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1.
Species introductions are among the most dramatic human-induced impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems around the world.
Stability patterns of an estuarine benthic community were investigated through guild interaction models representing the community
before and after human-mediated species invasions. The study area was Yaquina Bay, a developed estuary on the central Oregon
coast, U.S., where at least 12 species of nonindigenous invertebrates have been inadvertently introduced. Three of the introduced
species (the polychaetes Hobsonia florida and Pseudopolydora kempi and the cumacean Nippoleucon hinumensis) are probably among the 10 most abundant invertebrate species in the intertidal benthic community. To estimate effects and
potential risks of species introductions on the native community we constructed 2 types of community models based on functional-group
interactions, namely, activity guild models and trophic guild models. In both cases we observed that overall feedback has
a strong tendency towards zero in pre-invasion and post-invasion models. We generated 12,000 random models of similar size
and could not detect this tendency. We suggest that the weak or absent overall feedback in this community may be an ecological
property and not an intrinsic property of large systems as such. The reduced response to input from either invertebrate invasions
or removal of native top predators, may to some extent buffer the community from such impacts. Alternative guild models suggested
increased risk of stability decline in the invaded community even after accounting for potential complexity effects on stabllity.
Further species introductions in this intermediately invaded estuary should be avoided. 相似文献
2.
Hurricane Charley, a category 4 storm, passed directly over the Charlotte Harbor estuary and Peace River watershed on August
13, 2004. Following the storm's passage, dissolved oxygen in the Peace River fell below 1 mg l−1 and hypoxic conditions (<2mgl−1) extended into Charlotte Harbor. A long-term fisheries-independent monitoring program (1989 to present) was already in place
in Charlotte Harbor, and sampling was intensified during the month after the storm. Changes in fish assemblages that resulted
from the hypoxic event were determined using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and similarity percentages analysis. At the
mouth of the Peace River and upper Charlotte Harbor, fish abundance decreased dramatically after the hurricane, and typical
estuarine fish assemblages were replaced by those dominated by a few resilient estuarine and freshwater species, including
the nonindigenous brown hoplo (Hoplosternum littorale) and sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys spp.). Fish assemblages in the estuarine portion of the Maykka River, located only a few kilometers west of the Peace River,
were unaffected. The hypoxic event was short lived; dissolved oxygen and estuarine fish assemblages in the Peace River and
upper Charlotte Harbor recovered within a month. The results of this study are consistent with other hurricane-related hypoxic
events in the literature which have reported acute effects to estuarine systems in the short term, rapid recoveries, and long-term
resilience. 相似文献
3.
Edward L. Mills David L. Strayer Mark D. Scheuerell James T. Carlton 《Estuaries and Coasts》1996,19(4):814-823
We compiled information about the distribution of exotic organisms in the fresh waters of the Hudson River basin. At least 113 nonindigenous species of vertebrates, vascular plants, and large invertebrates have established populations in the basin. Too little was known about the past or present distributions of algae and most small invertebrates to identify exotic species in these groups. Most established exotic species in the Hudson River basin originated from Eurasia or the Mississippi-Great Lakes basins, and were associated with vectors such as unintentional, releases (especially escapes from cultivation), shipping activities (especially, solid ballast or ballast water), canals, or intentional releases. Rates of species invasions of fresh and oligohaline waters in the basin have been high (ca. one new species per year) since about 1840. For many well-studied groups, introduced species constitute 4% to nearly 60% of the species now in the basin. Although the ecological impacts of the invaders in the Hudson River basin have not been well studied, we believe that about 10% of the exotic species, have had major ecological impacts in the basin. Since, the rates, of entry and composition of exotic species in the Hudson basin are similar to those observed., previously for the Laurentian Great Lakes, invasions tended to occur earlier in the Hudson basin, probably reflecting the earlier history of human commerce. While most exotics have had negative impacts on local flora and fauna, some fish species have provided unique angling opportunities and important economic benefits. 相似文献
4.
