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1.
本文根据野外调查和室内初步研究成果并结合有关地质资料,分析、讨论了荆襄陡山沱组含磷岩系的磷块岩类型、成因和沉积环境。通过分析可知,组成磷块岩的磷灰石有不同的形成方式;磷块岩沉积在海退旋回中粘土和硅质沉积向碳酸盐沉积的转变阶段;磷块岩矿床形成在陆缘海内与深水有联系的浅水地带。 矿区含磷岩系特征综合于图1。 相似文献
2.
A comparative study of Pleistocene phosphorites from the continental slope off western India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
V. Purnachandra Rao S. W. A. Naqvi M. Dileep Kumar D. Cardinal A. Michard D. V. Borole E. Jacobs & R. Natarajan 《Sedimentology》2000,47(5):945-960
Two types of phosphorite recovered from the continental slope off western India are described. The first type, phosphorite 1, comprises a hard, grey nodule composed of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) and calcite as major minerals. The phosphorite consists of light‐brown microcrystalline apatite containing a few skeletal fragments and planktonic foraminifera. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies show evidence of dissolution of skeletal calcite and filling of the resulting cavities by phosphate composed of ovoid to rod‐shaped apatite microparticles. Apatite also occurs as coatings on these particles. The P2O5 content of the phosphorite is 29%, and the CO2 content of the CFA is about 4·5%. The rare‐earth element (REE) abundance (ΣREE=2·02 μg g–1) is lower than in other modern phosphorites. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio and ?Nd value of this sample are 0·70921 and –9·9 respectively. The 14C age found through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating (18 720 ± 120 years BP) is much younger than that determined by the U‐series method (100 ka). The second type, phosphorite 2, comprises a friable, light‐brown nodule consisting of CFA as the only major mineral, with a CO2 content of the CFA of 4·5%. In thin section, the phosphate is light brown and homogeneous, and a few bone fragments are present. The P2O5 content is 33%, and REE contents (ΣREE = 0·18 μg g–1) are lower than in phosphorite 1. The age of phosphorite 2 is >300 ka. Phosphorite 1 appears to have formed during the late Pleistocene through replacement of carbonate by phosphate; phosphorite 2 is also of Pleistocene age but is much older than phosphorite 1. The initial substrate for phosphorite 2 was a fish coprolite, which was subsequently phosphatized during slow sedimentation under low‐energy conditions. Microbial mediation is evident in both phosphorites. The colour, density and P2O5 content of the phosphorites are found to be dependent on the nature of the initial substrates and physico‐chemical conditions during phosphatization. The CO2 content of the CFA is not related to the precursor carbonate phase. The nature of sediments, rates of sedimentation and the time spent undergoing phosphogenesis at the sediment–water interface may control REE concentrations in phosphorites. 相似文献
3.
DAVID J. CULLEN 《Sedimentology》1988,35(3):421-428
By far the commonest consituents of insular phosphate deposits are calcium phosphates of the apatite series of minerals, especially varieties that contain structural carbonate in their crystal lattices, e.g. francolite and dahllite. This reflects the fact that the vast majority of described insular phosphate deposits occur in low latitudes, where they have formed, in a tropical environment, by metasomatic replacement of carbonate in coral substrates by phosphate derived either from avian excrement or from phosphorus-enriched lagoonal/lacustrine waters. Thin, recently-formed guano accumulations on islands of the subantarctic Bounty group differ radically in that they consist principally of struvite, a hydrated ammonium magnesium phosphate that is better known as a component of human/mammalian urinary stones and enteroliths, and of bat guano in sheltered speleothems. Apatite occurs only in an accessory role in the Bounty Islands guano. This contrast in mineralogy, and the somewhat anomalous survival of soft, unstable struvite in a totally exposed environment on the Bounty Islands, are attributed to climatic factors and to the nature of the granodioritic rock substrate. 相似文献
4.
朝阳磷矿的磷块岩有五种类型,即泥晶磷块岩、球粒磷块岩、鲕粒磷块岩、内碎屑磷块岩和细晶磷块岩。其中内碎屑磷块岩占优势。磷酸盐岩沉积在海退旋回中,是处于深水向浅水过渡的层位。磷块岩的沉积环境主要是隆起附近的浅水带。 相似文献
5.
