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1.
贵州广顺二叠系化学地层的划分及沉积环境分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
本文以贵州省广顺二叠纪坝子头－茶叶剖面作了基准剖面，通过野外观察和室内岩相分析，根据岩石的成岩作用，颜色，微相特征及岩层的厚度和叠置关系，进行了层序的划分。在此基础上，以该剖面５９个岩层的１７个微量元素（Ａｓ，Ｂ，Ｂａ，Ｃｏ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｕ，Ｇａ，Ｍｎ，Ｍｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｐｂ，Ｓｎ，Ｓｒ，Ｔｉ，Ｖ，Ｚｎ和Ｚｒ）为变量，用因子分析和群分析进行了化学地层单元的划分，通过化学地层和层序地层划分结果的对比，结合化学 相似文献
2.
松嫩平原沼泽湿地区多目标地球化学调查方法试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
沼泽湿地属于一种特殊的生态景观条件。为了选择适合沼泽湿地区的多目标地球化学调查采样介质,在松嫩平原西部扎龙保护区开展了方法试验,采样介质主要采取沼泽湿地区的表层腐殖泥和基底冲积土2种介质。通过对比试验,反映出沼泽湿地区表层的腐殖泥是代表该景观区多目标地球化学调查的最佳采样介质。腐殖泥样品中的OrgC、N、S、Se、Hg、TC、U、Br、Au、TFe2O3、Bi、Cr、Ag、Li、Y、Mo、Cu、Sb等元素含量均高于其基底沉积物样品。这与沼泽湿地区的生态环境特征相吻合,而腐殖泥下部的冲积成因的基底物质属于外来物质,不能反映目前沼泽湿地区的生态环境特征,由此确定沼泽湿地区多目标地球化学调查最佳采样介质为表层的腐殖泥。 相似文献
3.
对美国目前常用的一些用于流域总量管理的数学模型进行了概括分类,把收集到47个模型划分为流域负荷模型、受纳水体模型和集成化模拟系统三类,并选择其中的19个流域污染负荷模型作为重点进行了比较研究。针对这19个模型,首先对各模型的主要输入数据、模型主要的输出信息、模型所能处理的土地利用类型、模型中水文侵蚀和沉积物的计算机理、污染负荷计算结果的基本形式、所能模拟的污染物类型、模型的时间尺度特征、模型软件的提供者等9个方面作了较为详细的介绍。在此基础上,结合文献调研和对部分模型实际使用的效果,从模型处理不同土地利用类型(包括对流域点源的识别和处理)的适用性、对不同时间尺度的适应性、水文过程的模拟能力、不同类型污染物负荷的计算能力、对污染物运移过程的描述、模型结果输出的友好性、输入数据的需求程度、评估和设计污染总量管理措施的支持能力、以及使用说明文档的完备性等9个方面,对模型性能进行了定性评估,分别用“高”、“中”、“低”来表示模型的优劣程度。 相似文献
4.
改革开放以来,江苏省在矿产资源勘查取得较好的成果,尤其在深部矿产如石油、煤、铁、铅、锌、硫、磷、钛、石盐、芒硝、石膏等勘查效益显著。主要是实践中加强了基础地质调查,资料的研究开发,高新技术的应用,勘查专项规划,成矿区远景调查,重点地区勘查示范,优势矿产综合勘查与评价,提高了矿产勘查攻深找盲的突破能力。对加强矿产勘查科学研究和人才培养提出了建议。 相似文献
5.
In the old mining area of Rodalquilar, mine wastes, soil and sediments were characterized and the results revealed high concentration
of Au, Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Se, Sb and Zn in tailings and sediments. The contaminant of greatest environmental concern
is As. The mean concentration in the tailings was 679.9, and 345 mg/kg in the sediments of Playazo creek. The groundwater
samples from the alluvial aquifer showed high concentration of Al, As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb and Zn and very high
concentration of chloride and sulfate, which were above the concentration defined in the European standards for drinking water.
