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1.
The investigated rock material belongs to the group of upper cretaceous quader sandstones which are very important construction stones in Poland and Germany. The mineral composition of the rocks is relatively uniform??they are quartzose sandstones. The most important feature is their good workability and comparatively high weathering resistance. Still, regardless of the apparent resemblance, the observations carried on buildings and monuments show differences in weathering processes. The undertaken test was an attempt to verify the proposed before rock classification, performed on the basis of parameterization of porosimetric cumulative intrusion volume curves. The aim of the experiment was the evaluation of the sandstone petrography (including the structure, texture and porosity of the rock) influence on the weathering process. The modelling of accelerated weathering was conducted in Chamber for Ageing Acceleration, where some weather circumstances were simulated (insolation, rain and frost). As the result of the weathering experiment it could be stated that the dominant mechanism of the sandstones deterioration was granular disintegration and weight loss as a consequence of sample destruction. The most important factor influencing rock deterioration is rock texture, especially the character of grain contacts. The effective porosity is a requisite of potential for the stone to take in and hold water, and hence of resistance to weathering. In case of silica-cemented sandstones, the deciding criterion influencing weathering resistance is pore structure. In case of sandstones with clay cement, the most important is mineral composition of the rock. 相似文献
2.
库车前陆地区吐格尔明背斜下侏罗统砂岩成岩作用及孔隙发育的控制因素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从沉积、构造和热背景剖析了库车前陆地区吐格尔明背斜下侏罗统砂岩的成岩作用及孔隙发育的控制因素，认为砂岩粒径、热成熟度和构造应力是其成岩作用及孔隙发育的3个主要控制因素。但前两个因素不是背斜南翼砂岩压实较弱、孔隙保存较多，北翼砂岩压实强、孔隙保存少的重要因素；构造应力场才是导致这种显著差异的主控因素，声发射岩石古构造应力测试结果表明该背斜南、北翼之间下侏罗统砂岩受到的最大水平构造应力的差值为72.2 MPa，其减孔量差值达7.6%。 相似文献
3.
可溶盐富集是造成山西大同云冈石窟砂岩表面风化、结构破坏及强度降低的重要地质病害之一。采取云冈石窟造像层砂岩,使用芒硝对该砂岩进行了劣化模拟试验。在可溶盐反复结晶过程中,对样品进行实时变形监测,并对循环过程中质量衰减、强度变化、孔隙分布等进行测试与分析。结果表明,可溶盐的发育是导致石窟表面粉化脱落的重要因素,严重降低了石窟文物本体的价值;可溶盐结晶导致岩石颗粒间胶结作用破坏,增大岩石孔隙率,岩石内部结构劣化严重影响岩石的刚度与强度等力学参数;对比无水芒硝与10水芒硝两种劣化试验,云冈石窟在相对干燥季节下,可溶盐晶体发育对岩石破坏更为显著。为了预测砂岩长期劣化过程,在试验数据基础上,初步建立起孔隙增长的对数模型和强度衰减的指数模型。 相似文献
5.
6.
断裂在纯净砂岩中的变形机制及断裂带内部结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以纯净砂岩为对象,考虑了影响断裂变形的主要因素,包括成岩阶段、孔隙度、温度和围压,系统剖析了不同性质砂岩的断裂变形机制、微构造特征及形成断裂带的内部结构,对研究砂岩内断裂封闭性具有重要的指导意义。研究表明：纯净的砂岩在未固结-半固结成岩阶段发生断裂,变形机制为颗粒边界摩擦滑动,导致颗粒旋转和滚动,即为颗粒流,形成的微构造为解聚带,孔渗性同母岩比没有明显降低,断裂带尽管具有断层核和破碎带二分结构,但渗透率比母岩高,为流体垂向运移的通道;在固结成岩阶段（孔隙度大于15%）发生断裂,变形机制为碎裂作用,颗粒边界摩擦滑动导致颗粒旋转,即为碎裂流,形成的微构造为碎裂带,渗透率同母岩比一般降低1～3个数量级,形成侧向有一定封闭能力、垂向渗透的断裂带;固结阶段（孔隙度小于15%）发生断裂,开始由于破裂作用,形成断层角砾岩,伴随着碎裂流发生,形成碎裂岩,因此早期形成高渗透断裂带,后期断层逐渐封闭。固结成岩的砂岩在抬升过程发生断裂,变形机制为破裂作用,形成无内聚力的角砾岩,为高渗透断裂带。在不同成岩阶段发生变形,形成多类型变形构造的叠加,对于一条晚期形成的断层而言,由于不同深度变形机制及微构造类型不同,导致油气选择性充注,碎裂带和压溶胶结碎裂带阻止油气向高孔隙度砂岩中充注,解聚带会成为油气运移的通道,裂缝有利于油气优先充注。因此,高孔隙性砂岩中孔隙度较低的储集层由于碎裂带不发育常常含油气性最好,而低孔隙性砂岩由于裂缝产生含油气性较好。 相似文献
7.