灯影组磷块岩有四种类型,即泥晶磷块岩、内碎屑磷块岩、藻磷块岩和细晶磷块岩。组成磷块岩的主要矿物是磷灰石、白云石、石英和少量伊利石等。磷块岩主要沉积在陆缘海内,它的沉积环境是与深水有联系的浅水地区。深水和浅水环境的地质背景分别为构造拗陷和碳酸盐岩台地。前者提供成矿物质,后者提供有利于磷质成矿的沉积环境。 相似文献
6.
Petrography, chemistry and genesis of phosphorite concretions in the Eocene Umm Rijam Chert limestone Formation, Ma'an area, south Jordan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Phosphorite concretions are recorded for the first time within the lower part of the Umm Rijam Chert Limestone Formation (Eocene) in the Ma'an area, southern Jordan. The phosphorite concretions are typically hosted and encountered as individual layer in moderately lithified sediments of marl, chalk and chalky marl. The phosphorite concretions are present in thin layer (10–30 cm thick). They are localized on a hardground surface that formed as a result of cementation of soft ground by bioclastic materials. Light grey and brownish to black colors are encountered with isometric, ellipsoid, elongated, subangular to subrounded phosphorite concretions (up to 6 cm in length). Most of the phosphorite concretions preserve bioturbation structures; they also include fecal pellets of various sizes. The main biogenic components are fragments of macrofossils (bivalves) and microfossils (planktonic foraminifera) in different proportions. Petrographic examinations reveal that the phosphorite concretions are composed of cryptocrystalline apatite that characteristically appears in cross-polarized light almost as isotropic phosphate and minor anisotropic phosphate. Apatite and calcite are the main mineral constituents of the phosphorite concretions identified by XRD. The apatite is identified as francolite (carbonate-flour-apatite). Chemical analyses of the phosphorite concretions using X-ray florescence indicate that the P2O5 content ranges from 18.8 to 31.19%, whereas SEM–EDS analyses indicate that the phosphorus proportion is around 14% by volume. It could be argued that the phosphorite concretions were transported after being reworked, or were derived from carbonate and chalk pebbles that were later phosphatized and subjected to erosion, forming residual lag deposit along the hardground surface. 相似文献
7.
泥晶磷块岩(micritic phosphorite)是磷块岩的主要类型之一。我国的磷块岩矿床也多有这种矿石。过去往往把组成泥晶磷块岩的磷酸盐矿物叫做胶磷矿(collophane)。扫描电镜、X-射线衍射等观察结果表明,胶磷矿实际上也是结晶质磷灰石,只是由于颗粒极其微小而已。由这种泥晶磷灰石组成的泥晶磷块岩也同样不像过去描述的那样单调,而是具有比较复杂的结构、构造。 相似文献
8.
9.
沉积磷块岩结构类型、成因及成矿阶段 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
磷块岩的岩石类型和成矿阶段划分是磷块岩研究的一项基础性工作,早在50年代后期,叶连俊等人就对磷块岩及其分类进行过研究[1],随着沉积学的发展,尤其是近年来碳酸盐岩研究的进展,磷块岩岩石学研究也有了一些新的突破。磷块岩分类从矿体形态(层状、透镜状、结核状)、大地构造(地台型、地槽型)等分类走向了结构成因分类。在这方面,工作较多,较系统的有美国的S.R.Riggs和法国的M.S1ansky[9][10]。我国的孙枢、陈其英、赵东旭[2][3]及孟祥化[4]、周茂基[5]、东野[6]等人也先后对磷块岩的结构成因类型进行过研究。这些研究给磷块岩的分类奠定了一个很好的基础。 相似文献
10.
磷块岩研究进展与磷块岩生物成矿说 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
近十年来,我国磷块岩的研究以沉积学的发展为先导,取得了长足进展。十年迈出两大步:第一步是由化学沉积说向物理富集成矿说的转变;第二步是生物成矿说的发展。业已在我国南方晚震旦-早寒武世各主要工业矿床的磷块岩中发现了大量多种形态的原核生物的细菌到真核生物的真菌等磷质微生物以及藻类和小壳动物化石(后者产于早寒武世磷矿中),它们是构成磷块岩的主要组分。磷块岩实际是一种特殊的生物岩。本文论述了磷块岩的生物成矿作用、生物聚磷机理,并从磷块岩岩石的生物特点、化学成分的生物特点、红外吸收光谱以及稀土元素组成的生物特点等方面,论述了磷块岩的生物成因。同时阐述了磷质生物繁衍的环境条件与磷块岩形成环境之间的内在联系,以及磷质生物的最佳繁衍场所与磷块岩成矿古地理单元的一致性,这种“生物繁衍场”与成磷古地理单元可称之谓“陆缘坻”。 相似文献
11.