The presence of As in groundwater may be caused by the oxidation of arsenian pyrite, the possible As desorption from goethite
and ferrihydrite and the jarosite dissolution. Groundwater concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mn, and possibly Cu, were associated
with low values of Eh, indicating the possible dissolution of oxy-hydroxides of Fe and Mn. The mobility of metals in the column
experiments show the release of Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, V and Zn in significant concentrations but below the detected values
in groundwater. However, As, Cd, Sb, Se Pb and Au, are generally mobilized in concentrations above the detected values in
groundwater. The possible mass transfer processes that could explain the presence of the contaminants in the aquifer and the
leachates was simulated with the PHREEQC numerical code and revealed the possible dissolution of the following mineral phases:
jarosite, natrojarosite, arsenian pyrite, alunite, chlorite, kaolinite and calcite. 相似文献
6.
A.E.KELEPERTSIS E.KONTIS 《中国地球化学学报》1997,16(1):8-19
The mineralogy and geochemistry data are presented for thirty-seven shales,four concretions,two carbonate sediments and seven lignites from the Marathousa coal field of the Megalopolis Basin in Greece.The argillaceous rocks consist of chlorite,illite,kaolinte,albite,quartz.opal-A,calcite and dolomite;the concretions of aragonite,gypsum and pyrite;and the carbonate rocks of calcite,quartz and illite.The mineral matter in the lignites consists of gypsum,quartz,albite,chlorite,illite,opal-A,dolomite,pyrite,and rarely calcite and kaolinite Athree-factor model explains the total variaition of major and trace elements in the argillaceous sediments.The first factor is an aluminosilicate factor and involves the following elements:Al,Si,Mg,Na,K,Ti,Mn,Nb,Y,Rb,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Nband V,associated with chlorite,albite and illite.The second factor involves the elements Ca,Sr,Ba,Znand Sc and is related to carbonate lithology and mainly the carbonate concretions with gypsum.The third factor involves Fe and Ce with a weak association with Mn.The diagenesis of the Marathousa sediments and lignites was not very advanced as indicated by (a) the total thickness of the sequence (500m),(b) the presence of biogenic silica(opal-A) and (c) the age of the deposit(Pleistocene).FOr these reasons the rpresence of chlorite,illite and kaolinite in the sediments and lignite is due not to diagenetic reactions but to weathering of the flysch and metamorphic rocks at the edges of the Megalopolis Basin and transport of the weathering products(illite,chlorite,kaolinite)into the basin of deposition.The diagenetic minerals of the Marathousa sequence include pyrite,gypsum,dolomite and aragonite. 相似文献
7.
汤原断陷构造复杂,后期改造强烈,原型盆地认识不清,导致原始沉积沉降中心不明确,制约了油气勘探的进展。本文从剥蚀量计算入手,分别采用镜质体反射率（Ro）法和地层趋势法,对宝泉岭组、达连河组及新安村组的地层剥蚀量进行计算,结合地震及构造特征,并利用地质建模技术恢复了不同时期的原型盆地形态,通过计算恢复认为：新安村组时期,原始厚度最厚发育在东部边界断裂下降盘,沉积沉降中心被断陷中部低凸起分为南北两个部分,此时期沉积沉降中心位于断陷东部边界断裂中段;达连河组时期,早期的两个沉积沉降中心逐渐合并为一个,断陷西部、南部出现规模较小的沉降带,最厚处依然位于东部断裂带下降盘,而沉积沉降中心迁移至东部边界断裂北段;宝泉岭组时期,早期的两个沉积沉降中心完全合并为一个,断陷西部的沉降带规模扩大,形成一东一西的两个主要沉积沉降中心,沉积沉降中心由一个变为两个。在此基础上,明确了原型盆地格局形态及不同时期沉积沉降中心分布及迁移过程。 相似文献
8.
