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1.
液态水含量和冰晶浓度对闪电频数影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
假定在软雹和冰晶碰撞的非感应起电机制为主要的起电机制成立的条件下，数值模拟研究了国际上公认的Fletcher和H—M冰晶产生机制以及云中的液态水含量对雷暴云放电过程（区分了云闪和地闪）的影响。结果表明，随着气压和温度的变化，在两种冰晶产生机制假定下，冰晶浓度分布有很大差异，这直接导致了雷暴云内电活动的差异。液态水含量的增加将使得首次放电时间延迟，同时将引起放电位置的下降和闪电频数的减少。 相似文献
2.
《Atmospheric Research》1988,22(3):235-250
This paper describes the basis of the postulate of electric multipoles in growing ice crystals. The postulate was initially developed to describe the orientation of aggregated ice crystals, for the purpose of learning about rate-determining forces involved in the initiation of ice crystal aggregation.A series of laboratory experiments were undertaken to test the postulate. A 6.7-m3 controlled-temperature chamber was used to investigate the aggregation of growing ice crystals. The results show that small changes in dissolved salts are important in the orientation of initial ice crystal aggregates. We interpret these results to strongly support our hypothesis of electric multipoles in growing ice crystals. 相似文献
3.
Dr. P. Krehbiel T. Chen S. McCrary W. Rison G. Gray M. Brook 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1996,59(1-2):65-82
Summary Observations of thunderstorms with a dual channel circularpolarization radar have provided dramatic indications of the buildup of the electric field inside the storms and of the sudden collapse of the field at the time of lightning. The indications are obtained by coherently correlating the simultaneous returns in the right- and left-hand circular polarization channels of the radar, and follow up on the pioneering observations of this type by Hendry and McCormick (1976). The correlation is estimated and displayed in real time and the results enable one to predict when a storm has the potential for producing a lightning discharge, and often to anticipate the occurrence of individual discharges. The observations detect the presence of electrically aligned particles, believed to be small ice crystals, which are aligned by the electrostatic field of the storm. The aligned particles cause the radar signal to become progressively depolarized as it propagates through an alignment region, giving rise to correlated right- and left-circular polarization echoes. The alignment direction can be determined from the phase of the correlation and is found to be predominantly vertical, indicating a similar electric field orientation. Weaker horizontal alignment is often observed immediately following lightning discharges, consistent with the idea that the aligned particles are ice platelets which fall with horizontal orientation due to aerodynamic forces. The observations have been found to reveal the onset of strong electrification in developing storms and to indicate when decaying storms no longer have the potential to produce lightning. By compensating for signal-to-noise effects, the variation of the depolarization with range can be determined. This provides detailed pictures of the alignment regions which could be used as tracers of ice crystal populations in storms. The pictures also show the spatial variation of the alignment directions, raising the possibility of remotely mapping the storm electric field structure. Finally, the depolarization rate results readily enable one to distinguish between liquid and solid precipitation in the storms.With 7 Figures 相似文献
4.
冰雪晶碰并勾连成雪花或雪团的过程是降水的重要机制之一。冰雪晶形态不同导致各类晶动力特性的差异, 因此, 无论从理论、数值试验还是室内模拟研究这一过程都有很大困难。该文就室内、外场试验和自然云的观测, 讨论分析其发生机理和条件。结果表明:冰晶的增长过程有一个与云滴碰并增长相似的加速过程, 冰晶碰并过冷滴形成霰 (雹胚), 凇附长成冰雹; 冰雪晶相互碰并勾连、攀附增长为雪花或雪团, 都是降水质点加速增长的重要过程。此过程仅在水面饱和、过饱和条件下发生, 而水面欠饱和、无液滴 (无云) 时, 冰晶很薄、晶型简单, 无碰并勾连、攀附现象。冰晶在液滴存在的云雾中伴随气流对流、乱流运动中接触碰并勾连成雪花或雪团, 其碰并勾连效率既受晶体形状影响, 亦受晶体表面附着力的影响, 其机制有勾连亦有粘连, 晶型多样, 以相同晶型为主, 温度范围广 (-3~-17 ℃); 其中-13~-17 ℃碰并勾连效率最高, 该层的枝、星状晶是勾连、攀附的主要区域, 亦为冰晶繁生的主要区域、生长率最快, 是人工增雨播撒人工冰核催化效率较高的温度段。 相似文献
5.