S. Siegesmund C.-H. Friedel J. Vogel S. Mosch D. Naumann A. Peter H. Giesen 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(3):641-659
The St. Servatius Church in Quedlinburg (UNESCO’s World Heritage Site, Germany) is characterised by long-standing stability
problems and structural damages, which have been known over the last several centuries. The monotonous Cretaceous sandstone
with its poor lithification is considered to be the main factor. The sandstone is characterised by a high porosity of around
30 Vol.% (max. ca. 35 Vol.%) and a corresponding high w-value. The porosity and the degree of cementation are responsible for the very low compressive strength of around 8 MPa at
maximum, whereas under moisture these values are significantly reduced up to 40%. The freeze–thaw tests indicate a very poor
resistance to frost weathering, which may explain the near-surface softening of the sandstone. Direct shear experiments with
an approximate 60° angle of friction on the sandstone clearly demonstrate the safety margins. Initial geotechnical modelling
does not favour the hypothesis that a landslide of the hill parallel to the southward dipping bedding planes (i.e. shear failure
along weak zones) can occur. A prominent clay layer (also with a southward dip) below the entire castle hill is monitored
to determine the possible amount of movement with respect to the geological discontinuities (e.g. joints, fractures). At present,
a combination of foundation problems are being considered for the stability situation at the church. These include construction
deficiencies due to deformation or softening of the foundation of the forerunner churches and missing or faulty connections
from building additions. Geological factors responsible for the stability problems include the softening of the sandstone
by the influence of weathering and penetrating water as well as the presence of possible shear planes and joints. 相似文献
8.
Rock samples belonging to ten lithological types under different stages of weathering, were collected from different stratigraphical
horizons at Bhagalpur. Their densities and porosities were determined experimentally and the data obtained were fitted empirically
in a linear equation for each lithological type. The slopes of the curves, which were negative in each case, showed that the
increase in porosity for the same decrease in density were in the order, white sandstone > ferruginous sandstone > white claystone
> porphyritic gneiss > quartzite > pegmatite > amphibolite ≅ biotite gnejss > basalt ≅ dolerite. A new weathering potential
index based on the density-porosity data was proposed and the values for a specific stage of weathering for all the lithological
types studied fall within the same range. 相似文献
9.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(7):633-637
The study of the pore structure of rocks is very important for the interpretation of their behaviour when subjected to weathering. In the case of rocks used in historic buildings or in objects of art where other techniques can not be applied, the Non-Destructive Testing method (NDT) for determining porosity, such as X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), becomes a very interesting alternative. In this paper this technique has been used for imaging textural features and the internal pore structure of a dolomitic rock used as building material in Oviedo Cathedral, Spain. The reconstructed 3D image shows a non uniform distribution of porosity. The rock has been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles to evaluate its durability. The evolution of the void structure has also been studied by X-ray CT and the images obtained allow one to follow the progressive decay and to assess the internal depth of the damage. Because of the low resistance to weathering of the rock, damage, mainly in the form of fissures, was observed even in the initial tests (third cycle in some of the specimens). Breakdown of the rock appeared as early as cycle 12 in some specimens. 相似文献
11.
塔里木盆地古生界砂岩热成熟度与有效储层的预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据砂岩热成熟的概念，认为塔里木盆地古生界砂岩的孔隙度主要受控于与地热场、埋藏时间和盆地沉降有关的砂岩热成熟度。用热成熟度比用深度可更合理地解释砂岩孔隙度的发育特征及其成因。ＴＴＩ值可综合反映热成熟程度，ＴＴＩ值越大，砂岩的热成熟度越高，成岩强度越大，被保存的孔隙度越小。若已知盆地的地温梯度，可计算出预测储层的ＴＴＩ值，并可用本文提出的砂岩热成熟度－－孔隙度和热成熟度－－深度的两个定量关系预测砂岩 相似文献
12.