We sampled nekton (fishes and decapod crustaceans) in submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) (Potanogeton nodosus, Najas guadalupensis), in emergent marsh vegetation (Sagittaria spp. andScirpus americanus), and over unvegetated bottom associated with three islands in the Atchafalaya River Delta, Louisiana. The purpose of our study was to quantify nekton densities in these major aquatic habitat types and to document the relative importance of these areas to numerically dominant aquatic organisms. We collected a total of 33 species of fishes and 7 species of crustaceans in 298 1-m2 throw trap samples taken over three seasons: summer (July and August 1994), fall (September and October 1994), and spring (May and June 1995). Fishes numerically accounted for >65% of the total organisms collected. Vegetated areas generally supported much higher nekton densities than unvegetated sites, although bay anchoviesAnchoa mitchilli were more abundant over unvegetated bottom than in most vegetated habitat types. Among vegetation types, most species showed no apparent preference between SAV and marsh. However, inland silversidesMenidia beryllina and freshwater gobiesGobionellus shufeldti were most abundant inScirpus marsh in summer, and blue crabsCallinectes sapidus were most abundant in SAV (Potamogeton) in spring. Several species (sheepshead minnowCyprinodon variegatus, rainwater killifishLucania parva, and blue crab) apparently selected the vegetated backmarsh of islands (opposite of riverside) over stream-sideScirpus marsh. Freshwater gobies, in contrast, were most abundant in streamsideScirpus marsh. Densities of juvenile blue crabs were high (up to 17 m−2) in vegetated delta habitat types and comparable to values reported from more saline regions of Gulf Coast estuaries. Shallow vegetated habitat types of the Atchafalaya River Delta and other tidal freshwater systems of the Gulf Coast may be important nursery areas for blue crabs and other estuarine species. 相似文献
5.
Henrique Nogueira Cabral 《Estuaries and Coasts》2000,23(3):351-358
The flatfish community of the Sado estuary was studied based on beam trawl catches in six sampling areas. Temperature and salinity were recorded during surveys and sediment composition was determined at each sampling area. A total of 12 species were identified (1 Bothidae, 1 Pleuronectidae, and 10 Soleidae).Dicologoglossa hexophthalma (Bennett 1831),Microchirus ocellatus (Linnaeus 1758), andSynaptura lusitanica (Capello 1868) were new records to this estuarine system.Monochirus hispidus Rafinesque, 1814, was the most abundant species (about 80% of the total individuals caught). Community structure reflected both spatial and temporal patterns. A longitudinal abundance pattern was noticed with some species much more abundant in outer estuarine areas, namelyM. hispidus, Arnoglossus laterna (Walbaum 1792), andBuglossidium luteum (Risso 1810), while others, such asSolea solea (Linnaeus 1758) andSolea senegalensis Kaup, 1858, presented the highest densities in inner areas. Besides temperature and salinity gradients, species distribution was also influenced by sediment composition. Seasonal variation was mainly determined by the different periods of juvenile peak abundance according to the species which emphasize the role of the estuary as a nursery ground for several flatfish species. 相似文献
6.
We focus on the question of whether high phytoplankton production events observed in a United States Pacific Northwest estuary consist of estuarine species blooms fueled by oceanic nutrient input or reflect offshore oceanic blooms that have advected into the estuary. Our approach is to use certain phytoplankton species as indicators associated with water mass origin, either estuarine or oceanic, to help resolve this question in Willapa Bay, Washington. We used species analysis and primary production data from 10 selected dates in May–September of 1998 and 1999, representing periods of high through low productivity. Out of 108 phytoplankton species identified from Willapa Bay, nine were selected and tested as indicators of oceanic species, six as estuarine, and two as surf zone. Our test results demonstrated the oceanic and estuarine species to be satifactory indicators of source waters. The prevalence of these species indicators in our samples revealed that the highest primary production and the appearance ofPseudo-nitzschia spp. were associated with oceanic intrusions of phytoplankton biomass into Willapa Bay. While the largest blooms were oceanic in origin, numerous medium-sized production events were from either oceanic, surf zone, or estuarine sources, indicating a complex situation. 相似文献
7.
