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1.
Due to the fast development of the urban environment, the need for efficient maintenance and updating of 3D building models is ever increasing. Change detection is an essential step to spot the changed area for data (map/3D models) updating and urban monitoring. Traditional methods based on 2D images are no longer suitable for change detection in building scale, owing to the increased spectral variability of the building roofs and larger perspective distortion of the very high resolution (VHR) imagery. Change detection in 3D is increasingly being investigated using airborne laser scanning data or matched Digital Surface Models (DSM), but rare study has been conducted regarding to change detection on 3D city models with VHR images, which is more informative but meanwhile more complicated. This is due to the fact that the 3D models are abstracted geometric representation of the urban reality, while the VHR images record everything. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to detect changes directly on LOD (Level of Detail) 2 building models with VHR spaceborne stereo images from a different date, with particular focus on addressing the special characteristics of the 3D models. In the first step, the 3D building models are projected onto a raster grid, encoded with building object, terrain object, and planar faces. The DSM is extracted from the stereo imagery by hierarchical semi-global matching (SGM). In the second step, a multi-channel change indicator is extracted between the 3D models and stereo images, considering the inherent geometric consistency (IGC), height difference, and texture similarity for each planar face. Each channel of the indicator is then clustered with the Self-organizing Map (SOM), with “change”, “non-change” and “uncertain change” status labeled through a voting strategy. The “uncertain changes” are then determined with a Markov Random Field (MRF) analysis considering the geometric relationship between faces. In the third step, buildings are extracted combining the multispectral images and the DSM by morphological operators, and the new buildings are determined by excluding the verified unchanged buildings from the second step. Both the synthetic experiment with Worldview-2 stereo imagery and the real experiment with IKONOS stereo imagery are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed method can be applied as an effective way to monitoring the building changes, as well as updating 3D models from one epoch to the other. 相似文献
2.
Sabry F. El-Hakim Claus Brenner Gerhard Roth 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》1998,53(6):379-391
Creating virtual environment models often requires geometric data from range sensors as well as photometric data from CCD cameras. The model must be geometrically correct, visually realistic, and small enough in size to allow real-time rendering. We present an approach based on 3D range sensor data, multiple CCD cameras, and a colour high-resolution digital still camera. The multiple CCD cameras provide images for a photogrammetric bundle adjustment with constraints. The results of the bundle adjustments are used to register the 3D images from the range sensor in one coordinate system. The images from the high-resolution still camera provide the texture for the final model. The paper describes the system, the techniques for the registration of the 3D images, the building of the efficient geometric model, and the registration and integration of the texture with a simplified geometric model. 相似文献
3.
Serkan Ural Ejaz Hussain Jie Shan 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011
Geospatial distribution of population at a scale of individual buildings is needed for analysis of people's interaction with their local socio-economic and physical environments. High resolution aerial images are capable of capturing urban complexities and considered as a potential source for mapping urban features at this fine scale. This paper studies population mapping for individual buildings by using aerial imagery and other geographic data. Building footprints and heights are first determined from aerial images, digital terrain and surface models. City zoning maps allow the classification of the buildings as residential and non-residential. The use of additional ancillary geographic data further filters residential utility buildings out of the residential area and identifies houses and apartments. In the final step, census block population, which is publicly available from the U.S. Census, is disaggregated and mapped to individual residential buildings. This paper proposes a modified building population mapping model that takes into account the effects of different types of residential buildings. Detailed steps are described that lead to the identification of residential buildings from imagery and other GIS data layers. Estimated building populations are evaluated per census block with reference to the known census records. This paper presents and evaluates the results of building population mapping in areas of West Lafayette, Lafayette, and Wea Township, all in the state of Indiana, USA. 相似文献
4.
