共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Waves, circulation and vertical dependence 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
George Mellor 《Ocean Dynamics》2013,63(4):447-457
Longuet-Higgins and Stewart (J Fluid Mech 13:481–504, 1962; Deep-Sea Res 11:529–562, 1964) and later Phillips (1977) introduced the problem of waves incident on a beach, from deep to shallow water. From the wave energy equation and the vertically integrated continuity equation, they inferred velocities to be Stokes drift plus a return current so that the vertical integral of the combined velocities was nil. As a consequence, it can be shown that velocities of the order of Stokes drift rendered the advective term in the momentum equation negligible resulting in a simple balance between the horizontal gradients of the vertically integrated elevation and wave radiation stress terms; the latter was first derived by Longuet-Higgins and Stewart. Mellor (J Phys Oceanogr 33:1978–1989, 2003a), noting that vertically integrated continuity and momentum equations were not able to deal with three-dimensional numerical or analytical ocean models, derived a vertically dependent theory of wave–circulation interaction. It has since been partially revised and the revisions are reviewed here. The theory is comprised of the conventional, three-dimensional, continuity and momentum equations plus a vertically distributed, wave radiation stress term. When applied to the problem of waves incident on a beach with essentially zero turbulence momentum mixing, velocities are very large and the simple balance between elevation and radiation stress gradients no longer prevails. However, when turbulence mixing is reinstated, the vertically dependent radiation stresses produce vertical velocity gradients which then produce turbulent mixing; as a consequence, velocities are reduced, but are still larger by an order of magnitude compared to Stokes drift. Nevertheless, the velocity reduction is sufficient so that elevation set-down obtained from a balance between elevation gradient and radiation stress gradients is nearly coincident with that obtained by the aforementioned papers. This paper includes four appendices. The first appendix demonstrates the numerical process by which Stokes drift is excluded from the turbulence stress parameterization in the momentum equation. A second appendix determines a bottom slope criterion for the application of linear wave relations to the derivation of the wave radiation stress. The third appendix explores the possibility of generalizing results by non-dimensionalization. The final appendix applies the basic theory to a problem introduced by Bennis and Ardhuin (J Phys Oceanogr 41:2008–2012, 2011). 相似文献
2.
A large-eddy simulation study has been undertaken to investigate the turbulent structure of open-channel flow in an asymmetric compound channel. The dynamic sub-grid scale model has been employed in the model, with the partial cell treatment being implemented using a Cartesian grid structure to deal with the floodplain. The numerical model was used to predict the: primary velocity and secondary currents, boundary shear stress, turbulence intensities, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses. These parameters were compared with experimental measurements published in the literature, with relatively close agreement being obtained between both sets of results. Furthermore, instantaneous flow fields and large-scale vortical structures were predicted and are presented herein. These vortical structures were found to be responsible for the significant lateral exchange of mass and momentum in compound channels. 相似文献
3.
The cosmic ray geomagnetic cutoff rigidities are obtained by analytical calculations within an axisymmetric model of bounded magnetosphere, the magnetic field of which is created by the dipole field of the Earth and by two spheres located beyond the Earth with the currents that flow along the parallels and have a value proportional to the cosine of latitude. The inner sphere models the ring current flowing in the westerly direction; the outer sphere simulates the currents over the magnetopause, which flow in the easterly direction. The analytical results of calculations of variations in the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity for different levels of geomagnetic disturbances are given. The results are compared with the results of analytical calculations within the model of unbounded magnetosphere (when the outer sphere is absent). 相似文献
4.
5.
《国际泥沙研究》2017,(4)
Knowledge of the boundary shear stress distribution in channels is important because it is a key factor affecting on erosion and sedimentation rates. The presence of sediment deposits in sewers is often reported during operation, and circular channels are frequently used in sewer networks. Gene expression programming(GEP) is applied in this study to determine an equation for evaluating the shear stress distribution along the wetted perimeter of a circular channel with a flat bed, because of the presence of sediment on the bed. In view of the parameters affecting the shear stress distribution, five dimensionless parameters are applied to develop six GEP models to be used with 905 experimental data. The impact of the shear stress parameters is studied using the six GEP models and by dividing the wetted perimeter into wall and bed sections. Two equations are extracted from the GEP models' output to estimate wall and bed shear stresses. The best model results are compared with a well-known equation based on the entropy concept. The GEP model predictions of wall and bed shear stresses are very similar to the experimental outcomes, whereas the entropy-based model overestimates the shear stress distribution.The proposed GEP models demonstrate superior performance in estimating the shear stress distribution with a mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) of 3.79% compared to an existing equation with MAPE of 9.52%. 相似文献
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7.
