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1.
A humic acid extracted from a peat was easily hydrolysed by 6N HCl after oxidation with peracetic acid. The proportion of amino-acids in the hydrolysate was high (11,7 g of aminoacids per 100 g of humic acid), when the proportion of NH3 was relatively low. 17 aminoacids were identified and titrated. On the opposite, a humic acid with the same origin, which was not oxidised with peracetic acid, gave less amino-acids on hydrolysis, but tenfold more NH3, which is probably produced by partial decomposition of the amino-acids.  相似文献   

2.
Here we present a new mathematical tool, the localized Hartley (HL) transform (Hartley, 1942; Bracewell, 1990), that allows for the filtering of 1-D time series through the identification of the power at various spatial and temporal wavelengths. Its application to and the associated results are presented from its application to continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) data from southern California for the time period 1994 through 2006. The HL transform filter removes the high-frequency components of the data and effectively isolates the longer period signal. This long-period signal is modeled as time-dependent postseismic deformation using the viscoelastic-gravitational model of Fernández and Rundle (2004) for six stations selected for their proximity to the Northridge earthquake. The x-, y-, and z-components of the postseismic deformation are compared to the filtered data. Results suggest that this long-period deformation is a result of postseismic relaxation and that the HL transform filter provides an important new technique for the filtering of geophysical data consisting of the superposition of the effects of numerous complex sources at a variety of spatial and temporal scales.  相似文献   

3.
Applying genetic algorithm to inversion of seismic moment tensor solution and using the data of P waveform from digital network and initial motion directions of P waves of Taiwan network stations, we studied the moment tensor solutions and focal parameters of the earthquake of M=7.3 on 16 September of 1994 in Taiwan Strait and other four quakes of M L≥5.8 in the near region (21°–26°N, 115°–120°E). Among the five earthquakes, the quake of M=7.3 on September 16, 1994 in Taiwan Strait is the strongest one in the southeastern coast area since Nan’ao earthquake of M=7.3 in 1918. The results show that moment tensor solution of M=7.3 earthquake is mainly double-couple component, and is normal fault whose fault plane is near NW. The strike of the fault plane resembles that of the distributive bands of earthquakes before the main event and fracture pattern shown by aftershocks. The tension stress axis of focal mechanism is about horizontal, near in NE strike, the compressive stress axis is approximately vertical, near in NWW strike. It seems that this quake is controlled by the force of Philippine plate’s pressing Eurasian plate in NW direction. But from the viewpoint of P axis of near vertical and T axis of near horizontal, it is a normal fault of strong tensibility. There are relatively big difference between focal mechanism solution of this quake and those of the four other strong quakes. The complexity of source mechanism solution of these quakes represents the complexity of the process of the strait earthquake sequences. Contribution No. 98A01001, Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, China. The subject is supported and helped by Academician Yun-Tai CHEN, Profs. Qing-Yao HONG, Zhen-Xing YAO, Tian-Yu ZHENG, Yao-Lin SHI, Ji-An XU, Bo-Shou HUANG and colleague Mei-Jian AN, Xue-Reng DING, Rui-Feng LIU. De-Chong ZHANG and Ming Li provided the digital data warm-heartedly. Lin-Ying WANG offered us the catalogue of earthquakes in southeastern coastal area in China. Xi-Li WANG and Tong-Xia BAI provided us the issued annual reports data. The authors would like to express their gratitude to all of these people. This paper is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Scientific and Technological Commission of Shantou, Guangdong Province.  相似文献   