本文通过改变三维强风暴动力—电耦合数值模式中电场参量的引入条件，将电场带入积云运动方程及水凝物下落末速中，模拟比较了有无电场影响下模拟云的主要差异。在考虑电场的作用下，由于初期电活动并不剧烈，降水强度与云内风速变化较小；随着云中起电活动的增强，考虑电场影响的模拟云内上升、下沉风速均有所增加，对应时段的降水强度有明显起伏，但累计液态与固态降水量增加微弱；同时，闪电数目增多，闪电发生得更早，持续的时间更长，电场的影响是不可忽视的。模拟发现:雷暴成熟时期，由于电场力的作用，雹粒子瞬时落速变化的极值均超过10 m s-1，霰粒子瞬时落速变化极值也超过了7 m s-1。但强电场的区域较小，粒子下落时经过强电场区域的时间较短，所以落速极值变化不大，相比之下电场力对半径较小粒子的下落末速的瞬时改变更显著。电场通过对粒子下落速度的影响，改变了水凝物粒子主要源项的生成率，增加雨滴、冰晶粒子的生成率，减小霰、雹粒子的生成率，调整了三相水凝物粒子的时空分布，使云中水汽总量增加9%，释放潜热增加7%，为云体的进一步发展提供了内能。 相似文献
6.
海南文昌地区夏季雷暴地面电场观测及分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了了解海南文昌地区雷暴电环境的基本特征,利用安装于距地面3.5 m 楼顶的大气电场仪和雨量资料,分析了文昌夏季阵性降水对应不同类型的电场特征、单体雷暴活动电场演变规律及降水和闪电之间的关系。通过分析发现过观测场顶部无闪电的阵性降水过程地面电场极值较小,电场和降水基本呈现反向同步的变化特征。过顶单体雷暴在闪电发生前,地面电场提前产生扰动,明显的扰动一般提前于电场过零点约15～30 分钟,第1 次闪电发生一般提前于降水20～30 分钟。统计多次较强单体雷暴过程发现,阵性降水之前和降水过程中闪电比较密集,降水后期闪电较少发生,降水强度和闪电频次有一定的正比例关系。典型单体雷暴进入衰退期电场变化呈现出较为明显的阻尼振荡(EOSO)。 相似文献
7.
The scavenging efficiency, E, of small hexagonal plate ice crystals for aerosol particles has been measured in a series of laboratory cloud experiments. The ice crystal diameters, D μm ranged from 35 to 150 μm with aerosol particles in the range 4 to 6 μm. An ice crystal replication technique made possible the individual examination of more than 43m500 individual crystals from which the relation: log10 E = 1.554 − 1.047 log10D was established with values of E in the range 0.2–0.9 corresponding to the range of crystal sizes investigated. For some crystal collectors, values of E extended above unity and this was attributed to wake capture, oscillations and the extended sweep out path of the ice crystals associated with their spiral fall pattern. 相似文献
8.
Abstract Small ice crystals with average diameter of about 30 μm are produced in a large cold room and allowed to fall in a settling chamber in the presence of a quasi‐uniform electric field. Aggregates (flakes) of ice crystals are collected by permanent replicas. Results show that an electric field above a threshold value of about 4 × 104 V m‐1 rapidly increases the growth of flakes by the capture of small ice crystals. The influence of the electric field upon the growth of ice aggregates is maximum at a field strength of about 1.5 × 105 V m‐1. Comparison of the results with Jiusto's mathematical model of the growth rate gives values of the collection efficiency at different field strengths. It is very likely that the electric field increases the adhesion (aggregation) efficiency rather than the collision (cross‐section) efficiency. 相似文献
9.
三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅰ:模式及其电过程参数化方案 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
为了研究风暴中的动力、微物理和电过程三者间的相互作用 ,在已有的工作基础上 ,建立了一个三维强风暴动力 电耦合数值模式。模式中将云中水物质分为水汽、云水、雨水、冰晶、雪、霰和雹 7类 ,各种粒子采用双变参数谱。考虑了详细的起电过程 ,它们包括扩散、电导、感应和非感应以及次生冰晶起电机制。此外 ,在模式中加入了云内放电参数化过程和云顶处屏蔽电荷层形成的参数化方案用以研究整个雷暴生命史内的电活动特征。最后利用CCOPE(CooperativeConvectivePrecipitationExperiment)计划中 1981年 7月 19日的风暴资料对模式的性能进行了验证 ,模拟结果显示此模式可以较好地描述风暴中动力、微物理和电结构的发展演变过程。 相似文献
10.