对北方地区若干盆地的砂岩孔隙发育特征的研究表明,地温场、地质年代和盆地沉降方式对砂岩孔隙的演化和保存有制约作用。地温梯度每增加1℃,砂岩孔隙度平均减小约7%;在地温梯度2-4℃/100m范围内,有效储层的保存深度差异可达2500-3000m.地质年代每增加1Ma,砂岩孔隙度降低约0.018%-0.009%.地层超压可最大保存5%-7%的孔隙度。盆地沉降方式不同引起的孔隙保存量的差异为2%-5%,相应的有效孔隙保存深度的差值约1000m。 相似文献
13.
Salt weathering in dual-porosity building dolostones 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
D. Benavente J. Martínez-Martínez N. Cueto M.A. García-del-Cura 《Engineering Geology》2007,94(3-4):215-226
The influence of rock fabric on physical weathering due to the salt crystallization of selected brecciated dolostones is discussed. These dual-porosity dolostones are representative of heterogeneous and anisotropic building rocks, and present highly complex and heterogeneous rock fabric features. The pore structure of the matrix and clasts is described in terms of porosity and pore size distribution, whereas the relative strength for each textural component is assessed using the Knoop hardness test. The whole characterisation process was carried out using the same samples as those used in the standard salt durability test (EN-12370), including connected porosity, the water saturation coefficient, fissure density, compressional wave velocity and waveform energy.
Results show the most important rock fabric elements to be considered are the matrix and clast properties and the nature of fissures. Firstly, a relatively weak matrix was the focus of major granular disintegration as it presents high porosity, low pore radius and reduced strength. Secondly, narrow micro-fissures appear to be important in the decay process due to the effectiveness of crystallization pressure generated by salt growth. On the contrary, macro-fissures do not contribute greatly to rock decay since they act as sinks to consume the high supersaturations caused by growth of large crystals. Additionally, an analysis of stress generated by crystallization was carried out based on the general situation of a lenticular crystal geometry. Finally, the relationships between whole petrophysical properties and durability were established using a principal component analysis. This analysis has clearly established that the durability of rocks affected by salt crystallization mechanisms diminishes in weaker and anisotropic rocks with high porosity and fissure density. 相似文献
14.
针对红山窑膨胀红砂岩具有微膨胀、易软化、易风化的特点,采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、MTS815.03岩石力学刚性电液伺服试验机等先进的设备为测试手段,对3种不同风化程度的膨胀红砂岩湿化过程进行观察和机理分析,从试验和机理两方面探讨膨胀红砂岩的湿化性,从而进一步阐明红砂岩膨胀性、裂隙化具有本质的区别。试验结果表明：(1) 中风化红砂岩干燥时抗压强度为5.85 MPa,饱和试样为0.20 MPa,岩石本身强度随吸水率增加而明显下降,具有强烈的软化作用;(2) 膨胀红砂岩的湿化性随胶结系数的减小而愈加强烈,与红砂岩风化程度(埋深)无关。这些研究成果对红山窑水利枢纽工程红砂岩地基开挖易裂以及边坡表层溜坍预治具有较大的指导意义。 相似文献
15.
砂岩储层中原生孔隙的破坏与保存机制研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
埋藏条件下原生孔隙的破坏与保存机制是含油气盆地砂岩储层质量研究的一个核心领域,其在油气地质学研究中的意义不言而喻。与次生孔隙的形成与保存机制相比,影响原生孔隙破坏与保存的因素有着其特殊的复杂性和多样性。在总结国内外研究进展的基础上,试图深入理解不同成岩机制在砂岩储层原生孔隙破坏与保存中的意义和作用,包括破坏机制（如机械压实、胶结作用等）和保存机制（如地层超压、颗粒包膜、盐体侵位和烃类占位等）。目前难以实现砂岩储层质量钻前准确预测的一个困难在于无法明确原生孔隙演化的动力和过程,将来成岩作用、流体作用、沉积过程和盆地演化的更紧密结合可能是解决砂岩储层原生孔隙破坏与保存机制研究中最有希望的发展方向之一。 相似文献
16.
Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Wanja Wedekind Rubén López-Doncel Reiner Dohrmann Mathias Kocher Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(4):1203-1224
Moisture expansion in natural building stones is considered one of the most important factors affecting their weathering and deterioration. The processes that may be responsible for the expansion under determinate relative humidity (hygric dilatation) and water-saturated conditions (hydric dilatation) are generally attributed to the presence of swellable clay minerals. In contrast to this assumption, our investigations show that moisture expansion also takes place in volcanic tuff building stones almost free from clay minerals. To provide a deeper understanding of the processes, swelling and deterioration were performed on 14 volcanic tuffs used as important building stones of different ages, compositions and weathering stages from Mexico, Germany and Hungary. The investigations undertaken include extensive chemical, petrophysical and fabric analyses. The samples show a wide range of effective porosity, microporosity, capillary water absorption, moisture expansion, and CEC values. High moisture expansion does not seem to depend on clay mineral content alone. We also observed that there is no significant effect on dilatation if clay minerals are present but only form a thin coat on the outer shell of bigger pores. Moreover, we identified a correlation between microporosity, average pore radius and moisture expansion. The investigations highlight the fact that moisture expansion cannot only be attributed to swellable clay minerals, and suggest that the presence and accumulation of micropores and their average radius and distribution play an important role for non-clay associated swelling intensity, which can most probably be attributed to the disjoining pressure. 相似文献
17.
岩石的断裂韧度对于定量评价工程的安全及稳定具有重要意义, 而岩石的破坏常常有水参与, 在库水长期浸泡作用下, 岩石的断裂力学特性将如何变化值得深入研究.基于此, 以库岸边坡典型砂岩为研究对象, 设计了长期浸泡试验, 并基于断裂韧度、变形破坏特征和微观结构变化进行综合分析.试验结果表明: (1)浸泡作用下, 砂岩的断裂韧度具有明显的劣化趋势, 而且劣化幅度有一个先增大后减小的趋势, 浸泡5~6月后, 劣化趋势逐渐减缓;(2)砂岩三点弯曲试验的P-CMOD关系曲线可以比较明显地分成3个阶段: 弹性阶段、屈服阶段、裂纹开展及破坏阶段, 随着浸泡时间的增长, 弹性阶段逐渐变短, 屈服阶段逐渐变长, 裂纹开展阶段曲线下降趋势逐渐变缓, 而且达到开裂峰值荷载对应的切口张开位移逐渐增大, 砂岩有逐渐“变软”趋势, 脆性逐渐减弱, 塑性逐渐增强;(3)浸泡作用导致的润滑、软化和砂岩内部微观结构的变化, 特别是微观裂纹、裂隙的发展是导致砂岩断裂韧度及其他力学参数劣化的根本原因.研究成果对于把握库水长期浸泡作用下砂岩断裂力学特性具有比较重要的参考价值. 相似文献
18.
Sandstone weathering processes damaging prehistoric rock paintings at the Albarracin Cultural Park, NE Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The rock paintings in cliff-foot caves of the Albarracin Cultural Park are known as some of the most important evidences of the Levantine prehistoric art of Spain (8000–3000 BP). The paintings are on sandstone (Buntsandstein facies) of Triasic age, which may develop intense weathering. The analysis of the variables controlling the weathering indicate that salt and wetting-drying weathering are responsible for granular disintegration and flaking, which lead to rock painting deterioration. 相似文献
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20.
南美厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地斜坡带发育的白垩系Napo组高伽马特征的UT海绿石砂岩段是成熟探区新发现的隐蔽含油层段。本文分析了海绿石砂岩储层的矿物组成、孔隙结构、成岩作用、物性特点,并结合烃源岩评价与石油空间分布探讨海绿石砂岩油藏的成藏特征。海绿石粘土矿物以颗粒形式存在,与石英共同构成海绿石砂岩的颗粒组分,海绿石砂岩的孔隙结构具有双峰特征,束缚水含量高,属于中-低孔、中-低渗储层类型,孔隙类型主要是剩余粒间孔。海绿石砂岩储层中石英次生加大属Ⅱ级,长石碎屑颗粒发生溶蚀作用,含铁碳酸盐类胶结物发育,结合泥岩低的I/S混层比和高的最高峰温值Tmax,指示海绿石砂岩层段属于中成岩阶段A期的产物。与海绿石砂岩油藏紧邻的大面积分布的Ⅱ1腐泥型成熟烃源岩就是缓翼斜坡带的生烃中心,大面积连续发育的海绿石砂岩与之构成优越的源储组合,有利于上生下储式成藏。海绿石砂岩油藏表现为近源性、成藏晚期性等特点,规模发育的海绿石砂岩储层得以成藏的主要运聚机制是体积流和扩散流运聚机制。这对盆地其它油区同类油藏的发现具有重要的借鉴意义。 相似文献