分析仪器小型化、现场化、瞬间化、智能化是未来地质调查重要支撑技术,这里采用新型SI-PIN探测器,研制出了便携式X荧光分析仪,并对地质土壤、水系沉积物样品中Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Pb等多种元素进行了分析研究。这里主要介绍了该仪器的技术指标、性能以及软件功能,给出了分析条件选择、干扰和校正、漂移校正的方法,该方法在国家工矿企业的现场分析工作中具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
9.
娅怀洞遗址是广西近年又一项重要考古发现,是一处石器时代洞穴遗址,文化遗存分为4期,第一至第三期属于旧石器时代晚期,第四期属于新石器时代晚期.本文以该遗址出土动物遗存为研究对象,鉴定其种属、部位、死亡年龄和性别等信息,观察遗存保存状态和表面痕迹,对其进行尺寸和重量测量.在此基础上,对其进行可鉴定标本数、最小个体数和骨骼发现率的统计,并依据统计结果进行自然环境的复原、人类行为和生业经济的初步分析.遗址出土动物包括软体动物(瓣鳃纲和腹足纲)和脊椎动物(鱼纲、爬行动物纲、鸟纲和哺乳动物纲),计27科19种(属).分析结果显示:自旧石器时代晚期到新石器时代晚期,遗址出土的主要动物,都包括有扁蜷螺科、方形环棱螺、斜口环棱螺、梨形环棱螺、高大环口螺、塔锥短沟蜷、佛耳丽蚌、刻纹丽蚌、三型矛蚌、圆顶珠蚌、河蚬、鲤鱼、青鱼、鳖科、龟科、钝吻鳄科、鸭科、雉科、猕猴、猪獾、野猪、牛亚科、羊亚科和不同体型的鹿科动物等,这表明自旧石器时代晚期到新石器时代晚期,遗址附近的自然条件没有发生大的改变,一直都存在有茂密的森林和相对广阔的水域,各种动植物资源都非常丰富;动物构成始终以哺乳动物纲中的鹿科和猪科数量最多,说明自旧石器时代晚期到新石器时代晚期,先民一直以狩猎鹿科和猪科为代表的野生哺乳动物来获取主要的肉食资源,同时也采集野生植物、捕捞水生的螺类、鱼类和爬行类作为食物资源的补充;从保存数量最多的鹿科和猪科骨骼发现率来看,存在有部分长骨骨骼缺失的现象,说明遗址并非先民宰杀肢解动物的主要场所,遗址中的动物多为先民宰杀肢解后带来的;鹿科动物掌/跖骨及与之相连的腕跗部骨骼发现率普遍较高,且要明显高于同时期的猪科动物,可能与先民有意识选择鹿科动物该部位的骨骼来制作骨器的行为有关;大量出土螺类存在壳顶缺失的现象,这应该与先民对螺肉的取食有关,与娅怀洞遗址的年代相当的柳州白莲洞遗址也存在类似的现象.从旧石器时代晚期到新石器时代晚期的纵向演变来看,先民对哺乳动物的利用程度是在逐渐增加的,对鱼的利用程度是大幅度减少的,对腹足动物的利用也有一定程度的减少,遗址动物群构成的这种变化体现了新石器时代晚期先民生活方式和生业经济选择(定居和农业)的变化. 相似文献
10.