Textures are an essential part of 3D building models and often consume large portions of the data volume, thus making visualization difficult. Therefore, we propose a multi-resolution texture generalization method to compress the textures of 3D building models for dynamic visualization at different scales. It consists of two steps: image compression and texture coloring. In the first step, texture images are compressed using wavelet transformation in both the horizontal and the vertical direction. In the second step, a TextureTree is created to store building texture color for dynamic visualization from different distances. To generate a TextureTree, texture images are iteratively segmented by horizontal and vertical dividing zones, until each section is basically in the same color. Then the texture of each section is represented by their main color and the TextureTree is created based on the color difference between the adjacent sections. In dynamic visualization, the suitable compressed texture images or the TextureTree nodes are selected to generate 3D scenes based on the angle and the distance between the viewpoint and the building surface. The experimental results indicate that wavelet based image compression and the proposed TextureTree can effectively represent the visual features of the textured buildings with much less data. 相似文献
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Uwe Soergel Eckart Michaelsen Antje Thiele Erich Cadario Ulrich Thoennessen 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2009,64(5):490-500
SAR stereo image analysis for 3D information extraction is mostly carried out based on imagery taken under same-side or opposite-side viewing conditions. For urban scenes in practice stereo is up to now usually restricted to the first configuration, because increasing image dissimilarity connected with rising illumination direction differences leads to a lack of suitable features for matching, especially in the case of low or medium resolution data. However, due to two developments SAR stereo from arbitrary viewing conditions becomes an interesting option for urban information extraction. The first one is the availability of airborne sensor systems, which are capable of more flexible data acquisition in comparison to satellite sensors. This flexibility enables multi-aspect analysis of objects in built-up areas for various kinds of purpose, such as building recognition, road network extraction, or traffic monitoring. The second development is the significant improvement of the geometric resolution providing a high level of detail especially of roof features, which can be observed from a wide span of viewpoints. In this paper, high-resolution SAR images of an urban scene are analyzed in order to infer buildings and their height from the different layover effects in views taken from orthogonal aspect angles. High level object matching is proposed that relies on symbolic data, representing suitable features of urban objects. Here, a knowledge-based approach is applied, which is realized by a production system that codes a set of suitable principles of perceptual grouping in its production rules. The images are analyzed separately for the presence of certain object groups and their characteristics frequently appearing on buildings, such as salient rows of point targets, rectangular structures or symmetries. The stereo analysis is then accomplished by means of productions that combine and match these 2D image objects and infer their height by 3D clustering. The approach is tested using real SAR data of an urban scene. 相似文献
6.
针对不同地形环境下存在的飞行安全性低、数据冗余、构建三维模型质量和精度差等问题,本文以单镜头四旋翼小型无人机为试验设备,对平坦地形环境下的复杂单体建筑使用井字形交叉航线和环视航线;对复杂山地地形环境下的泥石流沟谷使用水平航线、井字形交叉航线及视频航线构建三维模型,并结合航线参数、三维模型质量和精度,探讨了不同地形环境下无人机航线规划方案对三维模型构建的影响。经评价分析可知:①使用环视航线能安全、快速地获取平坦地形下的复杂单体建筑影像,构建完整、质量好、精度高的三维模型;②使用井字形交叉航线能构建山地地形下泥石流沟谷的完整、质量好、精度高的三维模型,但飞行安全性、时效性较低;③使用视频航线,影像重叠度高,能构建完整、质量好的三维模型,模型精度并无明显差异。 相似文献
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《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(3):321-337
The launch of the Very High Resolution (VHR) sensor satellites has paved the way for further exploitation of the capabilities of satellite stereo imaging for many applications. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the level of accuracy that can be achieved by using stereo satellite images for different applications involving significantly different types of terrain. Three mathematical models for satellite sensor modeling are used: Rational Function Model (RFM), 3D polynomial model, and 3D affine model. Three stereo pairs of image datasets are tested from different satellites for different areas: (a) Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)-1D stereo images for topographic mapping and digital terrain elevation modeling for an area in Egypt; (b) IKONOS stereo images for highway alignments extraction in Toronto, Canada; and (c) IKONOS stereo images for topographic mapping and geometric parameter extraction for highway alignments in Hong Kong, China. The accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results of the data extracted using stereo satellite images and those extracted from conventional techniques, including Global Positioning System, field measurements, and aerial photogrammetry. The accuracy of the extracted features was found to be within a pixel-level. The results of this paper should be of interest to professionals from different disciplines exploring the use and accuracy of satellite stereo images for topographic and transportation applications. 相似文献
8.
Jiangfeng She Xiaoyan Gu Junzhong Tan Ming Tong Chaofan Wang 《Transactions in GIS》2019,23(2):275-293
The simplification of 3D building models to effectively reduce model complexity and improve rendering efficiency is an important component of 3D GIS. To reduce the data volume while preserving the model appearance, this article proposes a novel simplification method for complex 3D building models. Texture discontinuities are addressed by developing a new data model that records the mapping relation between the texture coordinates of each vertex and its neighboring triangles. The surface mesh of the building model is then segmented into regions, guided by topology and appearance. Finally, the mesh segmentation information is used to derive an improved error metric that considers both geometric and texture errors, and the texture coordinates are adjusted after each simplification operation. A series of comparative experiments alongside traditional methods demonstrates that our approach achieves a good balance between geometric fidelity and texture preservation, and produces simplified 3D building models with better visual quality. 相似文献
9.