本文利用“太行山东麓人工增雨防雹作业技术试验”的飞机和地面雷达观测数据,重点研究分析了2018年5月21日一次典型西风槽天气系统影响下的层状云微物理特征。结果表明,?5°C层的过冷水含量低于0.05 g m?3,冰粒子数浓度量级101～102 L?1。冰粒子数浓度高值区主要以针状和柱状冰晶为主。这可能低层是Hallett-Mossop机制和其他冰晶繁生机制共同作用下所产生的冰晶碎片在冰面过饱和条件下凝华增长所形成的。冰粒子数浓度低值区的冰晶形状基本以片状或枝状为主。?5°C层的冰雪晶增长主要以凝华和聚并增长为主,凇附过程很弱。零度层附近云水含量峰值区的液态水占比达到70%以上。云水含量峰值区的粒子主要以直径10～50 μm的云滴为主,伴随着少量聚合状冰晶。零度层其他区域的过冷水含量维持在0.05 g m?3左右,冰晶形态主要以聚合状、凇附状及霰粒子为主。液水层则主要以球形液滴及半融化状态的冰粒子为主。垂直探测表明:零度层以上的冰雪晶数浓度呈现随高度递增的趋势。在发展稳定的层状云内,混合层的过冷水含量很低,冰粒子主要通过凝华和聚并过程增长,云体冰晶化程度较高。而在发展较为旺盛的层状云区里过冷水含量也较高,大量液滴的存在也表明混合层冰-液相之间的转化不充分。不同温度层的粒子谱显示,冷水含量高值区的冰粒子平均浓度比过冷水低值区高,但平均直径比过冷水低值区小。 相似文献
11.
Wang Angsheng 《大气科学进展》1987,4(4):414-431
An improved new wedge-shaped chamber of ice thermal diffusion has been used to get a more complete and overall growth law of ice crystals. Based on more than 4,000 data, a quantitative growth law of ice crystals in an ice supersaturation and temperature field has been presented. A new method for quantitatively indicating the form of different kinds of ice crystals has been suggested. The growth rates of ice crystals at different tempera-tures and ice supersaturations have been studied. A quantitative comparison of static and dynamic experiments for ice crystal growth has also been presented. Finally, the author gives new models of ice crystal growth law in temperature-ice supersaturation or vapor density excess field. 相似文献
12.
雷电是电荷聚集到一定程度的放电现象,当雷暴云中电荷累积,在地面附近大气就会有相应的感应电场,因此通过大气电场脉冲波形变化,结合雷达回波资料,可以判断雷暴云的发展阶段。本文分析了2010年8月11~12日陕西省有闪电定位监测网络以来最强的一次雷电天气过程。该过程全省范围内共发生闪电23 570次,8月11日单日闪电14 470次,整个过程以负闪为主,闪电频数高,同时伴随强降水发生。分析发现,此次强雷电天气过程与大气环境场具有以下对应关系:强雷电的发生与西太平洋副热带高压强盛控制陕西大部分地区且呈东西带状分布、西风槽东移南压关系密切;另外还与潜在对流性稳定度指数、抬升指数、能量场和位势稳定度具有较好的相关性;高雷电密度区域与区域性暴雨的强降水落区有一定的对应关系,但强雷电往往先于强降水出现,雨量最大区域与雷电强度最大区域并不对应。 相似文献
13.
We studied the effect of supercooled cloud droplets on the diffusional growth rate of isolated ice plates and ice columns by approximating the shape of a plate as an oblate spheroid and a column as a prolate spheroid. This work is an extension of the pioneering work of Marshall and Palmer [Marshall, J.S. and Langleben, M.P., A theory of snow-crystal habit and growth, J. Met., 11, 104–120, 1954] who studied the influence of cloud droplets on the growth rate of spherical ice crystals. The vapour density field for oblate and prolate spheroids was obtained by solving Helmholtz's equation with the assumption that the vapour at the ice surface had the equilibrium value. As result, it was possible to calculate separately the temporal evolution of the axis length and the mass of the snow crystals.The results indicate that the presence of cloud droplets around the snow crystal can increase by around 10% of the ice growth rate relative to an environment free of cloud droplets. The magnitude of the growth enhancement is proportional to the liquid water content. The results also corroborate the importance of the shape and aspect ratio on the crystal growth. A general mass growth rate equation for diffusional growth was found, which incorporates effects of cloud droplets and crystal shape through the size and aspect ratio of the snow crystal. 相似文献
14.