In this paper we report the results of the analysis of rare earth (REE), large-ion lithophile (LILE), and high field strength (HFSE) elements in minerals from the alkaline lamprophyre dikes of the Kola region and the Kaiserstuhl province by the local method of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The contents of Y, Li, Rb, Ba, Th, U, Ta, Nb, Sr, Hf, Zr, Pb, Be, Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu were measured in olivine, melilite, clinopyroxene, amphibole, phlogopite, nepheline, apatite, perovskite, and the host fine-grained groundmass. The obtained data on trace element partitioning among the mineral phases of the alkaline ultrabasic rocks of the dike series indicate that the main mineral hosts for the HFSEs and REEs in alkaline picrites, olivine melanephelinites, and melilitites are perovskite and apatite comprising more than 90% of these elements. Among major rock-forming minerals, melilite, clinopyroxene, and highly magnesian amphibole make a significant contribution to the balance of REEs during the evolution of melanephelinite melts. The partition coefficients of Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Sc, V, Cr, Ga, Y, Li, Rb, Ba, Th, U, Ta, Nb, Sr, Hf, Zr, Pb, Be, and all of the REEs were calculated for olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole, phlogopite, nepheline, perovskite, and apatite on the basis of mineral/groundmass ratios. Variations in the composition of complex zoned clinopyroxene phenocrysts reflect the conditions of polybaric crystallization of melanephelinite melt, which began when the magmas arrived at the base of the lower crust and continued during the whole period of their ascent to the surface. The formation of green cores in clinopyroxene is an indicator of mixing between primary melanephelinite melts and phonolite magmas under upper mantle conditions. The estimation of the composition of primary melts for the rocks of the alkaline ultrabasic series of the Kola province indicated a single primary magma for the whole series. This magma produced pyroxene cumulates and complementary melilitolites, foidolites, and nepheline syenites. 相似文献
11.
金矿床主要矿物标型特征研究综述 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
总结了金矿床中金矿物、黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿及黄铜矿等金属矿物和石英、碳酸盐矿物、云母类矿物及金红石等非金属矿物的产状，晶体形态、比重、硬度、颜色、反射率、导电性、热发光性等物理性质，谱学特征以及化学成分特征。从中提取出不同类型金矿床成因信息，含矿与非矿矿物特征以及判定金矿化程度、矿床规模和矿体剥蚀程度的指标。 相似文献
12.
为了解酸性矿山排水（AMD）影响下水库沉积物中微量元素的质量分数水平及其分布特征,对常年受酸性废水影响的贵州兴仁猫石头水库沉积物中26种微量元素的质量分数、相关性及控制因素进行了分析。结果表明：猫石头水库沉积物柱中Sr、Ba、Zr、V、Cr和As质量分数平均值超过了100 μg/g,其中As质量分数最高,平均值超过800 μg/g;Be、Ta、Co、Ag、Cd、Sn和Se质量分数的平均值都在5 μg/g以下;其他元素质量分数平均值则在10~60 μg/g之间。相较未受AMD影响的水系沉积物,研究区水库沉积物具有明显的As和Sb富集特征。水库沉积物中Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th之间存在显著正相关关系,而As与这些元素之间存在显著负相关关系。元素相关分析、因子分析及微量元素图解表明,Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th、Cr、Sb等元素受控于流域岩石化学风化和土壤物理侵蚀,这也是控制研究区元素分布最重要的因素,而Cu、Cd等重金属元素则与AMD对地层中元素的溶蚀析出和有机质等细颗粒物的吸附有关。另外,研究区重金属元素中,Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn的生态风险轻微,而As和Sb则具有很强的潜在生态风险。 相似文献
13.
Clemens Reimann Arnold Arnoldussen Peter Englmaier Peter Filzmoser Tor Erik Finne Robert G. Garrett Friedrich Koller Øystein Nordgulen 《Applied Geochemistry》2007
Rock samples and the C-, B- and O-horizons of soils developed on these rocks were collected in forested areas along a 120-km south–north transect in southern Norway, passing through the city of Oslo. Forty samples (1 site/3 km) were analysed for 37 chemical elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W and Zn) following an aqua regia digestion; pH (water extract) and loss on ignition were also determined. The O-horizon soils were additionally analysed for Pt. Gold is the only element that shows a clear anthropogenic peak in the O-horizon soils collected from the city of Oslo. Silver, Au, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, S, Sb, Se and Sr all show