The Bras d’Or Lakes (BdOL) are a large, complex and virtually land-locked estuary in central Cape Breton Island of Nova Scotia and one of Canada’s charismatic ecosystems, sustaining ecological and cultural communities unique in many aspects. The BdOL comprise two major basins, many deep and shallow bays, several narrow channels and straits and a large, geologically complex watershed. Predictive knowledge of the water movement within the estuary is a key requirement for effective management and sustainable development of the BdOL ecosystem. A three-dimensional (3D) primitive-equation ocean circulation model is used to examine the estuary’s response to tides, winds and buoyancy forcing associated with freshwater runoff in a series of numerical experiments validated with empirical data. The model results generate intense, jet-like tidal flows of about 1 m s?1 in the channels between the basins and connecting them to the ocean and relatively weak tidal currents in other regions, which agrees well with previous observations and numerical results. Wind forcing and buoyancy forcing associated with river runoff play important roles in generating the significant sub-tidal circulations in the estuary, including narrow channels, deep basins and shallow bays. The circulation model is also used to reconstruct the 3D circulation and temperature-salinity distributions in the summer months of 1974, when current and hydrographic measurements were made at several locations. The sub-tidal circulation in the estuary produced by the model is characterised by wind and barometric set-up and set-down in different sections of the system, and a classic two-layer estuarine circulation in which brackish, near-surface waters flow seaward from the estuary into the Atlantic Ocean, and deep salty waters flow landward through the major channel. The model results reproduce reasonably well the overall features of observed circulation and temperature-salinity fields made in the BdOL in 1974 but generally underestimate the observed currents and density stratification. The model discrepancies reflect the use of spatially mean wind forcing and spatially and monthly mean surface heat flux and the inability of the coarse model horizontal resolution (～500 m) to resolve narrow channels and straits. 相似文献
8.
The methods behind the predefined impulse response function in continuous time (PIRFICT) time series model are extended to cover more complex situations where multiple stresses influence ground water head fluctuations simultaneously. In comparison to autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series models, the PIRFICT model is optimized for use on hydrologic problems. The objective of the paper is twofold. First, an approach is presented for handling multiple stresses in the model. Each stress has a specific parametric impulse response function. Appropriate impulse response functions for other stresses than precipitation are derived from analytical solutions of elementary hydrogeological problems. Furthermore, different stresses do not need to be connected in parallel in the model, as is the standard procedure in ARMA models. Second, general procedures are presented for modeling and interpretation of the results. The multiple-input PIRFICT model is applied to two real cases. In the first one, it is shown that this model can effectively decompose series of ground water head fluctuations into partial series, each representing the influence of an individual stress. The second application handles multiple observation wells. It is shown that elementary physical knowledge and the spatial coherence in the results of multiple wells in an area may be used to interpret and check the plausibility of the results. The methods presented can be used regardless of the hydrogeological setting. They are implemented in a computer package named Menyanthes (www.menyanthes.nl). 相似文献
9.
Xiaobo Chao Yafei Jia F. Douglas Shields Jr. Sam S.Y. Wang Charles M. Cooper 《Advances in water resources》2008
It was observed that in some closed inland lakes sediment transport was dominated by wind-induced currents, and the sediment resuspension was primarily driven by wind-induced waves. This paper presents the development and application of a three-dimensional numerical model for simulating cohesive sediment transport in water bodies where wind-induced currents and waves are important. In the model, the bottom shear stresses induced by currents and waves were calculated, and the processes of resuspension (erosion), deposition, settling, etc. were considered. This model was first verified by a simple test case consisting of the movement of a non-conservative tracer in a prismatic channel with uniform flow, and the model output agreed well with the analytical solution. Then it was applied to Deep Hollow Lake, a small oxbow lake in Mississippi. Simulated sediment concentrations were compared with available field observations, with generally good agreement. The transport and resuspension processes of cohesive sediment due to wind-induced current and wave in Deep Hollow Lake were also discussed. 相似文献
10.