川南马边地区下寒武统麦地坪组是昆阳式磷矿的重要赋矿层位,磷矿的分布受沉积古环境控制。以马边黄家坪地区麦地坪组含磷地层野外剖面实测及钻孔岩芯观察为基础,对麦地坪组沉积相特征、磷块岩特征、磷矿成因模式进行了详细研究。研究表明：黄家坪地区麦地坪组发育碳酸盐岩潮坪相沉积,可识别出潮上坪、潮间坪和潮下坪3个亚相共计6种微相类型：潮上坪包括潮上滩和潮上云坪微相;潮间坪包括潮汐水道、潮间滩、潮间灰坪;潮下坪则仅发育低能潮下坪,垂向上表现出海退-海侵的沉积演化序列。据此建立了麦地坪组海湾潮坪相沉积模式。磷块岩的富集严格受沉积相带控制,潮间坪内高能水动力的潮间滩和潮汐水道是最有利于磷块岩形成的微相环境,砂砾屑磷块岩是马边地区发育较为广泛的磷块岩类型。磷矿床的成矿模式为上升洋流将富磷海水带入到海湾潮坪环境内,受生物-化学作用使磷以胶体-化学的形式发生凝聚富集,形成半固结—弱固结的磷酸盐沉积物,后遭受水流的冲刷、破碎、搬运、簸选再次发生沉淀,经压实、固结即形成高品位的磷块岩。 相似文献
12.
The behavior of U during the diagenetic formation of marine phosphorite has been modelled. The model examines a dissolution-reprecipitation replacement of skeletal hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate and earlier generated francolite by francolite. The amount of organic matter consumed relative to the mass of francolite formed, the replacement reaction progress, and the concentration of U in the replaced phases are the important parameters which dictate the concentration of U in the phosphate rock.A partition coefficient between apatite and interstitial solution was calculated, and is .Natural phosphorites have been examined and are discussed in the light of the proposed model. The U mass-balance in a Recent phosphorite is in good accord with theoretical predictions. Differences in U concentrations between sea-floor phosphorites are explained either by the (original) variation in the organic matter distribution in the corresponding sediments and/or by mineralogical differences (CaCO3vs. hydroxyapatite) therein.Senonian phosphate rocks which were formed via the francolite → francolite transformation, demonstrate that during that process the organic matter content in the sediment was approximately 50%.The model supports the idea that phosphorite rock formation is a multistage process. 相似文献
13.
中国南方上震旦统灯影组中的古喀斯特洞穴磷块岩 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
晚震旦世,在中国南方存在一个大的碳酸盐台地,即大扬子台地。近来,在大扬子台地的次级单元-鄂西台地南北两侧边缘带的灯影组白云岩中发现古喀斯特洞穴磷块岩。北缘以湖北省南漳县的王家堡为代表,古喀斯特洞穴磷块岩不规则地分布于自灯影组上、下段之间的侵蚀面到其下约70m范围内。位于台地南缘的湖南大庸张家溪,古喀斯特洞穴磷块岩也产于灯影组下段白云岩内,据古生物学及地层学研究,张家溪灯影组下段上部白云岩中的洞穴磷块岩形成于早寒武世早期。古洞穴磷块岩的发现,证明灯影早期末有一次普遍而强烈的地壳运动,灯影晚期海侵的初期是晚震旦世除陡山沱期外的又一重要成磷期。 相似文献
14.