a strong enrichment in the O-horizon when compared to the underlying C-horizon or the bedrock along the full length of the transect. Neither geology nor anthropogenic input of elements dominate the observed patterns. The most important factors for the observed element concentrations in the O-horizon are weathering, uptake (or rejection) of elements by plants and the kinetics of decay of the organic material in the O-horizon. Climate, especially temperature and precipitation, has an important influence on the formation and decay rates of the organic soil layer. Acid precipitation will delay the decomposition of the organic layer and lead to a natural enrichment of several metals in the O-horizon. Land use change, deforestation and liming can all increase the decay kinetics of organic matter and thus result in a release of the stored element pool. 相似文献
14.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):907-916
The widely applied method of stratigraphic division of sediments and their correlation on the base of terrigenous components developed by 11ling, Baturin and others, was based on the fact that the composition of the sedimentary terrigenous components depends upon the petrographic composition of the distributive province rocks. The author, using terrigenous components for stratigraphic purposes, has based his method of the influence of the ancient crusts of weathering upon their composition. Under the ancient kaolin-type weathering conditions the mineralogy of forming sediments was very uniform: among rock-building minerals prevailed quartz, kaolin, partly hydromicas. Among accessories the following stable minerals prevailed: ilmenite, leucoxene, chromite, zircon, rutile, disthen, staurolite, tourmaline, cassiterite, and also less widely spread minerals such as sillimanite, anatase, brucite, corundum, xenotime, columbite, monazite, topaz, spinel, andalusite, diamond, gold, platinum, osmiridium. Unstable under the ancient kaolin weathering conditions were: garnets, pyroxenes, amphiboles, epidote, magnetite, apatite, sphene, serpentine, olivine, titano-magnetite. Their contents in the deposits, formed at the expense of the kaolin crust of weathering, were as a rule insignificant. From the above it is clear that the ancient weathering could have affected the mineralogical composition of accessory minerals of deposits, even much stronger than the petrographical composition of the distributive province. In the course of geological times the total balance of stable accessory minerals, able to undergo repeated weathering and erosion, has the tendency to grow in spite of their dilution in sediments during certain epochs. The author tried to give a stratigraphic division of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits in the South Urals from terrigenous components. This method can find a wide application. In the future it will be advisable to combine the above mentioned method with the method of Illing and Baturin and others, taking into account the petrographic influence of the rocks of the distributive province. — Auth. English Summ. 相似文献
15.
澄江生物群分子在贵州遵义牛蹄塘组发现 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
澄江生物群是认识寒武纪生命大爆发的重要窗口,它的分布范围一直仅限于滇东地区,员近在贵州遵义松林牛蹄塘组底部页岩中发现有Naronia,Archotuba Conoidalis,Isaxys,Perpicaris,Lingulepis,Tsunyidiscus,Scenella,水母状化石(medusiform fossil),海绵动物化石Leptomitus,类似半索动物秆壁虫Rhabdopleura化石,软舌螺类Hyolithids,宏观藻类和疑源类化石Zunyiphyton perelegans Yang et Zhao,1999,Yuknessia sp.,Longenema Ding,1996,Sphaerocongregus variabilis等。其中有一部分是属于澄江生物群分子,这是云南省外澄江生物群分子的新发现。由于生物群之下40m处还产大量海绵动物、高肌虫和藻类化石等组成的松林生物群,其上又有下寒武统明心寺组古杯动物群,因此,这一生物群的发现对研究早寒武世生物的演化也具有一定的科学意义,同时,对澄江生物群的古生态学研究也具有重要意义。 相似文献
16.
河北迁安一迁西国家地质公园地质遗迹资源类型划分及评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
迁安-迁西国家地质公园拥有古老地层、峡谷、溶洞、断层、褶皱等丰富的地质遗迹资源,其中以古老地层剖面为其主体内容.本文是在地质遗迹资源调查研究的基础上,将该公园地质遗迹类型划分为地层学遗迹、地貌类遗迹、构造地质遗迹和古生物化石遗迹4大类,然后以地质遗迹资源单体或类型为评价对象,运用层次分析法(AHP),对地质遗迹资源自身... 相似文献
17.
