomerate is of fluvial origin. Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ages from zircons in plutonic rocks and sandstones bracket possible source regions for the Zacatecas Conglomerate. One possible source is Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous granite derived from the Alisitos-Guerrero arc of western Mexico. Another possible source is the Tuna Manza Diorite, now exposed 250 km southeast of the study area. The lack of pre-Jurassic grains implies that possible sources such as the Nazas arc or the Potosí fan were not cropping out at that time, or at least that these areas were not affected by the fluvial system feeding the Zacatecas Conglomerate. It is possible that during the Palaeocene-early Oligocene the fluvial systems drained from west to east and from southeast to north, according to the above-mentioned constraints.  相似文献   

19.
The Central Patagonian Andes is a particular segment of the Andean Cordillera that has been subjected to the subduction of two spreading ridges during Eocene and Neogene times. In order to understand the Cenozoic geologic evolution of the Central Patagonian Andes, we carried out geochronologic(U-Pb and40Ar/39Ar), provenance, stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and geochemical studies on the sedimentary and volcanic Cenozoic deposits that crop out in the Meseta Guadal and Chile Chico areas(～47°S). Our data indicate the presence of a nearly complete Cenozoic record, which refutes previous interpretations of a hiatus during the middle Eocene-late Oligocene in the Central Patagonian Andes. Our study suggests that the fluvial strata of the Ligorio Marquez Formation and the flood basalts of the Basaltos Inferiores de la Meseta Chile Chico Formation were deposited in an extensional setting related to the subduction of the Aluk-Farallon spreading ridge during the late Paleocene-Eocene. Geochemical data on volcanic rocks interbedded with fluvial strata of the San Jose Formation suggest that this unit was deposited in an extensional setting during the middle Eocene to late Oligocene. Progressive crustal thinning allowed the transgression of marine waters of Atlantic origin and deposition of the upper Oligocene-lower Miocene Guadal Formation. The fluvial synorogenic strata of the Santa Cruz Formation were deposited as a consequence of an important phase of compressive deformation and Andean uplift during the early-middle Miocene. Finally, alkali flood basalts of the late middle to late Miocene Basaltos Superiores de la Meseta Chile Chico Formation were extruded in the area in response to the suduction of the Chile Ridge under an extensional regime. Our studies indicate that the tectonic evolution of the Central Patagonian Andes is similar to that of the North Patagonian Andes and appears to differ from that of the Southern Patagonian Andes, which is thought to have been the subject of continuous compressive deformation since the late Early Cretaceous.  相似文献   

20.
INGLE  S.; WEIS  D.; FREY  F. A. 《Journal of Petrology》2002,43(7):1241-1257
At Site 1137 on Elan Bank of the Kerguelen Plateau, a largeigneous province in the southern Indian Ocean, a fluvial, volcaniclastic,polymict conglomerate and a fluvial sandstone are intercalatedwith subaerially erupted tholeiitic basalt flows. Clasts recoveredfrom the conglomerate have highly variable lithologies, includingalkali basalt, rhyolite, trachyte, granitoid and gneiss. Majorand trace element abundances and whole-rock isotopic data forthe sandstones, the conglomerate matrix and representative clastsfrom the conglomerate are used to infer the origin of thesediverse rock types. The gneiss clasts show an affinity to crustalrocks from India, particularly those of the Eastern Ghats Beltand its possible East Antarctic corollary, the Rayner Complex.The felsic volcanic clasts are not genetically related to theintercalated basalt flows, despite being erupted contemporaneouslywith these basaltic magmas. These felsic volcanic clasts probablyformed from partial melting of evolved upper continental crust.The granitoid also probably formed by partial melting of continentalcrust and could be an intrusive equivalent of the felsic volcanicrocks. In contrast, the alkali basalt clasts have isotopic compositionsthat are more similar to those of the tholeiitic basalt flowsrecovered at Site 1137; however, these clasts are highly alkalic(tephrite to phonotephrite) and have a distinct petrogenesisfrom the tholeiitic basalt flow units. KEY WORDS: geochemistry; Indian Ocean; Kerguelen Plateau; large igneous provinces; Ocean Drilling Program  相似文献   

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