4.
Zusammenfassung Der Widerspruch zwischen den Strahlungsgesetzen der Physik und der Definition der Strahlung durchPouillet, die allen bisherigen Strahlungs-Messungen zu Grunde liegt, wird am Modell des schwarzstrahlenden Hohlraums vonKirchhoff gezeigt. Auch die Bestimmungen der Solarkonstante (Kalitins's Liste) sind verloren.
Summary The contradiction ofPouillet's radiation and the physical laws of radiation sinceKirchhoff, Boltzmann-Stefan, Wien, Lummer andKurlbaum is by the model of the black radiating body ofKirchhoff demonstrated. The measurements of radiation have followed til now to the antiquated idea ofPouillet. The determination of the solar constant as inKalitin's list represented also is lost.
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5.
Zusammenfassung H?ufigkeitsverteilungen nach logarithmischen Merkmalsskalen er?ffnen für die Niederschlagsstatistik das bisher nicht bekannte Gebiet kleinster Niederschlagsmengen unter 0.05 mm, dessen Erfassung nach Tropfenbildregistrierungen m?glich wird. Nahezu die H?lfte aller Einzelniederschl?ge fallen in diesen Bereich. Das H?ufigkeitsmaximum der Tages- und Terminsummen von einigen mm rückt bei den Einzelniederschl?gen in den Bereich von 0.03 bis 0.04 mm. Der Erfassung der kleinsten Niederschl?ge kommt neben einer praktischen (Pflanzenphysiologie, Sch?dlingsbiologie) auch eine theoretische Bedeutung zu.
Summary The use of logarithmic scales in statistical precipitation research introduces in the unknown range of diminutive and minute amounts of precipitation less than 0.05 mm, the catch of which is possible by raindrop recordings. Nearly half of single rainfalls belongs to this class. Regarding to daily sums the maximum in frequency distribution amounts a range of some mm. In single rainfalls the maximal range shifts to 0.03–0.04 mm. The investigation of minute precipitation amounts is important with regard to practical and theoretical use.

Dipl. Ing. Dr.Johannes Grunow, Meteorologisches ObservatoriumHohenpeissenberg (Oberbayern).  相似文献   

6.
Summary Reitan's data on precipitable water vapour over about 45 stations of the U.S.W.B. network are correlated with altitude and average station temperature values. Computations are carried out following a simple proposed model which is found to be obeyed with reasonably good approximation on average monthly and seasonal scales.Contribution of the Centro-Nucleazione Aerosoli of the National Research Council of Italy,Rome, Via Vettore 4.  相似文献   

7.
Fault gouges have been observed in the surface outcrops, in shallow excavations, and in deep (300 meters below the surface) tunnels and mines in fault zones. The 2-microns fractions in these fault gouges may compose a few percent to more than fifty percent of the total mass in the outcrops, and the mineralogy of the 2-microns fractions consists of a variety of clays (the common ones are montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite and mixed-layer clays) and some quartz, feldspars, etc.Although we cannot yet conclude directly from the studies of gouges that similar gouges exist at depths where many large shallow earthquakes are generated, there is a strong possibility that they do, based on (1) available equilibrium data on various clays — for example, kaolinite has been found to exist at 4 kb and 375°C (±15°C) (Thompson, 1970) and montmorillonite + kaolite has been found to exist at 450°C and 4 kb (Velde, 1969); (2) the compatibility of laboratory velocity data in gouge (Wang et al., 1977) with those in a model for central California (Healy andPeake, 1975); (3) the capability of clays to undergo sudden earthquake-like displacements (Summers andByerlee, 1977); (4) the petrology of intrafault cataclastic rocks in old fault zones (Kasza, 1977); and (5) the compatibility of gouge mineralogy with the mineralogy of hydrothermal clay deposits.If clay gouges are indeed significant components of the fault zone at depth, then the mechanical properties of clays under confining pressures up to 4 kb are important in the behavior of faults. Very few experiments have been performed under such high pressures. But from the physical makeup of clays, we can infer that (1) the range of possible behavior includes stable sliding with vermiculite and montmorillonite (asByerlee andSummers, 1977, have proven) to stick-slip-like behavior with kaolinite, chlorite, etc.; (2) the absence or presence of water will greatly affect the strengths of gouges — it is possible that water may reduce the strength of gouge to a fairly small value.  相似文献   

8.
The displacement produced in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic elastic medium by the application of shearing traction over a circular portion of the half-space has been evaluated in exact form by Cagniard's Technique (Cagniard, 1962;Gakenheimer andMiklowitz, 1969).  相似文献   