Three-dimensional building models are important for various applications, such as disaster management and urban planning. The development of laser scanning sensor technologies has resulted in many different approaches for efficient building model generation using LiDAR data. Despite this effort, generation of these models lacks economical and reliable techniques that fully exploit the advantage of LiDAR data. Therefore, this research aims to develop a framework for fully-automated building model generation by integrating data-driven and model-driven methods using LiDAR datasets.The building model generation starts by employing LiDAR data for building detection and approximate boundary determination. The generated building boundaries are then integrated into a model-based processing strategy because LiDAR derived planes show irregular boundaries due to the nature of LiDAR point acquisition. The focus of the research is generating models for the buildings with right-angled-corners, which can be described with a collection of rectangles under the assumption that the majority of the buildings in urban areas belong to this category. Therefore, by applying the Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR) algorithm recursively, the LiDAR boundaries are decomposed into sets of rectangles for further processing. At the same time, the quality of the MBRs is examined to verify that the buildings, from which the boundaries are generated, are buildings with right-angled-corners. The parameters that define the model primitives are adjusted through a model-based boundary fitting procedure using LiDAR boundaries. The level of details in the final Digital Building Model is based on the number of recursions during the MBR processing, which in turn are determined by the LiDAR point density. The model-based boundary fitting improves the quality of the generated boundaries and as seen in experimental results, the quality depends on the average LiDAR point spacing. This research thus develops an approach which not only automates the building model generation, but also achieves the best accuracy of the model while utilizing only LiDAR data. 相似文献
10.
Texture mapping generates photorealistic representations of three‐dimensional (3D) geometric objects and enhances the spatial perception of areas of interest. Over the past two decades, even though various approaches for 3D urban models have been investigated, their use has been limited because of the lack of spatial accuracy, details, and the complex processes. It is difficult to maintain highly detailed texture information without using a hybrid of aerial image and ground‐based imaging techniques, which are costly. Furthermore, it is hard to develop a fully automated process for 3D urban mapping that achieves high spatial accuracy. With regard to the issues, this research aims to develop a semi‐automated process for 3D building models that would help image‐based approaches. It helps acquire qualified texture information and improve the appearance of building façades in a large city. In particular, this research first investigates an optimal overlap of consecutive aerial images that generates sufficient information to texture each façade, thus making this process more cost‐effective. Second, this research develops an application to semi‐automatically build 3D buildings and textured 3D buildings. The application is developed in C++. The textured 3D building models are quantitatively and qualitatively assessed to determine the usability of the semi‐automated process. 相似文献
11.
以激光点云数据和倾斜多视影像为研究对象，提出了一种结合机载点云、地面点云及倾斜多视纹理的融合多源特征的建筑物三维模型重建方法。该方法结合点云面元以及影像边界特征，利用倾斜影像的线特征对顶面及立面模型进行边界规则约束，实现了面元自动拓扑重建；通过交互编辑完成不同复杂程度的建筑模型重建，并对模型进行纹理映射。实验结果表明，该方法能够有效提升城市建筑物三维模型重建的效率和边界精度，为利用多源数据的空地联合建筑物三维精细重建提供了一套切实可行的解决方案。 相似文献
12.
建筑物的三维建模是城市三维建模和可视化的重要组成部分。本文提出一种基于点云数据与遥感图像的建筑物三维模型快速建模方法。首先,运用改进的RANSAC法从点云数据中提取建筑立面,根据立面区分平顶建筑与人字形屋顶建筑;在此基础上,进一步对建筑物的高度进行提取;之后,利用区域增长法从遥感图像中提取建筑物屋顶轮廓,利用形态学方法对提取出的轮廓进行规则化处理,并基于Freeman链码提取轮廓角点,得到规整的轮廓;最后,根据提取出的建筑高度属性对屋顶轮廓拉伸并进行纹理映射,实现对建筑物的三维重建。通过实例证明,提出的方法能快速、高效地实现建筑物三维模型的重建。 相似文献
13.
