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1.
Goh Kim Chuan 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2003,24(1):86-110
Water supply shortage has become a pressing issue in Southeast Asia in recent years. While on the one hand water demand is escalating with rapid economic development, urbanisation and related population concentrations, on the other, surface water supply sources are increasingly being threatened by the resultant land use changes. Therefore, any understanding of the region's water supply concerns necessarily takes into account the hydrological processes and changes consequent to human interference of the natural environment. Changes to the environment that curtail the quantity of water supply and affect its quality will in turn have implications for water resource issues in megacities and other urban areas. Equally critical to the supply of water are water resource and management issues, in particular, the adequate provision of safe water for human consumption, regarded as not only meeting a basic need but also a human right. This paper provides an overview of hydrological processes and water resource concerns and suggests the scope for further investigation, particularly by geographers. 相似文献
2.
黄河流域坡高地系统最小生态需水研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以保护和恢复流域坡高地生态系统为目的，对坡高地最小生态需水问题进行研究，提出了坡高地生态需水和生态缺水的计算方法。以黄河流域为实例，在GIS和遥感技术支持下对坡高地最小生态需水量和缺水量进行了计算，并从时空两个尺度揭示了黄河流域坡高地生态系统最小生态需水的变化规律，研究成果可为流域生态环境建设和水资源合理配置提供依据。 相似文献
3.
全球环境变化对我国区域发展的可能影响评述 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
随着环境问题的日益突出,全球环境变化的区域响应已成为我国全球变化研究的优先领域和热点问题之一。国内外学者就全球问题与区域问题的结合达成共识:全球性问题的研究需要由区域工作来完成;区域性研究必须体现全球性问题。本文介绍了全球变化对区域发展影响评价的基本方法,特别是IPCC评价报告中采用的区域脆弱性、敏感性评价方法;概述了我国未来50年环境变化的可能情景;从自然生态系统变化、水资源短缺、沙漠化、农业生产等方面评述了全球环境变化对我国区域发展可能影响研究的进展和成果,最后指出了全球变化区域响应研究存在的问题,并对其发展方向作了展望。 相似文献
4.
河湖水系连通的关键科学问题与研究方向 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
水资源时空分布不均,与经济社会格局不匹配,严重制约了中国的可持续发展。中国水情复杂,河湖水系正面临洪涝频繁、供水不足、河湖萎缩、水生态退化、水环境污染等诸多问题。面向国家发展新战略要求和现代化目标,有效解决复杂水问题,是新形势下生态文明建设和水资源可持续利用的重大需求。积极推进河湖水系连通,着力提高水资源统筹配置能力、河湖健康保障能力和水旱灾害抵御能力,是科学治水兴水的重大战略;开展深入的理论与技术研究是科学推进河湖水系连通的当务之急,也是治水兴水保障生态文明建设、支撑国家现代化进程的重大需求,具有重大意义。在分析全国河湖水系面临问题的基础上,讨论了河湖水系连通研究的必要性和迫切性,分析提出了河湖水系连通的三个关键科学问题及其研究框架,并对河湖水系连通的重要研究方向进行了探讨。 相似文献
5.
The water resources of Canada are today, and have always been, of major importance to the welfare of Canadians. Throughout most of Canada's history, these resources have been viewed within a supply–management framework and, frequently, exploited through the construction of 'megaprojects', often with little or no concern for issues such as environmental harm and social and community disruption. As in many parts of the world, those most affected by such large-scale water resource developments have been aboriginals (in Canada, 'First Nations' peoples). Although the issues of environmental, social and economic damage to First Nations as a result of water megaprojects have been investigated, little has been written about the impact of such projects – especially dam construction – on the loss of sense of place of deracinated peoples. This paper investigates one example of such loss of sense of place, that of the Cheslatta T'En forcibly removed from their ancestral lands in the 1950s so as to allow for the construction of a private hydroelectric dam by the Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan). 相似文献
6.
Increases in biodiversity losses are a growing concern globally. In farm animals, related concerns about losses in genetic diversity have potentially increased with the emergence of breeding technologies that allow for faster genetic change in herds. Farmer and public acceptance of specific breeding practices can be influenced by a number of factors, including concerns about biodiversity and knowledge of biodiversity. The link between these factors and acceptance of new genetic technologies, if it exists, may help explain concerns about genetic technologies. This article examines the effect of attitudes and knowledge about biodiversity on the acceptance of genomic selection in livestock production using farmer and public survey data from Canada. Our results suggest that the link between biodiversity concerns and the acceptance of genomic selection is more robust for the public than for farmers. We also find that biodiversity knowledge and attitudes have opposite effects on acceptance of genomic selection. 相似文献
7.