Geochemical fractionation of heavy metals in Chilka Lake (east coast of India)—a tropical coastal lagoon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chilka lake, the largest coastal lagoon of Asia is one of the most dynamic ecosystems along the Indian coast. Historically the lagoon has undergone a considerable reduction in surface area due, in part, to input from natural processes but mostly due to human activities. The purpose of this investigation is to document the heavy metals' affinity for specific geochemical phases in the recently deposited sediments in the lagoon. Thirty-three samples were collected and analyzed for different geochemical phases of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn utilizing a sequential extraction scheme. In the nonlithogenous fraction, the exchangeable fraction was not geochemically significant, having <2% of the total metal concentration for all the elements. However, the carbonate fraction contained the following percentages of the total concentration: <1% Fe, 13% Mn, 6% Cu, 4% Cr, 8% Ni, 13% Pb, and 12% Zn, suggesting the detrital origin of the sediments. Reducible and organic matter-bound fractions were the significant phases in the nonlithogenous fraction, containing 9% Fe, 16% Mn, 15% Cu, 16% Cr, 16% Ni, 14% Pb, and 14% Zn in the former and 4% Fe, 3% Mn, 17% Cu, 3% Cr, 14% Ni, 15% Pb, and 14% Zn in the latter. The phenomenon has been attributed to the scavenging affinity of Fe-Mn oxides and affinity for sorption into organic matter of the lagoon sediments. The lithogenous, residual fraction generally considered as a guide for natural background values was determined to contain 87% Fe, 67% Mn, 61% Cu, 77% Cr, 61.3% Ni, 56% Pb, and 60% Zn of the total concentrations. 相似文献
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通过对秭归地区闪长岩岩体风化壳中微量元素的分布规律研究,将该风化剖面中的微量元素划分为3类。第一类包括Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、U、Th、Mo、W,基本属于非活动性元素,在风化过程中得以有效保留,其中U、Cr、Cu等受氧化还原条件的影响,有时呈局部富集现象,规律性不明显。第二类以Ca、Rb、Cs、Sr、Ba、Pb、Ga、Gd、Tl为代表,随着风化作用的进行而逐步从风化壳中淋失,属活动性元素。第三类以稀土元素为代表,在风化壳内部发生局部的再分配,从剖面上层随风化溶液向下淋滤亏损,到剖面中下部沉淀富集,其中重稀土元素的淋失程度大于轻稀土元素。由于母岩中斜长石的风化淋滤,Eu在氧化环境下逐渐从正异常变为负异常。Ce在地表氧化条件下很容易生成四价氧化物（方铈石）,并在表层明显富集,剖面介质中氧化还原条件的变化导致Ce的波动变化。 相似文献
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中朝板块旋回层序、事件和形成演化的探索 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11
通过 10余年来对中朝板块旋回层序、事件及构造演化的调查研究和综合分析 ,笔者编制了中朝板块旋回层序、事件和形成演化综合图 ,深刻地认识到地质科学是复杂性的科学体系。复杂系统研究要求重组现有的科学划分 ,实现跨越岩石矿物学、古生物学、层序地层学、地质地球化学、磁性地层学、古地理学、古构造学、天文学、海洋学及矿床学等不同学科的协同 ,从而促进学科的交叉和融合 ,以求学科体系理论和方法论的深刻变革 ,以推动地质科学的发展。这就是笔者提出以宇地系统观来综合研究地球、层序、事件和演化的基本思路。依据宇地系统作用原理 ,研究了中朝板块从元古宙至中新生代的旋回层序、事件和演化历史。从 180 0Ma至第四纪共划分出 2 0个超旋回或巨旋回周期和百余个奥尔特周期 ;还研究了海泛事件、隆升间断事件、跷跷板运动事件、臼齿碳酸盐事件、热事件、反极性事件、岩溶事件、火山喷发事件、风暴事件、物源区类型及古构造演化等一系列重大事件。应用宇地系统周期等时原理对中朝板块拗拉谷、鲕滩台地建造、前陆盆地演化和陆相裂谷盆地 ,按长偏心率周期进行了古地理演化的精细研究 ,再现了中朝板块构造、古地理和地层格架的演变 ,并对具全球性意义的大气圈、水圈、生物圈、沉积圈及成矿作用等重大地球 相似文献