珠江中下游颗粒有机质的碳氮℃稳定同位素、氨基酸和木质素组成及其地球化学意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从东江到珠江口采集了悬浮颗粒物,通过测定总有机质的元素（TOC、TN）、同位素（δ13C、δ15N）组成以及生物标志物（氨基酸、木质素）等地球化学性质,来揭示颗粒有机质的来源和组成。结果表明,浮游生物（13%-52%）和土壤（45%-77%）是珠江颗粒有机质的主要来源,植物（0%-11%）对颗粒物的贡献较小。颗粒有机质含有高比例的氨基酸碳（TAAC）,说明浮游生物对颗粒物的重要性。氨基酸的降解指数（DI）在-0.51到0.79之间,说明这些水生来源有机质的降解程度比较小。木质素的降解参数（Ad/Al、3,5-BD/V）较大,表明珠江颗粒有机碳的陆源来源主要是土壤。在颗粒物中检测到了少量的二氨基庚二酸（Dapa）,说明细菌对颗粒有机碳也有所贡献。不同环境中颗粒物的木质素组成主要与颗粒物丰度和粒径有关：（1）相对于河流,水库颗粒物中的木质素含量显著偏低,降解程度更高;（2）相对于中游,下游颗粒物丰度较高,木质素含量较高。 相似文献
8.
To gain insight into the importance of the benthos in carbon and nutrient budgets of Boston Harbor and surrounding bays, we measured sediment-water exchanges of oxygen, total carbon dioxide (DIC), nitrogen (ammonium, nitrate+nitrite, urea, N2O), silicate, and phosphorus at several stations in different sedimentary environments just prior to and subsequent to cessation of sewage sludge disposal in the harbor. The ratio of the average annual DIC release to O2 uptake at three primary stations ranged from 0.84 to 1.99. Annual average DIC:DIN flux ratios were consistently greater than predicted from the Redfield ratio, suggesting substantial losses of mineralized N. The pattern was less clear for P: some stations showed evidence that the sediments were a sink for P while others appeared to be a net source to the water column over the study period. In general, temporal and spatial patterns of respiration, nutrient fluxes, and flux ratios were not consistently related to measures of sediment oxidation-reduction status such as Eh or dissolved sulfide. Sediments from Boston Harbor metabolize a relatively high percentage (46%) of the organic matter inputs from phytoplankton production and allochthonous inputs when compared to most estuarine systems. Nutrient regeneration from the benthos is equivalent to 40% of the N, 29% of the P, and more than 60% of the Si demand of the phytoplankton. However, the role of the benthos in supporting primary production at the present time may be minor as nutrient inputs from sewage and other sources exceed benthic fluxes of N and P by 10-fold and Si by 4-fold. Our estimates of denitrification from DIC:DIN fluxes suggests that about 45% of the N mineralized in the sediments is denitrified, which accounts for about 17% of the N inputs from land. 相似文献
9.
Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) communities have undergone declines worldwide, exposing them to invasions from non-native
species. Over the past decade, the invasive species Hydrilla verticillata has been documented in several tributaries of the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. We used annual aerial mapping surveys from
1998 to 2007, integrated with spatial analyses of water quality data, to analyze the patterns and rates of change of a H. verticillata-dominated SAV community and relate them to varying salinity and light conditions. Periods of declining SAV coverage corresponded
to periods where salinities exceeded 7 and early growing season (April to May) Secchi depths were <0.4 m. Increases were driven
by the expansion of H. verticillata along with several other species into the upper estuary, where some areas experienced an 80% increase in cover. Field investigations
revealed H. verticillata dominance to be limited to the upper estuary where total suspended solid concentrations during the early growing season were
<15 mg l−1 and salinity remained <3. The effect of poor early growing season water clarity on annual SAV growth highlights the importance
of water quality during this critical life stage. Periods of low clarity combined with periodic salinity intrusions may limit
the dominance of H. verticillata in these types of estuarine systems. This study shows the importance of the use of these types of biologically relevant episodic
events to supplement seasonal habitat requirements and also provides evidence for the potential important role of invasive
species in SAV community recovery. 相似文献
10.