This paper uses numerical and analytical methods to examine the static and seismic response of tunnels with intact and degraded segmental concrete tunnel liners. Concrete degradation is simulated using a non-linear finite element (FE) model that accounts for soil-structure interaction and the non-linear stress–strain response of the soil and concrete. The non-linear FE model is used to calculate radial stresses in tunnel linings with local concrete delaminations and that are subject to both static and seismic loads. Then, the FE results are compared with an analytical solution for jointed tunnel linings in order to assess the accuracy of the solution for predicting stresses in degraded liners. The analyses and results presented in this paper illustrate a simple method for estimating and evaluating the effect of concrete degradation on the distribution of thrust and moment in segmental tunnel linings subject to either static or seismic loads. 相似文献
11.
Post-glacial sediment dynamics in the Irish Sea and sediment wave morphology: Data–model comparisons
Katrien J.J. Van Landeghem Katsuto Uehara Andrew J. Wheeler Neil C. Mitchell James D. Scourse 《Continental Shelf Research》2009,29(14):1723-1736
The irregular seafloor of the narrow Irish Sea on the NW European Shelf has been documented over several decades. From recently collected swath bathymetry data, very large trochoidal, nearly symmetrical sediment waves are observed in many parts of the Irish Sea and appear similar to those described from other continental shelf seas in North America that were covered by glacigenic sediments during the Last Glacial Maximum. Swath multibeam and single beam bathymetry data, backscatter intensity, shallow seismic imagery, video footage and sediment cores from the Irish Sea high sediment waves have been integrated to identify their genesis with reference to present and past hydrodynamic variability. From cross-sectional profiles over asymmetrical sediment waves in the Irish Sea the direction of asymmetry is used to map residual bed stress directions and associated bedload transport paths. Irish Sea peak bed stress vectors were generated using a two-dimensional palaeo-tidal model for the NW European shelf seas and compare well with the observations. Tidally induced bed stresses are modelled to have increased between 7–10 ka BP, to be nearly symmetrical in magnitude and to have reversed in dominant direction on a millennial scale. These environmental conditions during the post-glacial marine transgression are suggested here to help comprehend the construction of the very large sediment waves, with local variations due to differences in sediment grain size, sediment supply, water depth and intensified currents due to seafloor slopes. Model parameterisation using an open ocean boundary with time-dependent tidal changes and the implementation of high-resolution bathymetric information will improve future models of small-scale bed shear stress patterns and improve the predictive value of such modelling efforts. 相似文献
12.
Previous studies have shown that the uplift of Tibetan plateau started in response to the collision of Indian plate and Eurasian plate. During this process, the crust of Tibetan plateau has been greatly thickened which leads to significant elevations. The elevation gradient is extremely large at the east boundary of Tibetan plateau where Longmenshan fault exists, dropping from 4500 to 500 m within a distance of100 km, while it is more gentle at the south and north sides of Sichuan basin. Such a difference of elevation gradient has been explained with a crustal channel flow model. However, previous crustal flow models consider the thickness of the lower crust as a constant which is highly simplified. Therefore, it is essential to build a more realistic crustal flow model, in which the thickness of the lower crust is variable and dependent on the inflow velocity of crustal materials. Here we build up both analytical and numerical models to study the mechanism and process of the uplift of Tibetan plateau at the eastern boundary.The results of the analytical model show that if the thickness of the lower crust can vary during the uplift process, the lower crustal viscosity of the Sichuan basin needs to be 1022 Pas to fit the observed elevation gradient. Such a viscosity is one-order magnitude larger than the previous results. Numerical model results further show that the state of stresses at the plateau boundary changes during uplift processes. Such a stress state change may cause the formation of different fault types in the Longmenshan fault area during its uplift history. 相似文献
13.
