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Three-dimensional (3-D) representations of urban regions have gained much attention because of recent developments in remote sensing and computer graphics technologies. In particular, textured 3-D building reconstruction for a variety of applications has been a popular research topic in recent years. In this study, we present the reconstruction of 3-D building models along with texture selection and mapping. Extracted two-dimensional building patches and normalized digital surface model (nDSM) data are used to generate the 3-D models. To build near-photorealistic 3-D models, the acquired geo-referenced facade textures are associated with the corresponding building facades using an automated GPS-assisted approach. On the other hand, the modelling and texture mapping of the roof structures were carried out manually. The study area is composed of eight housing estates (blocks), where a total of 110 buildings were analysed. The whole study area was modelled, with facade textures, in less than 1 min of processor running time with an acceptable level of accuracy. The texture mapping was carried out using MATLAB’s Virtual Reality Toolbox?. 相似文献
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Abstract Information on the number and type of new building structures is required by urban and transportation planners and the real estate industry. The goal of this paper is to explore the potential of high resolution imagery for meeting public and private sector demands for information on new buildings. The value of 1 m, 5 m, and 10 m panchromatic and 1 m color scanned aerial photography images acquired in 1997 and 1998 for a study area within the City of San Diego, California is assessed for general change detection and building enumeration. Both semi‐automated and interactive change‐detection approaches are evaluated. We demonstrate that interactive, visual‐based approaches appear to be the most accurate (within 1% of actual count) and efficient approach for generating information on the number of new buildings associated with single family residential land use. More automated approaches to detecting and enumerating image microfeatures may be useful as enhancements for visual‐based assessments and may be practical in areas composed mostly of large buildings associated with commercial and industrial land use. The highest accuracy for automated approaches was an undercounting of 11% for residential buildings and overcounting of 20% for those associated with commercial and industrial land use. 相似文献
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三维GIS应用于楼宇租赁管理,不仅空间信息的展示更为直观,而且多维度空间分析功能更加强大。本文利用侧轴投影以及后期纹理、贴图、修正等处理将三维数据转换成2.5维数据,解决了数据量大和加载速度慢的问题;通过构建三维矢量图并与2.5维地图匹配融合,可以方便地查询属性信息;室内地图的制作包括概念建模、数据转换、地图切片三个步骤。文章将楼宇外部轮廓的三维模型和室内二维地图相结合,注重精细化管理和多维度、多层次的管理需要,使用户对楼宇信息管理系统的使用更加方便。 相似文献
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传统的古建筑测绘方法需要消耗大量的人力物力,工序繁杂、效率低,而且容易造成古建筑的损坏。三维激光扫描技术采用非接触的方式能够精确获取到古建筑的空间几何信息,通过密集的点云数据可快速复建出三维模型和二维专题图。本文以南京鸡鸣寺药师佛塔为例,对三维激光扫描技术在古建筑测绘中的应用情况进行了探讨,经验证,使用该技术可快速获取古建筑的现状信息,对于实现古建筑的三维可视化、建立数字化档案具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and texture mapping of buildings or other man-made objects are key aspects for 3D city landscapes. An effective coarse-to-fine approach for 3D building model generation and texture mapping based on digital photogrammetric techniques is proposed. Three video image sequences, two oblique views of building walls and one vertical view of building roofs, acquired by a digital video camera mounted on a helicopter, are used as input images. Lidar data and a coarse two-dimensional (2D) digital vector map used for car navigation are also used as information sources. Automatic aerial triangulation (AAT) suitable for a high overlap image sequence is used to give initial values of camera parameters of each image. To obtain accurate image lines, the correspondence between outlines of the building and their line features in the image sequences is determined with a coarse-to-fine strategy. A hybrid point/line bundle adjustment is used to ensure the stability and accuracy of reconstruction. Reconstructed buildings with fine textures superimposed on a digital elevation model (DEM) and ortho-image are realistically visualised. Experimental results show that the proposed approach of 3D city model generation has a promising future in many applications. 相似文献
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Youness Dehbi Fabian Hadiji Gerhard Gröger Kristian Kersting Lutz Plümer 《Transactions in GIS》2017,21(1):134-150
The automatic interpretation of 3D point clouds for building reconstruction is a challenging task. The interpretation process requires highly structured models representing semantics. Formal grammars can describe structures as well as the parameters of buildings and their parts. We propose a novel approach for the automatic learning of weighted attributed context‐free grammar rules for 3D building reconstruction, supporting the laborious manual design of rules. We separate structure from parameter learning. Specific Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are used to generate a weighted context‐free grammar and predict structured outputs such as parse trees. The grammar is extended by parameters and constraints, which are learned based on a statistical relational learning method using Markov Logic Networks (MLNs). MLNs enforce the topological and geometric constraints. MLNs address uncertainty explicitly and provide probabilistic inference. They are able to deal with partial observations caused by occlusions. Uncertain projective geometry is used to deal with the uncertainty of the observations. Learning is based on a large building database covering different building styles and façade structures. In particular, a treebank that has been derived from the database is employed for structure learning. 相似文献