The photosynthetic conversion of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into organic carbon (OC) by using aquatic phototrophs in rivers may serve as a potential carbon sink, especially in the carbonate rock areas, thereby offering a clue for finding the missing carbon sink. However, primary-produced autochthonous OC is erroneously considered as terrestrial-derived allochthonous OC. Thus, carbonate weathering-related carbon sink is underestimated if only DIC concentrations sampled at river mouths are considered, and the transformation of DIC to autochthonous OC is neglected. Therefore, distinguishing sources of autochthonous and allochthonous OC is vital in the assessment of carbon sink. In this study, source-specific biomarkers, in association with chemical compositions and phytoplankton proxies in water samples collected from the Pearl River, were analyzed to determine OC sources. Results showed that biomarkers in the Pearl River were quite abundant, and the calculated average autochthonous OC was approximately 65% of the total OC, indicating intense in-river primary productivity. Moreover, phytoplankton biomass and DIC concentration were positively related, indicating the DIC fertilization effect on aquatic photosynthesis. High total suspended solid (TSS) on the water surface blocked the sunlight and then reduced phytoplankton production. However, in situ photosynthesis of phytoplankton could also produce autochthonous OC, even larger than the allochthonous source at sites with high DIC, and even with higher TSS concentrations. These findings comprehensively elucidated the formation of autochthonous OC based on the coupling action of rock weathering and photosynthetic activity in the riverine system, suggesting a potential direction for finding the missing carbon sink. 相似文献
11.
Analysis of sediment and aquatic vegetation samples collected along the Onkaparinga estuary, South Australia, revealed the distribution patterns of benthic and epi-benthic micro-organisms, specifically foraminifera and ostracods. The total assemblage provided an assemblage ‘snap shot,’ contemporaneous with the environmental conditions at the time of sampling, as well as seasonally and time-averaged distribution information. Species richness is low in the upper reaches of the estuary and favours species with a wide salinity tolerance. Observed species richness increases seawards. Species richness and abundance within species is greater where there is conspicuous aquatic vegetation. Thus, species richness and distribution appear to be related to the proximity to the sea and the provision of diverse habitable substrate. Foraminiferal species, Ammonia beccarii and Elphidium excavatum, and ostracods belonging to the genera Paracypria, Xestolebris and Leptocythere dominate the total assemblage. These species are characteristic of euryhaline conditions. The mutual maximum occurrences of Reophax barwonensis, Ammobaculites barwonensis and Trochammina inflata signify mid-estuarine conditions. In the lower regions of the estuary, the appearance of shallow marine species of foraminifera such as Elphidium crispum and Quinqueloculina poeyana, and ostracods Bairdoppilata sp., Hemicytherura spp. and Paranesidea spp. signifies interactions with the adjacent inner shelf coastal waters. Throughout the entire length of the estuary, the presence of vegetal substrate created a strong numerical bias towards live occurrences of the ostracods Paracypria sp. and Xestolebris cedunaensis. These species are potentially useful as proxies for paleoenvironmental interpretations of estuarine sediments. 相似文献
12.
The northern pipefish,Syngnathus fuscus, is an abundant component of estuarine faunas along the east coast of the United States, yet little is known of its life history. Northern pipefish were collected from several areas in southern New Jersey, particularly the Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuarine system, to determine aspects of its reproduction and to estimate its age and growth. A monthly gonadosomatic index for both males and females indicated a spring through summer spawning period, with a peak in reproductive activity during June. A male brood pouch-somatic index indicated a prolonged male brooding period over spring through summer, with a peak in June. The size of males with broods ranged from 119–222 mm total length (TL), and the number of eggs within a brood varied from 45 to 1380. Individual embryos within a brood were identical in development stage, suggesting each brood resulted from a single mating. Young-of-the-year occurred in samples from May through November, with peak abundance in June. Individuals in this year class were extremely variable in size by the end of the first growing season, varying from 5 mm TL to 200 mm TL in November. At approximately 1 yr of age, individuals were 70–220 mm TL and many were of sufficient size to reproduce, indicating that the events of the first year of life for this species are of central importance to an understanding of its population dynamics. 相似文献
13.