Spatial fields of temperature, velocity, overlithostatic pressure, and horizontal stresses in the Earth’s mantle are studied
in two-dimensional (2D) numerical Cartesian models of mantle convection with variable viscosity. The calculations are carried
out for three different patterns of the viscosity distribution in the mantle: (a) an isoviscous model, (b) a four-layer viscosity
model, and (c) a temperature- and pressure-dependent viscosity model. The pattern of flows, the stresses, and the surface
heat flow are strongly controlled by the viscosity distribution. This is connected with the formation of a cold highly viscous
layer on the surface, which is analogous to the oceanic lithosphere and impedes the heat transfer. For the Rayleigh number
Ra = 107, the Nusselt number, which characterizes the heat transfer, is Nu = 34, 28, and 15 in models with constant, four-layered,
and p, T-dependent viscosity, respectively. In all three models, the values of overlithostatic pressure and horizontal stresses σ
xx
in a vast central region of the mantle, which occupies the bulk of the entire volume of the computation domain, are approximately
similar, varying within ±5 MPa (±50 bar). This follows from the fact that the dimensionless mantle viscosity averaged over
volume is almost similar in all these models. In the case of temperature- and pressure-dependent viscosity, the overlithostatic
pressure and stress σ
xx
fields exhibit much stronger concentration towards the horizontal boundaries of the computation domain compared to the isoviscous
model. This effect occurs because the upwellings and downwellings in a highly viscous region experience strong variations
in both amplitude and direction of flow velocity near the horizontal boundaries. In the models considered with the parameters
used, the stresses in the upper and lower mantle are approximately identical, that is, there is no denser concentration of
stresses in the upper or lower mantle. In contrast to the overlithostatic pressure field, the fields of horizontal stresses
σ
xx
in all models do not exhibit deep roots of highly viscous downwelling flows. 相似文献
14.
郯庐断裂带南段及邻区中小地震视应力的时空特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用安徽地区测震台网记录的波形资料, 采用波形分析和反演的方法计算了郯庐断裂带南段及邻区中小地震的视应力, 分析研究视应力的时空变化特征, 并讨论其与地震矩等震源参数之间的关系。 结果表明: ① 利用提取的地震震源谱数据计算得到郯庐断裂带南段及邻区中小地震的视应力值为0.05～0.9 MPa, 平均为0.20 MPa, 以此可作为该区域的背景应力水平; ② 时间变化显示视应力在黄海ML5.1、 江西九江ML6.0及河南太康ML5.0地震前呈现持续高值异常状态, 震后趋于正常水平, 而江西九江6.0级地震后视应力再次出现高值异常, 随后发生了安徽定远ML4.7地震, 一定程度上说明郯庐断裂南段及邻区中小地震的高视应力水平与华东地区中强震有较好的对应关系; ③ 空间分布显示高视应力集中区与地震高辐射能区域具有一定的相关性, 主要位于嘉山—滁州段的皖、 苏交界区附近和庐江县附近, 该区域相继发生过定远4.7级和安庆4.8级地震, 并推断认为庐江县附近发生破坏性地震的危险性可能更大, 值得高度关注; ④ 视应力随着地震矩增加而增加的趋势不明显, 拐角频率与地震矩大体呈负相关。 相似文献
15.
Unsteady flow to wells in layered and fissured aquifer systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A solution has been developed for the calculation of drawdowns in leaky and confined multiaquifer systems, pumped by a well of constant discharge penetrating one or more of the aquifers. In contrast to earlier solutions the effects of elastic storage in separating and bounding aquitards have now completely been accounted for.
The computing technique is based on the numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. Two different methods are used and results are compared with an analytical solution. Both Stehfest's1 algorithm and Schapery's2 least squares method yield accurate results in a fraction of the computation time required for the analytical evaluation.
Selected sets of time-drawdown and distance-drawdown curves are plotted to illustrate multiple-aquifer well flow and to compare new solutions with results which were previously published. The analogy with flow is unconfined and fissured aquifers is demonstrated by multilayer models, representing multiple-porosity formations with linear and diffusive crossflow. 相似文献
16.