Neoproterozoic peritidal phosphorite from the Sete Lagoas Formation (Brazil) and the Precambrian phosphorus cycle 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Justin B. R. Drummond Peir K. Pufahl Claudio G. Porto Mariana Carvalho 《Sedimentology》2015,62(7):1978-2008
The Neoproterozoic Sete Lagoas Formation (ca 610 Ma) of the São Francisco Basin, Brazil, is a succession of siltstone, limestone and phosphorite. Phosphorite forms part of a previously unrecognized 150 to 200 m thick, unconformity bounded depositional sequence. Lithofacies stacking patterns indicate that deposition was punctuated by higher order fluctuations in base level that produced aggradational parasequences. These shallowing‐upward cycles record the progradation of phosphate‐rich intertidal flats over shallow subtidal deposits as accommodation filled. The presence of mudcracks, authigenic chert nodules, lack of coarse terrigenous clastics and the abundance of silt with fine, abraded quartz grains suggests accumulation along an arid coastline with significant aeolian input. Delivery of phosphorus adsorbed on aeolian Fe‐(oxyhydr)oxide and clay is interpreted as having stimulated phosphogenesis in peritidal environments. Lithofacies associations indicate that windblown phosphorus promoted the establishment of cyanobacterial communities along the coast, which produced photosynthetic oxygen and the suboxic conditions necessary for the precipitation of authigenic carbonate fluorapatite. As in other Precambrian phosphatic systems, nearshore oxygen oases were a prerequisite for phosphorite accumulation because redox sensitive phosphogenic processes were pushed into the sediment to concentrate phosphorus. In more distal, anoxic environments phosphorite could not form because these biotic and abiotic processes were suspended in the water column, which cycled phosphorus in sea water rather than at the sediment–water interface. Such shallow‐water phosphorite is unlike larger, younger Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic phosphatic deposits inferred to have formed in deeper‐upwelling related environments. The increasing size of phosphatic deposits through the latest Precambrian is interpreted as reflecting the progressive ventilation of the oceans during the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event, and resultant expansion of phosphogenic environments into distal settings. The widespread cycling of bioavailable phosphorus at the sea floor not only produced the first true phosphorite giants, but may have also been an important precondition for the evolution of multicellular animals. 相似文献
15.
TourbaKamaye PhillipRomanovitch 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2005,16(2):170-177,182
INTRODUCTION TheKurskmagneticanomaly(KMA)coversnear ly120000km2andhasalengthof600kminSE NW direction,withawidthrangingfrom150kmto250 km.TheKMAbasinislimitedbytheDoneskPaleozoic massifinthesouthandthePrecambrianAzovsk podol skupliftinthesouth westanditsnorthernborderis markedbythecrystallinemassifupliftofVaronesh.0 c s TheLebedinskycomplexdepositislocatedinthecentral partoftheRussianplatformbetweenlatitude50°00′and50° 20′north,andlongitude34°00′and39°00′east,inthefron ti… 相似文献
16.
众所周知,磷灰石族矿物是很复杂的一族矿物,在磷灰石结构内可以有多种类质同象置换,而其基本结构并无重大改变,因而它的结晶学的研究是一项复杂的任务。至今,对磷灰石的结晶学问题了解得还不很清楚,在沉积岩中分布最广、颗粒细小而又具经济价值的碳氟磷灰石所引起的争论最为激烈,关于磷灰石中(CO3)2-离子的存在形式,是长期以来进行争论的问题。本文主要就作者所做磷灰石的红外吸收光谱工作,并引用晶胞常数和化学分析数据,对此问题进行讨论。 相似文献
17.
黔中开阳地区在震旦纪陡山沱期全球成磷事件的大背景下,发育了厚度较大的富磷矿层。通过岩石薄片观察、地层对比与划分及沉积相分析等手段,探讨黔中开阳地区震旦纪陡山沱期磷矿床沉积特征与成矿模式。结果表明:(1)开阳地区陡山沱期处于黔中古陆北缘的磷质海岸环境,磷矿层中分布最广泛、品位最高的矿石类型为砂屑磷块岩,为富磷沉积物在沉积、成岩过程中遭受多期次冲刷破碎、暴露淋滤及堆积胶结的产物。(2)开阳地区古地理环境和动荡的海水条件控制了磷矿的沉积和高品位矿石的分布,洋水、永温等地在震旦纪陡山沱期所处的海水深度适中的临滨带为成矿优势地带,而水体过浅的前滨带和过深的远滨带均不利于磷质的聚集和成矿。(3)开阳地区动态磷矿床成矿模式表明,陡山沱期海平面的频繁进退使临滨带已沉积的磷块岩遭受多期次的冲蚀、暴露、淋滤、胶结及磷质再沉积作用;通过物理分选作用和风化淋滤作用最终使磷质聚集,是研究区富磷矿形成的主要原因。 相似文献
18.