A multiparameter radar case study of the microphysical and kinematic evolution of a lightning producing storm 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Summary We examine the co-evolving microphysical, kinematic, and electrical characteristics of a multi-cell thunderstorm observed on 21 May 1993 along the Front Range of Colorado using data collected with the 11 cm, multiparameter, CSU-CHILL Doppler radar. The measured polarimetric variables provide information on the size, shape, orientation, and thermodynamic phase of hydrometeors. Recent modeling and observational advances in weather radar polarimetry now permit the inference of bulk-hydrometeor types and mixing ratios, and the measurement of precipitation rate in mixed-phase (i.e., hail and rain) environments. We have employed these and other radar techniques, such as dual-Doppler analyses, to investigate the correlation between the convective life cycle of a multi-cell storm and the evolution of lightning type and flash rate.The observations suggest a strong correlation between the radar-inferred graupel volume suspended in a vigorous updraft in upper-portions of the storm and the in-cloud (IC) lightning flash rate. Our analyses reveal that maxima in the hail rate are related to peaks in the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash rate. Both correlation's are consistent with the non-inductive charging mechanism which relies on collisions between graupel/hail particles and ice crystals in the presence of supercooled water. Peaks in storm outflow are shown to either lag or to coincide with maxima in both the CG flash rate and hail rate. The amount and vertical location of ice in this storm was also related to the strength and polarity of the electric field through observations of a Field Excursion Associated With Precipitation (FEAWP) and a subsequent microburst. We demonstrate that the FEAWP was coincident with the descent of graupel and small hail below the charge reversal level as explained by the non-inductive charging mechanism, and that the further descent of graupel and small hail below the melting level aided in the generation of a microburst near the surface. Using observations of the FEAWP, we present some comparative speculation on the microphysics of the associated lower positive charge center and the applicability of various laboratory charging studies.With 14 Figures 相似文献
15.
本文对2010年6月2日18时-19时期间雷暴过程中大气电场监测数据进行分析,并与闪电定位资料对比后,得出闪电发生前大气电场值会出现波动并逐渐增大,雷电发生时大气电场会出现极值和脉冲,雷云消散后大气电场又恢复到平稳状态;大气电场的监测对雷电的预警预报有着非常重要的作用。 相似文献
16.
地面大气电场资料在强对流天气预报中的应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用大气电场仪对2008年6～10月天津地面大气电场变化进行连续监测。讨论晴空、稳定型降水、飑线和暴雨天气下地面大气电场强度特点,结合新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和闪电定位资料,对2008年9月4日飑线过程和2008年7月14日暴雨过程进行分析。结果发现:大气电场仪曲线在雷暴发生前15～50min剧烈变化,在强对流天气的雷电监测中有明显的指示作用。结合雷达资料和闪电定位仪资料能够提高雷电预警和短时临近预报的准确率,多站点的大气电场仪数据能够扩大雷暴监测范围并且判断雷暴云移动路径。 相似文献
17.
18.
利用大气电场强度数据设计了一种雷电监测预警方法,并对江西省南昌县2020年8月的一次雷电过程进行预测。首先对大气电场仪采集的电场数据进行去噪处理和缺失填补,然后利用经验模态分解法分解大气电场数据,得到大气电场数据的幅值和频率的分布特征,运用多元回归模型构建雷电预警模型,预测未来一段时间内的大气电场强度值。参考大气电场强度等级划分表,开展雷电监测预警。结果表明,运用模型预测的大气电场强度结果与实况之间的可决系数均在0.9以上,即大气电场强度预测结果与实况较为接近,该监测预警方法具有一定的可行性。 相似文献
19.
利用多普勒双偏振多参数气象雷达,结合地面LD-Ⅱ闪电定位仪资料,对一次中尺度对流强风暴云的雷电过程进行观测分析。结果表明,闪电发生前后,对流云上部的差分传播相移率KDP、差分反射率因子ZDR和差相移φDP有明显的变化,反映出云中冰相粒子排列取向随云中电场分布结构的变化而变化。这种闪电发生时冰相粒子排列取向存在明显变化的信息,说明用多参数气象雷达探测的技术以及开展雷电预警预报是可行的。 相似文献
20.
K. P. Tyshko 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2010,35(12):823-831
Main differences are considered in the formation of physical and mechanical ice properties in hummocky formations as compared
with level areas of the ice cover. The results of laboratory and field investigations demonstrate that these differences are
caused both by dynamometamorphic transformations of crystal ice structure as a result of the compression of ice fields before
the beginning of hummocky ice formation and in the process of consolidation of ice blocks within the ice hummocks formed during
the winter-spring period. 相似文献