《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1982,28(3):261-268
The Runcorn stress equations and 2–30° harmonic coefficients of the geopotential have been applied to determine the mantle convection pattern beneath China. The pattern is compared with geophysical and geological observations and it is found that the directional change belts of mantle flows coincide with the major fault belts between tectonic units of China. The stress field generated by mantle flows, except in the Tian Shan region, also coincide with the stress field of recent tectonic movement in China. The Tarim and Junggar basins are formed by tensional stresses due to divergent mantle convection currents under northwest China. The formation of the Qinhai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau is due mainly to the compression of the Tarim block and Indian plate, caused by convergent mantle convection currents. The shear-fault belts in central China (100–105°E) are generated by the running change belt of mantle flows, a well-known N-S seismic zone. In eastern China, tensional faults, grabens, lake and sea depressions are related to the eastward displacement of continental lithosphere exerted by eastward dispersal mantle flows under this region.This paper provides new material for further study of the force source mechanism of recent tectonic movement from the viewpoint of mantle convection currents. 相似文献
17.
本文主要是对前兆异常应力场的两种模式——“外应力集中作用”模式和“闭锁区”模式的力学机制及其特征作了分析、比较和某些拓展。文中给出了这两种模式在各种不同情况下的有关数学公式。分析结果表明:当外应力的作用方式和作用部位不同(前一模式)或断裂的方位和闭锁区所在的位置不同(后一模式)时,相应的异常应力场的特征和分布也会因此而有不同程度的差异。但不论在哪一情况下,除了相当靠近应力作用区、闭锁区及断裂端点的个别部位外,在绝大部分的地区上,这两种模式所对应的异常场并无本质上的区别。 相似文献
18.
Because of disadvantages caused by pile top driving, a new pile driving technique by which the hammer is inside the pile has been developed by contractors. The so called “down-the hole” piling system is used to drive a tubular pile in an experimental set-up in the laboratory. This new technique is tested and compared with pile top driving using similar hammer energy. A reduction of noise and the opportunity to save steel are confirmed during a field test program. Also, a reduction in driving time and a higher bearing capacity have been observed. Some similar conclusions are arrived at in the laboratory study, specially the low level of stresses in the pile and the shaft friction. 相似文献
19.
L.J. Calliari J.C. Winterwerp E. Fernandes D. Cuchiara S.B. Vinzon M. Sperle K.T. Holland 《Continental Shelf Research》2009
Extensive mud deposits superimposed on the predominantly sandy inner continental shelf adjacent to the Patos Lagoon estuary, indicates that the Lagoon is a potential source of fine sediments to the coastal sedimentary system. The lagoon is large and shallow, and the water movement is mainly controlled by wind-driven set-up and set-down. The mean river inflow is around 2000 m3 s−1, although peak flow rates exceeding 20,000 m3 s−1 have been observed during El Niño periods. Though the tidal elevations are small, tidal velocities in the lagoon's inlet can be significant due to the large extension of the backwaters. Moreover, significant exchange flows can be generated between the estuary and coastal area due to barotropic pressure gradients established as a function of wind and freshwater discharge. The predominant net flow is seawards, but opposite near-bed flows due to pronounced vertical salinity stratification can also be observed. The coastal area is characterized by small tidal effects, large scale ocean circulation, wind-induced residual flows and wave-driven currents, where the waves originate from swell or are locally generated. 相似文献
20.
本文从应力场角度分析了1976年唐山地震发生的可能力源。震前唐山地区除受有太平洋板块和印度板块的作用外,主要受有附近的热力源的作用。以渤中为中心的下辽河—渤中—黄骅上地幔隆起的高温区和沧东断裂水平温度梯度带的存在,使唐山地区位于热应力集中区。本文根据已有的观测结果,提出了将温度变化区简化为圆形、狭长矩形和椭圆形等三个力学模式,分别求得它们的解析解,并计算了它们的热应力场。结果表明:在增温区以内,正应力都是压应力,剪应力很小。在增温区以外,法向应力为压应力,周向应力为张应力,水平剪应力较大,但各个应力分量随着距离增加而衰减,只在增温区的边缘地带达到最大值,其数值有几百巴的数量级。唐山恰好位于该增温区的边缘地带,表明热力源是促使唐山地震发生的重要原因。 除唐山地震外,华北地区近年发生的几个大地震如邢台、河间、渤海、海城地震,以及1983年发生的菏泽地震,均位于热应力的高值地带,这些地震的孕育和发生显然也与热力源的作用有关。 相似文献