Marine cements in mid-Tertiary cool-water shelf limestones of New Zealand and southern Australia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Large areas of southern Australia and New Zealand are covered by mid‐Tertiary limestones formed in cool‐water, shelf environments. The generally destructive character of sea‐floor diagenesis in such settings precludes ubiquitous inorganic precipitation of carbonates, yet these limestones include occasional units with marine cements: (1) within rare in situ biomounds; (2) within some stacked, cross‐bedded sand bodies; (3) at the top of metre‐scale, subtidal, carbonate cycles; and (4) most commonly, associated with certain unconformities. The marine cements are dominated by isopachous rinds of fibrous to bladed spar, interstitial homogeneous micrite and interstitial micropeloidal micrite, often precipitated sequentially in that order. Internal sedimentation of microbioclastic micrite may occur at any stage. The paradox of marine‐cemented limestone units in an overall destructive cool‐water diagenetic regime may be explained by the precipitation of cement as intermediate Mg‐calcite from marine waters undersaturated with respect to aragonite. In some of the marine‐cemented limestones, aragonite biomoulds may include marine cement/sediment internally, suggesting that dissolution of aragonite can at times be wholly marine and not always involve meteoric influences. We suggest that marine cementation occurred preferentially, but not exclusively, during periods of relatively lowered sea level, probably glacio‐eustatically driven in the mid‐Tertiary. At times of reduced sea level, there was a relative increase in both the temperature and the carbonate saturation state of the shelf waters, and the locus of carbonate sedimentation shifted towards formerly deeper shelf sites, which now experienced increased swell wave and/or tidal energy levels, fostering sediment abrasion and reworking, reduced sedimentation rates and freer exchange of sediment pore‐waters. Energy levels were probably also enhanced by increased upwelling of cold, deep waters onto the Southern Ocean margins of the Australasian carbonate platforms, where water‐mass mixing, warming and loss of CO2 locally maintained critical levels of carbonate saturation for sea‐floor cement precipitation and promoted the phosphate‐glauconite mineralization associated with some of the marine‐cemented limestone units. 相似文献
19.
陕西南部汉中天台山、勉县茶店和略阳何家岩、金家河一带磷块岩的时代,目前有三种看法,即:泥盆纪、震旦纪和寒武纪。这一带磷块岩的成因也比较复杂。在磷酸盐沉积、成岩以后,又受到变质、褶皱、断裂和水溶液活动影响。本文对天台山、茶店一带的磷块岩的成矿时代和生成特点提出一些初步意见。 相似文献
20.
The Table Mountain Santa Barbara, consisting of the Mio-Pliocene Seroe Domi Limestone Formation, was probably covered with a guano layer in the Pleistocene (?). Solutions, carrying guano-derived phosphate, percolated downwards, resulting in partial phosphatization of the underlying limestones. Only two phosphate minerals are present in the Table Mountain: apatite, and whitlockite.Phosphatization includes both replacement of the original carbonate or (pre-phosphate) dolomite, and cementation in primary- as well as secondary porosity (cryptocrystalline, isotropic phosphate cement, (micro)crystalline apatite, isopachous apatite fringe cement, multiple-zoned apatite crusts, rhombic whitlockite cements). Two factors controlled the final distribution of the phosphate within the Table Mountain. Firstly, changing positions of the sea level (and, therefore, of the diagenetic environments) determined the overall distribution of the phosphatized interval, a horizontal layer (98–128 m above sea level) sandwiched between two non-phosphatized limestone units.Original carbonate facies and -mineralogy was the second controlling factor causing the final variations in degree of phosphatization. The limestones comprise two lithofacies: (a) coralliferous limestone lenses erratically distributed amidst; and (b) micritic limestones. These coralliferous limestones are phosphatized preferentially forming so-called “phosphate pockets”, sharply outlined within a non-phosphatized micritic limestone “host”. These pockets are characteristically organized into five zones which are described in detail. Higher original porosity/permeability of the coralliferous limestone lenses as compared to the micrites, additionally enhanced by a phase of pre-phosphate dolomitization, determined preferential phosphatization of this facies type.A second controlling factor was the original carbonate mineralogy and resulting dia- 相似文献