9.
Eruptions of the active Karymsky stratovolcano began about 5300 (6100 14C) b.p. from within a pre-existing caldera which formed 7700 14C b.p. As indicated by 32 14C determinations on buried soils and charcoal, the volcano has gone through two major cycles of activity, separated by a 2300 year period of repose. The first cycle can be divided into two stages (6100–5100 and 4300–2800 b.p.). The earlier stage began with especially intense eruptions of basaltic andesite to dacite. The later stage was characterized by moderate-strength eruptions of andesite. The second cycle, which is characterized by weak to moderate intermittent eruptions of andesite, started 500 b.p. and continues to the present. Eruptive patterns suggest that this cycle may continue for at least another 200 years with an eruptive character similar to that of the recent past.  相似文献   

10.
The paper highlights the use of fem and bi-directional lumped-mass-storey-stiffness numerical models for the study of the soil–structure interaction (ssi) effects on an instrumented building. Data on the structural response have been obtained through the project for seismic instrumentation of a 16-storey r/c cast-in-place dwelling building (Chisinau, Republic of Moldova) during a series of earthquakes (Gutenberg–Richter M GR = 5.0−6.7). The effect of soil–structure interaction is clearly observed comparing the responses recorded on foundation and free-field. ssi becomes more pronounced for higher level of ground shaking amplifying the natural period of the structure and slightly suppressing high frequences on the foundation in comparison with the free-field motion.  相似文献   

11.
Summary Investigations have shown that in groundwater- and oil-bearing strata there are preferential directions of flow that are often maintained over wide areas.Johnson & Hughes (1948, see Ref.) analysed a series of oil well cores by cutting them into small horizontal plugs and they obtained directional permeabilities which they plotted in the form of polar graphs. They were not able to give a physical explanation of this phenomenon. On the other hand, there exists a theory of permeability in which the latter is represented as a symmetric tensor. This theory has been developed byFerrandon (1948, see Ref.), but no experimental substantiation of it seems ever to have been attempted.In the present paper, the author undertakes to compare the two sets of findings. FromFerrandon's theory, the directional permeabilities (denoted byk) corresponding to the experiments ofJohnson & Hughes are calculated and it is shown thatk –1/2 if plotted as polar graph, should form an ellipse. The data ofJohnson & Hughes are then are drawn. In this manner, a substantiation of the tensor theory ofFerrandon is obtained.
Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen der Permeabilität von Grundwasser und Erdöl führenden Gesteinsschichten haben gezeigt, dass dieselbe in vielen Fällen richtungsabhängig ist. Hierbei bleibt die Richtung extremaler Permeabilität oft über weite Gebiete konstant.Johnson & Hughes untersuchten eine Reihe von Bohrkernen von Oelquellen auf Richtungsabhängigkeit der Permeabilität. Hierzu schnitten sie aus denselben kleine, waagrechte Stücke, bestimmten deren Permeabilität und stellten das Ergebnis ihrer Messungen in der Form von Permeabilitätspolardiagrammen dar. Sie waren nicht im Stande, eine theoretische Erklärung der erhaltenen Kurven zu geben. Auf der anderen Seite existiert eine Theorie der Permeabilität, wobei die letztere als symmetrischer Tensor behandelt wird. Diese Theorie wurde vonFerrandon vorgeschlagen; es scheint aber, dass keine experimentelle Bestätigung davon je versucht worden ist.In der vorliegenden Arbeit vergleicht der Verfasser die zwei Typen von Untersuchungen. Nach derFerrandon'schen Theorie wird die «gerichtete» Permeabilität (mitk bezeichnet), die den Experimenten vonJohnson & Hughes entspricht, berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, dassk –1/2, als Polardiagramm dargestellt, die Gestalt einer Ellipse haben sollte. Die Resultate vonJohnson & Hughes werden dann in die Form vonk –1/2 umgerechnet und als entsprechende Polardiagramme dargestellt. In dieser Weise wird eine experimentelle Bestätigung der Tensortheorie vonFerrandon erhalten.