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Identification and Modelling of Translational and Axial Symmetries and their Hierarchical Structures in Building Footprints by Formal Grammars 
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下载免费PDF全文 Buildings and other man‐made objects, for many reasons such as economical or aesthetic, are often characterized by their symmetry. The latter predominates in the design of building footprints and building parts such as façades. Thus the identification and modeling of this valuable information facilitates the reconstruction of these buildings and their parts. This article presents a novel approach for the automatic identification and modelling of symmetries and their hierarchical structures in building footprints, providing an important prior for façade and roof reconstruction. The uncertainty of symmetries is explicitly addressed using supervised machine learning methods, in particular Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Unlike classical statistical methods, for SVMs assumptions on the a priori distribution of the data are not required. Both axial and translational symmetries are detected. The quality of the identified major and minor symmetry axes is assessed by a least squares based adjustment. Context‐free formal grammar rules are used to model the hierarchical and repetitive structure of the underlying footprints. We present an algorithm which derives grammar rules based on the previously acquired symmetry information and using lexical analysis describing regular patterns and palindrome‐like structures. This offers insights into the latent structures of building footprints and therefore describes the associated façade in a relational and compact way. 相似文献
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城区大比例尺影像三维景观重建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用目标提取技术,根据近似点位进行房屋角点的自动定位,自动搜索同名点,然后建立一个尽可能多地包含房顶面的目标窗口,取代传统的以房角为中心的窗口进行房顶角点影像匹配,提高了房顶角点匹配的可靠性,实现了航空影像房屋三维数据的半自动量测。进而在地面与建筑物表面二维半不规则三角网和原始数字影像的基础上,实现了建筑物可见表面纹理的恢复,重建了城市真实三维景观。 相似文献
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Virtual Cities From Digital Imagery 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Gülch 《The Photogrammetric Record》2000,16(96):893-903
Increasing interest is being expressed in the use of virtual cities for many fields of application, ranging from planning and simulation to business, advertising and the games industry. Currently, the extraction of buildings from imagery is costly. However, recent developments in digital photogrammetry aim to produce more rapid and efficient methods of modelling three dimensional objects in urban environments. This paper presents a semi-automatic system for the extraction of buildings from digital aerial imagery with the aid of volumetric primitives. The user is supported by automated tools, for example matching tools, in order to reach the necessary efficiency. With an extraction time of about 20 s per building primitive, this method is competitive in terms of the performance of classical photogrammetric procedures, and also offers additional features for analysis, texture mapping and Internet applications. 相似文献
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Highly detailed 3D urban terrain models are the base for quick response tasks with indispensable human participation, e.g., disaster management. Thus, it is important to automate and accelerate the process of urban terrain modeling from sensor data such that the resulting 3D model is semantic, compact, recognizable, and easily usable for training and simulation purposes. To provide essential geometric attributes, buildings and trees must be identified among elevated objects in digital surface models. After building ground-plan estimation and roof details analysis, images from oblique airborne imagery are used to cover building faces with up-to-date texture thus achieving a better recognizability of the model. The three steps of the texturing procedure are sensor pose estimation, assessment of polygons projected into the images, and texture synthesis. Free geographic data, providing additional information about streets, forest areas, and other topographic object types, suppress false alarms and enrich the reconstruction results. 相似文献
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Serkan Ural Ejaz Hussain Jie Shan 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011
Geospatial distribution of population at a scale of individual buildings is needed for analysis of people's interaction with their local socio-economic and physical environments. High resolution aerial images are capable of capturing urban complexities and considered as a potential source for mapping urban features at this fine scale. This paper studies population mapping for individual buildings by using aerial imagery and other geographic data. Building footprints and heights are first determined from aerial images, digital terrain and surface models. City zoning maps allow the classification of the buildings as residential and non-residential. The use of additional ancillary geographic data further filters residential utility buildings out of the residential area and identifies houses and apartments. In the final step, census block population, which is publicly available from the U.S. Census, is disaggregated and mapped to individual residential buildings. This paper proposes a modified building population mapping model that takes into account the effects of different types of residential buildings. Detailed steps are described that lead to the identification of residential buildings from imagery and other GIS data layers. Estimated building populations are evaluated per census block with reference to the known census records. This paper presents and evaluates the results of building population mapping in areas of West Lafayette, Lafayette, and Wea Township, all in the state of Indiana, USA. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Remote sensing images have long been recognized as useful for the detection of building damages, mainly due to their wide coverage, revisit capabilities and high spatial resolution. The majority of contributions aimed at identifying debris and rubble piles, as the main focus is to assess collapsed and partially collapsed structures. However, these approaches might not be optimal for the image classification of façade damages, where damages might appear in the form of spalling, cracks and collapse of small segments of the façade. A few studies focused their damage detection on the façades using only post-event images. Nonetheless, several studies achieved better performances in damage detection approaches when considering multi-temporal image data. Hence, in this work a multi-temporal façade damage detection is tested. The first objective is to optimally merge pre- and post-event aerial oblique imagery within a supervised classification approach using convolutional neural networks to detect façade damages. The second objective is related to the fact that façades are normally depicted in several views in aerial manned photogrammetric surveys; hence, different procedures combining these multi-view image data are also proposed and embedded in the image classification approach. Six multi-temporal approaches are compared against 3 mono-temporal ones. The results indicate the superiority of multi-temporal approaches (up to ~25% in f1-score) when compared to the mono-temporal ones. The best performing multi-temporal approach takes as input sextuples (3 views per epoch, per façade) within a late fusion approach to perform the image classification of façade damages. However, the detection of small damages, such as smaller cracks or smaller areas of spalling, remains challenging in this approach, mainly due to the low resolution (~0.14 m ground sampling distance) of the dataset used. 相似文献
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为更好地发挥遥感技术在城市规划地图制作中的应用，高分辨率遥感影像成为城市地图制作中最重要的数据源。面对地物信息复杂、建筑物众多的城市地区，如何快速提取高分辨率遥感影像地图制作过程中相邻两景影像之间的镶嵌线具有重要意义。本文以国产卫星中分辨率最高、幅宽最小的GF-2影像为数据源，融合建筑物轮廓数据，研究了基于最短路径的A*搜索算法，实现了遥感影像地图制作的镶嵌线自动提取技术。结果表明，该方法能够自动生成避让建筑物的镶嵌线，速度快、镶嵌质量高，可广泛应用于城市地区高分辨率遥感影像地图制作。 相似文献
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Textures are an essential part of 3D building models and often consume large portions of the data volume, thus making visualization difficult. Therefore, we propose a multi-resolution texture generalization method to compress the textures of 3D building models for dynamic visualization at different scales. It consists of two steps: image compression and texture coloring. In the first step, texture images are compressed using wavelet transformation in both the horizontal and the vertical direction. In the second step, a TextureTree is created to store building texture color for dynamic visualization from different distances. To generate a TextureTree, texture images are iteratively segmented by horizontal and vertical dividing zones, until each section is basically in the same color. Then the texture of each section is represented by their main color and the TextureTree is created based on the color difference between the adjacent sections. In dynamic visualization, the suitable compressed texture images or the TextureTree nodes are selected to generate 3D scenes based on the angle and the distance between the viewpoint and the building surface. The experimental results indicate that wavelet based image compression and the proposed TextureTree can effectively represent the visual features of the textured buildings with much less data. 相似文献
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Cláudio Carneiro Eugenio Morello Thomas Voegtle François Golay 《Transactions in GIS》2010,14(4):497-531
The aim of this article is to present a method to calculate the morphological properties of the built environment using LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data, geographic information systems (GIS) data and three‐dimensional (3D) models of cities as a source of information. A hybrid approach that takes into account different types of inputs and consequently evaluates the accuracy of each type of used data is presented. This work is intended to give a first response to the lack of a comprehensive and accurate procedure that uses LiDAR data in order to automatically derive precise morphological properties, such as volumes and surfaces (façades and roofs) of buildings. The method was tested on two case‐study areas in the Geneva region with different characteristics, one in the old town along the Rhone River and the other on the CERN campus. A statistical analysis that compares the results of the computation with the 3D model of the built environment was used to validate the results, complemented by significance statistical tests. Outcomes showed that the proposed method to derive morphological properties can reach high levels of accuracy, thus enhancing the potential uses of LiDAR data for numerous applications, typically for the assessment of the urban environmental quality (UEQ) at the city and district scale, such as the estimation of the potential deployment of renewable energies in the built environment and the determination and monitoring of several urban indicators. 相似文献
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3DGIS中建筑物三维建模技术综述 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
在3DGIS中,数据模型和数据结构是一个关键问题,数据获取和建模越来越重要。本文以城市建筑物作为研究对象,阐述建筑物三维建模面临的问题,并对三维建筑物数据获取、建模、纹理映射等方面进行探讨。最后,通过二维数字地图获取几何数据,数码相机拍摄的近景影像作为纹理数据,在OpenGL中建模及贴图得到建筑物的三维模型,取得了较好的效率和效果。 相似文献