Comparison of the relative abundance of fish species from different life-history groups and their temporal patterns of estuarine habitat use from two estuaries north and south of Cape Cod indicates that the Cape acts as a zoogeographic boundary. Between April 1988 and December 1989, monthly seine and trawl samples were collected from nearshore, shallow-water marsh, and beach and deeper open-water habitats in Wells Harbor, Maine, and Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Forty-eight species and 80,341 individuals were collected from Waquoit Bay compared to 24 species and 22,561 individuals from Wells Harbor. Waquoit Bay had proportionally fewer resident species and more marine, nursery, and occasional species than Wells Harbor. Annual density and biomass values were greater across all habitats in Waquoit Bay, with the summer values from the marsh habitat an order of magnitude higher than comparable summer data from the Wells habitats. We suggest that marsh and beach habitats provide a nursery area for young-of-the-year fishes, while deeper, open-water habitats serve as a corridor for fishes moving to nearshore habitats or serve as a refuge during low tide. 相似文献
14.
In this study we compare the foraminifera of modern South San Francisco Bay with fossils from sediments of a previous estuary at 125 ka to provide a basis for interpreting the impact of natural and human change on the benthic ecosystem. All the species found in the Pleistocene sediments of this study are estuarine and/or shallow-water species occurring commonly in San Francisco Bay today, except for the introduced foraminifer Trochammina hadai, a native of Japan that was not found in samples taken in San Francisco Bay before 1983. The biodiversity and species composition of the fossil and modern assemblages before the introduction of T. hadai are nearly identical, suggesting that the environmental and physical changes in the 125,000-year-old and modern estuaries have not had a significant effect on the meiofauna of the Bay. In contrast, modern anthropogenic change in the form of species introductions has impacted the modern foraminiferal assemblage: T. hadai began to dominate the modern assemblage a decade after its introduction. Similar to the recorded impacts of introductions of marine metazoan invertebrate species, the dominance of T. hadai changed species proportions in the post-1980s foraminiferal assemblage, however no known extinctions in the native foraminiferal fauna occurred. 相似文献
15.
Ronald M. Thom 《Estuaries and Coasts》1984,7(1):51-60
Twenty-nine taxa of macroalgae were collected from the Grays Harbor Estuary, Washington, from 17 April 1980 to 4 June 1981. Outer (oceanic) sites contained higher numbers of species than sites located in the inner portion of the estuary. Macroalgae were found in several habitats including attached to boulders, logs, tree roots, other algae, and angiosperms, as mats in sand, and drift.Fucus distichus ssp.edentatus andEnteromorpha intestinalis occurred at the greatest number of sites and were found throughout the year. The standing stock of the perennialFucus remained relatively consant, while that of anE. intestinalis andBlidingia minima var.subsalsa complex showed a significant peak between late spring and early summer as well as a winter minimum. The occurrence of most other taxa was highly seasonal. Net productivity rates for the most abundant macroalgal taxa were moderate to high relative to rates published for algae in other North American estuaries. It is concluded that, although inconspicuous, macroalgae may represent an important contributor of organic carbon to the Grays Harbor estuarine system. 相似文献
16.