Published by Permission of Imperial Oil Limited, Calgary, Alberta (Canada).  相似文献   

12.
Zusammenfassung Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte (in Reinkulturen!) und ?kologie zeigen:Steinekkes ?Moorschnecke?, seineHelicosporium-Konidien,Leptobasis goesingense Palik undFortiea spirulina f. goesingense (Palik) Poljanskij geh?ren zusammen und stellen das Konidium einerHelicoonart dar. Es besteht keine Beziehung zuFortiea spirulina (Steinecke)J. De Toni.
Summary Morphology, development (in pure cultures) and ecology show thatSteinecke’s ‘Moorschnecke’, hisHelicosporiumconidium,Leptobasis goesingense Palik andFortiea spirulina f.goesingense (Palik) Poljanskij belong together and represent the conidium of a species ofHelicoon. There is no connection to theFortiea spirulina (Steinecke)J. De Toni.
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13.
Summary The A. points out that the confirmation of the theory ofNeumann's significative waves, which differ from those ofSverdrup andMunk, would require observations of an accuracy not yet available. The existence of these waves would not change, anyhow,Sverdrup andMunk's conclusions out of the wind area.  相似文献   

14.
Zusammenfassung Die vonWoronichin [29] alsIsocystis pallida beschriebene Cyanophycee, welche vonAnagnostidis [1] h?ufig in griechischen Thermalquellen gefunden wurde, hatGeitler [17] zu den hefeartigen Pilzen der GattungTorulopsidosira gestellt. Diesen Organismus, den wir in verschiedenen Thermen reelm?ssig angetroffen haben, (Griechenland, Ungarn, Schweiz) untersuchten wir an Hand umfangreicher Materialproben. Statistische und zellphysiologische Versuche sowie systematische Vergleiche führten uns zu dem Ergebnis, diesen Organismus alsI. pallida (Woronich.) bei den Cyanophyten zu belassen, bis biochemische Resultate seine Zugeh?rigkeit zu den Blaualgen in Frage stellen sollten.
Summary The blue-green alga described byWoronichin [29] asIsocystis pallida and often found byAnagnostidis [1] in Greek hot springs has been classified byGeitler [17] among yeast-like fungi of the genusTorulopsidosira. This organism was regularly found in various hot springs (Greece, Hungary, Switzerland). Statistical and cytological tests, as well as systematical comparisons, led us to conclude that it should be classified asI. pallida (Woronich.) among the Cyanophyta until biochemical results should give cause to doubt that it belongs to the blue-green algae.
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15.
Using simulated coda waves, the resolution of the single-scattering model to extract codaQ (Q c ) and its power law frequency dependence was tested. The back-scattering model ofAki andChouet (1975) and the single isotropic-scattering model ofSato (1977) were examined. The results indicate that: (1) The inputQ c models are reasonably well approximated by the two methods; (2) almost equalQ c values are recovered when the techniques sample the same coda windows; (3) lowQ c models are well estimated in the frequency domain from the early and late part of the coda; and (4) models with highQ c values are more accurately extracted from late code measurements.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Coda waves viz. the tail portion of an earthquake record have been observed and analysed byCarder, Macelwane and others. They showed that the periods of such waves increase with the increase of epicentral distances.Carder observed that these waves have very little transverse component so that these may be considered as of the type of Rayleigh waves. RecentlyOmote showed that the Coda waves contain three periodsT 1,T 2,T 3 of whichT 1 increases with epi-central distances as observed by previous observers. ButT 2,T 3 remain constant for all earthquakes from different epicentral distances.Omote tried to explain this phenomenon by considering that the surface of the earth consists of several layers andT 2,T 3 are free oscillation periods of the surface layers.T 1 period has been explained bySezawa and also byJeffreys which has been shown byGutenberg. The author has attempted to explain the periodsT 2,T 3 by considering passage of cracks at the focal region. The Rayleigh wave character of Coda waves and low velocity of such waves have been explained.  相似文献   