中亚干旱区咸海的湖面变化及其环境效应 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
由于气候和人类活动的影响,近百年来成海水位出现了明显的波动,湖泊面积波动幅度近6×10<'4>km<'2>,由此产生了严重的区域生态环境问题.尤其是近50年来,随着流域人口增加、社会经济发展、工农业及生活用水造成的流域水资源匮乏,导致成海面积快速萎缩,引起一系列区域环境问题,威胁当地居民的生存.成海水位下降、面积萎缩主要引发了两个方面的生态环境效应:(1)绿洲的荒漠化.干涸的湖底直接成为荒地,形成新的沙源地;同时,区域地下水位下降,植被退化,草地沙化,加之风力从干涸湖底及临近沙漠区带来的风沙覆盖,形成新的沙漠带.改变的下垫面,影响湖泊对气候的调节功能,造成流域人居环境的恶化.(2)湖滨湿地的消失及湖水的成化,使得湿地资源与渔业资源等周围居民赖以生存的经济来源消失,同时由于来自裸露湖底的污染尘暴影响,使得流域原有土地功能退化.另外,污染的空气与饮用水直接威胁当地居民的健康. 相似文献
8.
Margaret Alston Kerri Whittenbury Deb Western Aaron Gosling 《The Australian geographer》2016,47(1):49-64
Concerns for river health in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) area and shifting priorities for water use have led to a significant process of water reform over the last decade. The MDB area, also known as the food bowl of Australia, produces much of the country's food and is home to a significant portion of the population. A long-term drought, historical over-allocation of water for irrigation and climate variability have led to mounting concerns about the long-term viability of the rivers. While the reform process has resulted in the Commonwealth government taking control of the rivers from the States, it has also been influenced by changes in governments and consequent shifts in water allocation priorities from a privileging of agriculture to a broader approach encompassing economic, environmental and social concerns. This had led to uncertainty for the people and communities in the Basin and some confusion between the various layers of governance structures. This paper presents the results of exploratory research conducted with key, high-level stakeholders involved in water reform to examine their perceptions of the evolving water policy process. Despite agreement amongst stakeholders that returning water to the environment to ensure river health is critical, our research reveals significant tensions between stakeholders concerning the evolving process, particularly centred on the potential social outcomes and fairness and equity. This suggests the need for more integrated and transparent governance structures, attention to levels of trust between partners and a common vision that incorporates environmental, economic and social goals. 相似文献
9.
介绍了旨在彻底解决阿拉伯世界缺水问题的五大工程构想,并从国际关系的角度探讨了这些工程的可行性,尤其是的这此工程与阿以和谈、解除对伊制裁等世人瞩目的国际热点问题联系起来探讨,干旱缺水乃是阿拉伯国家的自然条件中最大的不利因素,文中介绍的这些调水构想实际上构成了阿拉伯民族走向繁荣昌盛的一个总体规划。 相似文献
10.
In 1983 the General Assembly of the United Nations called for the setting up of a World Commission on Environment and Development. The Commission's ambitious tasks were described by its Chairman, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway, as: (1) to propose long‐term environmental strategies for achieving sustainable developments by the year 2000 and beyond; (2) to recommend ways concern for the environment could be translated into greater cooperation among developing countries and between countries at different stages of economic and social development; (3) to consider ways and means by which the international community could deal more effectively with environmental concerns; and (4) to help define shared perceptions of long‐term environmental issues and the appropriate efforts needed to deal successfully with problems of protecting and enhancing the environment. The Commission's Report, Our common future,was published in 1987. 相似文献
11.
Jessica Budds 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2004,25(3):322-342
Since the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern. 相似文献
12.
针对雨量丰富的南方地区出现水质型缺水问题,采用系统动力学方法,对其水系统做模拟分析。以上海杨浦区为分析实例,根据其特征设立模型,包括5个子系统、6个调控参数。通过调整调控参数,运行模型得到所需的3种不同方案。在此基础上,找出影响需水系统的主要因素为:水价 、污水治理系数、节水意识、工艺改革。基于三种方案的作用参数和模拟结果,为解决水资源这一"瓶颈"问题,实现杨浦区水系统的供需平衡和区域的协调发展,提出具体的调整政策。其中,该政策的调控参考值 (对应年:1990/1995/2000/2005/2010/2015/2020)为:水价TPW=1.3/2.7/2.9/3.5/4.7/5.2/6.8;污水治理率TRWW=0.73/0.79/0.84/0.85/0.93/0.96/0.97;节水意识为INDEX1=2.5 (2005年后),INDEX2=1.021 (2005年前);工艺改革系数为TRT=1/1.1/1.28/1.35/1.5/1.65/1.66。在实施相应措施的基础上,采用协调发展方案,预测到2020年上海杨浦区总需水量约14.0×109t,而预计工程供水能力可达到约13.9×109t,基本达到水系统的供需平衡,实现区域水资源的协调发展。 相似文献
13.