珠江口盆地早第三纪油源岩形成环境 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
记述了南海北部大陆架珠江口盆地上渐新统珠海组 (E3 3 )储油层所储原油中萃取出的孢子花粉化石 2 5属47种;基于原油中孢粉化石及其地层分布的研究确定了该含油盆地下第三系油源岩;并根据孢子花粉母体植物的古生态特征探讨了早第三纪油源岩形成的环境。研究结果表明,中始新统文昌组 (E2 2 )和上始新统至中渐新统恩平组(E2 3 -E3 2 )暗色泥质岩是珠江口盆地的油源岩,研究区油源岩形成于亚热带温暖潮湿气候下的湖泊沉积环境。 相似文献
17.
The Acrochordidae consists of three congeneric species of aquatic snakes distributed among fresh water and coastal marine environments in tropical southern Asia. The smallest species,Acrochordus granulatus, is euryhaline and the only acrochordid that permanently inhabits coastal seas and estuaries. The diving and metabolic physiology of this species is highly specialized and reflects the demands of estuarine environments. A capability for prolonged aerobic diving is attributable to low rates of oxygen consumption, high capacity for oxygen storage, nearly complete utilization of the oxygen stores, and cutaneous gas exchange. Recent studies indicate thatA. granulatus is primarily ammonotelic and requires a source of fresh water for elimination of nitrogenous wastes. The requirement for fresh water potentially limits seaward migration of populations due to the dependence of snakes on rivers or coastal rainfall. Adaptations for shallow-water diving conceivably further limit seaward migration, with the result that they have evolved as estuarine specialists that are restricted from deeper waters and the open ocean. 相似文献
18.
19.
Reproductive aspects of life history are known to be important in recovery following disturbance in many plant species although
this has not been well studied in mangroves. Hurricane Charley devastated large areas of mangroves in Charlotte Harbor, Florida,
in August 2004. We surveyed 6 forests in Charlotte Harbor (2002, 2003, and 2005) and 16 in Tampa Bay, Florida (2001, 2002,
2003, and 2005) for total numbers of reproducing trees and trees heterozygotic for albinism that produce both normal and albino
propagules. Tree size (estimated height and diameter at breast height) was also recorded for sentinel heterozygotic trees.
Total number of reproducing trees km−1 was used as an index of reproductive output of the population, and deviation from the 3∶1 (normal:albino propagules) ratio
on heterozygotic trees expected with 100% selfing was used to estimate outcrossing. Numbers ofRhizophora mangle reproducing trees km−1 of shoreline in Charlotte Harbor were reduced by an order of magnitude following Hurricane Charley, while numbers of reproducing
trees in Tampa Bay were similar to those of previous years. Reduced reproduction in Charlotte Harbor was accompanied by fewer
new recruits in plots on Sanibel and Captiva Islands. Numbers of new recruits after the storm also tended to be fewer in plots
where canopy loss was greater. More new recruits occurred in sites that had higher densities of pre-stormRhizophora seedlings and greater relative dominance byRhizophora. Outcrossing of sentinel trees was 2.5 times greater, in Charlotte Harbor (mean site−1=33.6±6.7%; with 17% of forest sites completely selfing) than in Tampa Bay (mean site−1=13.4±4.7%; with 40% of sites completely selfing), although the implications for seedling recruitment of this difference are
not known. 相似文献
20.
D. D. Huff 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(11):1275-1285
Data from a radioactive waste disposal area at Oak Ridge National Laboratory suggest that releases depend on site hydrology
and waste containment. Loss of packaging integrity has apparently caused episodic increases in 90Sr source strength, followed by gradual reduction as runoff carries contaminants away. Most flow and transport occurs during
January–April storms in response to site hydrology. Diversion of runoff from undisturbed areas upstream of the waste site
(1983) reduced flow through the site by more than 65% and annual 90Sr release by more than 45%. However, between 1983 and 1994, increases in 90Sr source strength have partially offset the diversion effectiveness. Selective source control in 1996 further reduced annual
90Sr releases by more than 30% in the first two years, compared with pre-treatment conditions. The effectiveness of the grouting
treatment should increase over the next 5–10 years, if new 90Sr sources are insignificant.
Received: 26 July 1999 · Accepted: 7 September 1999 相似文献