17.
The changes of magnetic susceptibility(κ) are correlated with those of corresponding sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical and biological results, which verifies thatκ can be taken as one of the environmental proxies. However, usually the exact origin of magnetic signal is poorly understood, and is difficult to relate with the environmental evolution. Magnetic properties of material derived from the catchment and sedimentary environment may affect the accumulation, preservation, or authigenesis and diagenesis of magnetic minerals. In the Lake Hulun region in Inner Mongolia, it is found that muddy sediments, deposited during high water level period (corresponding to humid climate), have comparatively highκ values. In contrast, the sandy sediments, deposited during low water level period (corresponding to arid climate), have lowκ values. Detailed rock magnetic investigation confirms that detrital magnetite derived from volcanic rocks in the catchment exists in both muddy and sandy sediments. During high water level period, secondary ferrimagnetic iron sulphide was produced in muddy sediments under relatively reductive conditions. Ferrimagnetic iron sulphide, coexisting with detrital magnetite, predominates the magnetic properties of muddy sediments, resulting in increasingκ. This paper reveals the significance of authigenic ferrimagnetic iron sulphide produced after sediment deposition.  相似文献   

18.
Estimation of in-situ hydraulic diffusivity of rock masses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A method of estimating in-situ hydraulic diffusivity of rock masses by means of well-injection history and frequency of induced seismicity is presented. The method is based on the diffusion of injected fluid from a spherical cavity in a poroelastic half-space and the effective stress theory, as proposed byTerzaghi (1925, 1936) andHubbert andRubey (1959). Application of the method to two different regions, one in western New York and the other in Japan, resulted in estimated diffusivities of the order 103 and 104 cm2/sec, respectively. These values lie within the range of published estimates of in-situ diffusivity by other means, a summary of which is presented in tabular form. The calculated diffusivities suggest that the characteristic time of fluid diffusion is close to 0.1, rather than unity, as is sometimes assumed in the literature.  相似文献   

19.
The 3 strongest earthquakes,M7.0, which have occurred since 1973 in the area of Greece were preceded by a specific increase of the earthquake activity in the lower magnitude range. This activation is depicted by algorithm M8. This algorithm of intermediate term earthquake prediction was originally designed for diagnosis by Times of Increased Probability (TIPs) of the strongest earthquake,M8.0 worldwide (Keilis-Borok andKossobokov, 1984). At present the algorithm is retrospectively tested for smaller magnitudes in different seismic regions (Keilis-Borok andKossobokov, 1986, 1988). A TIP refers to a time period of 5 years and an area whose linear size is proportional and several times larger than that of the incipient earthquake source. Altogether the TIPs diagnosed by the algorithm M8 in the area of Greece occupy less than 20% and the Times of Expectation (TEs) about 10% of the total space-time domain considered. Also there is a current TIP for the southeastern Aegean sea and 1988–1992. It may specify the long-term prediction given inWyss andBaer (1981a,b).The results of this study are further evidence favoring applicability of algorithm M8 in diverse seismotectonic environment and magnitude ranges and support indirectly the hypothesis of self-similarity of the earthquake activity. It also implies the possibility of intermediate term prediction of the strongest earthquakes in the area of Greece.  相似文献   

20.
Summary In order to obtain an automatic recording nucleus counter with greater accuracy than that ofVerzár, a precision photoelectric nucleus counter (Pollak type) with ceramic lining and internal diameter 2.5 cm has been substituted for the horizontal fog tube inVerzár's automat. Certain small alterations, have been made to the electric circuit of the recorder. The new arrangement can be easily calibrated and shows an accuracy approaching that of the precision counter operated under optimum conditions.
Zusammenfassung Um einen automatischen Kondensationskernzähler von grösserer Genauigkeit als es der vonVerzár ist, zur Verfügung zu haben, wurde das horizontale Nebelrohr im Automaten vonVerzár durch einen photo-elektrischer Präzisions-Kernzähler (BauartPollak) mit unglasiertem Porzellanfutter und einem inneren Durchmesser von 2.5 cm ersetzt. An der elektrischen Schaltung der Registriereinrichtung wurden gewisse kleine Änderungen vorgenommen. Die neue Anordnung kann leicht geeicht werden und besitzt eine Genauigkeit, welche jene des Präzisions-Kernzählers unter optimalen Betriebsbedingungen erreicht.
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