随着地理空间信息技术发展与应用的不断进步,数字城市建设已从二维向三维发展,数字城市可视化模型的构建是数字城市的重要工作。本文分析三维数字城市的数据需求,结合3ds Max软件实现三维地形模型、三维建筑模型、三维小品模型技术,构建三维数字城市可视化综合模型。 相似文献
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Sameer Saran Kapil Oberai Parag Wate Amol Konde Arnab Dutta Kavisha Kumar A. Senthil Kumar 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2018,46(6):957-972
Virtual 3D city models are increasingly being used to model the realms of the real world for utilization in a number of applications related to environmental simulations including, urban planning, mapping the energy characteristics of buildings, noise mapping, flood modelling, etc. Apart from geometric and appearance/textural information, these applications have a requirement for complex urban semantics. Currently, a number of 3D standards are available in CAD, BIM and GIS related domains for the storage, visualization and transfer of 3D geospatial datasets. Initially, the 3D data models (such as COLLADA, VRML, X3D, etc.) were purely graphical/geometrical in nature and mainly used for visualization purposes. With the inclusion of thematic modules in OGC CityGML, the integration of geometry and semantics in a single data model paved the way for better sharing of virtual 3D city models. In spite of the availability of a wide range of 3D data standards, there are certain differences with respect to geometry, topology, semantics, LODs, etc., which complicates the integration of 3D geodata from heterogeneous sources. This paper serves to highlights the need for the innovative solutions with respect to the urban environmental related simulations primarily based on the use of virtual 3D city models. Four use cases are studied in this context namely, (1) urban solar potential estimation using CityGML models, (2) simulation of traffic noise level mapped on building walls from the urban road segments, (3) CityGML based 3D data models interoperability, and (4) 3D indoor logistics and subsurface utilities. However, for modelling majority of use cases, CityGML does not provide explicit thematic representations but provides support for extending the CityGML schema using Application Domain Extensions. In a nutshell, the study explores the semantic modelling capabilities of the CityGML for the transformation of native 3D virtual city models to one satisfying capabilities like semantic information and support towards interoperability. 相似文献
16.
提出了基于纹理合成的三维地形水墨风格渲染的方法,以规则格网DEM为数据源,基于OSG进行三维地形建模,在此基础上提取山体特征线,然后生成一幅灰度控制图像。对Efros01纹理合成算法进行改进,利用灰度控制图像指导水墨纹理的合成,将得到的纹理图像映射到三维地形上,实现对三维地形的水墨风格渲染,通过对水墨纹理样本的选择和纹理合成参数的设置能够实现对纹理合成过程的交互控制。结果表明,该渲染方法对三维地形的水墨风格渲染具有较好的效果。 相似文献
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The need for the use of general empirical mathematical models for satellite sensor modeling and 3D geo-positioning has increased recently, mainly because of the absence of the satellite sensor information of some of the high-resolution satellites. In addition, empirical mathematical models can be applied to different satellite sensors since they are time independent mathematical models and do not require specialized commercial software packages. This paper discusses the applicability of the empirical mathematical models presented by the 3D affine model and the 3D polynomial models for satellite sensor modeling and 3D geo-positioning. The objectives of the paper are to demonstrate that (a) the 3D affine model and its modifications of the 3D polynomial models are applicable to different satellite sensors and different types of terrain, and (b) under some conditions, the empirical models can produce accuracies close to those from rigorous mathematical models. 相似文献
19.
针对城市三维GIS中的海量数据组织需求,本文设计并实现了基于关系数据库的三维模型数据库,主要特点是支持地形数据、三维模型几何与纹理数据的一体化存储和属性的自定义动态管理。结合城市三维GIS中的海量数据访问和管理需求,从空间索引、纹理缓存、属性存取、数据加密、数据更新等方面介绍了该架构,指出按模型类别建立分类索引,能够提高空间索引查询效率。 相似文献
20.
结合城市元胞自动机(CA)方法和虚拟现实(VR)技术,构建一个基于元胞的3维虚拟城市.首先建立基于元胞实体数据结构的城市CA模型,用以表示3维虚拟城市中建筑物的平面分布状态.通过CA模型生成一组城市建筑物的时空分布数据.然后利用DEM和DOM数据生成一个真实的3维地形,建立了不同种类的3维建筑模型库.最后通过程序调入城市3维建筑模型,根据元胞实体属性将模型布设于3维地形的相应位置,生成3维虚拟城市.Abstract： This paper unified the urban cellular automata method and the virtual reality technology to construct a three-dimension (3D) virtual city which was based on automata. First, constructing an urban CA model that is based on the data structure of cellular entities can present the plane distribution state of the building in the 3D virtual city. The CA model was used to compute a group of temporal layout data of buildings in the virtual city,Then,DEM and DOM data were used to generate real three-dimensional terrain and produce different type library about 3D building model. Finally, The program was used to load and lay the 3D buildings to the corresponding position in the 3D virtual terrain to obtain a 3D virtual city, according to the cellular entity attribute. 相似文献