S. S. Lachininskii 《Geography and Natural Resources》2013,34(2):111-117
The issues of emergence and evolution of geoeconomics as a new branch of science are the concern of this paper. Special emphasis is placed on the definition of the notion of “geoeconomic risks” and to their analysis at five territorial levels. Five selected types of geoeconomic risks are briefly characterized. 相似文献
14.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(5):290-299
Loss of biological diversity is among the most pressing environmental problems facing modern societies. Whereas today much is known about peoples' opinions on climate change, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding how people asses the issue of biological diversity. The article represents a step towards a better understanding of public opinions on the issue of biodiversity, and hence also of the prerequisites and possibilities for a more or less vigorous or legitimate policy on this issue. The analyses show that social background matters for concern about biodiversity, but only to a certain extent: women are less negative towards biodiversity protection than men, the older segments of the population, at least in Norway, are less concerned with biodiversity, and education has only a marginal effect. Hence, to a large extent, political attitudes matter and indicate that concern for biodiversity seems to work by various types of available heuristics whereby a given case is linked to political understandings of other and similar and/or familiar issues. The inclusion of other political variables (local decision-making) and what the authors label ‘cultural variables’ (e.g. view of nature and trust in science) seem also to matter decisively for attitudes towards biodiversity. 相似文献
15.
Ann Pomeroy 《New Zealand geographer》1996,52(2):84-87
The concern of social scientists about the future of rural communities has filtered across to the policy arena at central government level. There analysis has been paralysed by lack of agreement about the issues. Many officials, especially those without social science training, do not understand concepts such as social sustainability, and few officials know how best to operationalise these concepts. A key step is the recognition of the need to consider people first in the development of policy, whether at the industry, community or household level, if the goal of sustainable agriculture is to be achieved. 相似文献
16.
Daanish Mustafa 《The Professional geographer》2002,54(1):94-105
This article reports the results of a survey conducted in four villages in central Pakistan regarding people's perceptions about irrigation‐ and flood‐related issues. The article uses the perception studies methodology from the human ecology school to address the political ecology agenda in resource and hazards geography. The log‐linear analysis of the survey data shows that people are knowledgeable about social power differentials and interactions between various social factors in influencing their access to resources and vulnerability to floods. The article further demonstrates that water users and vulnerable populations are much more likely to suggest social explanations than naturalistic or fatalistic explanations for their differential access to irrigation water and vulnerability to flood hazard. 相似文献
17.
Daniel Z. Sui 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(1):62-72
Geographic information systems (GIS) and cartography have traditionally been regarded as fields for the study of techniques. Yet the past ten years have witnessed geographers' increasing intellectual engagement with GIS and cartography. This essay recaps the recent intellectual discourses on GIS and cartography and speculates on possible development in the near future. Geocomputation, spatially integrated social sciences, social informatics, information ecology, and humanistic GIScience are identified as five areas of intensive new research, and it is argued that creative imaginations under the milieu of the “third culture” are urgently needed to address the challenging issues in this new technological era. Whether geography will become an intellectually more vibrant discipline hinges on the extent to which we can rekindle geographic imaginations in this computer age via GIScience to address issues of great societal concern. 相似文献
18.
19.
湖南省区域干旱模糊评价 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文采用湖南省80个地面气象站点1970-2005年的月降水、蒸发资料,河道来水量资料和农作物受旱面积资料,运用模糊综合评价、M-K突变及小波分析等方法分析了湖南省36年来区域干旱的时间变化特征。选用降水距平百分率、蒸发降水比、河道来水量和农业受旱面积组成区域干旱评级指标体系,将干旱分为由湿润到特大干旱9个等级,建立模糊综合评价模型,确定旱涝的等级。在1970-2005年期间,特大干旱年共发生了5年,严重干旱年发生了2年,中等干旱年发生了6年,轻度干旱发生了3年。过去36年湖南省综合干旱指标呈微弱增加趋势,其中1970年代和1990年代处于湿润时期,1980年代处于干旱时期,进入21世纪后有变干的趋势。综合指标于1990年代初有一个由干向湿的转变过程,且存在3年、6年和16年三个时间特征尺度。2005年之后小波系数仍将是负值,表明未来若干年湖南将仍处于干旱期,之后可能进入一个湿润期。 相似文献
20.
Munther J. Haddadin 《The Geographical journal》2002,168(4):324-340
Water resources occupy an important role in the bilateral negotiations of the Middle East peace process. This paper mentions the conflicting water plans for the utilization of the Jordan basin by Arabs and Israelis, and describes the issues that are to be handled in the process of peacemaking. It defines the water issues between Israel and each of its neighbouring entities: Jordan, the Palestinians, Syria and Lebanon, and reviews what has been addressed in the peace negotiations thus far. A more detailed review is made of the negotiation tracks where progress was made, and a less detailed review is made of the negotiations that settled the water dispute between Jordan and Israel. The paper alludes to the claims of water wars in the region and provides evidence that water has not been a catalyst for war in the Middle East. It also proposes some topics for research that can be of interest to alleviate water shortage. 相似文献