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1.
Bivariate drought frequency analysis using the copula method 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
Rasoul Mirabbasi Ahmad Fakheri-Fard Yagob Dinpashoh 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,108(1-2):191-206
Droughts are major natural hazards with significant environmental and economic impacts. In this study, two-dimensional copulas were applied to the analysis of the meteorological drought characteristics of the Sharafkhaneh gauge station, located in the northwest of Iran. Two major drought characteristics, duration and severity, as defined by the standardized precipitation index, were abstracted from observed drought events. Since drought duration and severity exhibited a significant correlation and since they were modeled using different distributions, copulas were used to construct the joint distribution function of the drought characteristics. The parameter of copulas was estimated using the method of the Inference Function for Margins. Several copulas were tested in order to determine the best data fit. According to the error analysis and the tail dependence coefficient, the Galambos copula provided the best fit for the observed drought data. Some bivariate probabilistic properties of droughts, based on the derived copula-based joint distribution, were also investigated. These probabilistic properties can provide useful information for water resource planning and management. 相似文献
2.
Probabilistic assessment of flood risks using trivariate copulas 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
In this paper, a copula-based methodology is presented for probabilistic assessment of flood risks and investigated the performance of trivariate copulas in modeling dependence structure of flood properties. The flood is a multi-attribute natural hazard and is characterized by mutually correlated flood properties peak flow, volume, and duration of flood hydrograph. For assessing flood risk, many studies have used bivariate analysis, but a more effective assessment can be possible considering all three mutually correlated flood properties simultaneously. This study adopts trivariate copulas for multivariate analysis of flood risks, and applied to a case study of flood flows of Delaware River basin at Port Jervis, NY, USA. On evaluation of various probability distributions for representation of flood variables, it is found that the flood peak flow and volumes can be best represented by Fréchet distribution, whereas flood duration by log-normal distribution. The joint distribution is modeled using four trivariate copulas, namely, three fully nested form of Archimedean copulas: Clayton, Gumbel–Hougaard, Frank copulas; and one elliptical copula: Student’s t copula. Based on distance-based performance measures, graphical tests, and tail-dependence measures, it is found that the Student’s t copula best representing the trivariate dependence structure of flood properties as compared to the other copulas. Similar results are found for bivariate copula modeling of flood variables pairs, where Student’s t copula performed better than the other copulas. The obtained copula-based joint distributions are used for multivariate analysis of flood risks, in terms of primary and secondary return periods. The resultant trivariate return periods are compared with univariate and bivariate return periods, and addressed the necessity of multivariate flood risk analysis. The study concludes that the trivariate copula-based methodology is a viable choice for effective risk assessment of floods. 相似文献
3.
Probabilistic characterization of hydrological droughts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
It is proposed to use the joint distribution of probabilities of minimum water discharges and the river runoff depth to characterize the severity and danger of durable low-flow periods. The copula theory is used to construct this distribution that enables to take account of differences in the types of one-dimensional probability distributions of initial variables and of the correlation between them. The studies were carried out for the vegetation periods using the data of the runoff depth measurements in Georghiu-Dej on the Don River in 1895–1980 and in Kirov on the Vyatka River in 1878–1980. The selection of copulas was based on comparing empirical and theoretical joint distributions of low-flow characteristics. It is demonstrated that the best results for the approximation of the joint probability distribution of low-flow characteristics are obtained from the Frank copula. Plotted are the dependences of low-flow frequency on the specified values of corresponding minimum water discharges and the river runoff depth during vegetation periods. Estimated are the probability and frequency of some most severe lowflow periods observed on the Don and Vyatka rivers. 相似文献
4.
Considered is the possibility of using copula theory for creating joint probability distributions of springflood peak discharges and flow volumes taking account of the relations between discharges and flow volumes. For approximation of marginal distributions, Gumbel distribution was used for peak discharges, and two-parameter gamma distribution, for flow volumes. Joint two-dimensional distribution was built as a marginal distribution function which was set as one of the three one-parameter Archimedean copulas using different ways of determining their parameters. The best results were obtained for Gumbel-Hougaard copula using the method of maximum likelihood to determine its parameters. Major flood risk estimates determined from one- and two-dimensional probability distributions of their characteristics were compared with each other. Demonstrated are the benefits of using two-dimensional probability distributions of flood characteristics as compared with one-dimensional distributions for probabilistic estimation of floods. The data on springflood peak discharges and flow volumes in the Belaya and Vyatka rivers were used for this study. 相似文献
5.
Qiang Zhang Mingzhong Xiao Vijay P. Singh Xiaohong Chen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,111(1-2):119-131
Daily precipitation data for the period of 1960–2005 from 42 precipitation gauging stations in the Pearl River basin were analyzed using the Mann–Kendall trend test and copula functions. The standardized precipitation index method was used to define drought episodes. Primary and secondary return periods were also analyzed to evaluate drought risks in the Pearl River basin as a whole. Results indicated that: (1) in general, the drought tendency was not significant at a 95 % confidence level. However, significant drought trends could be found in November, December, and January and significant wetting trends in June and July. The drought severity and drought durations were not significant at most of the precipitation stations across the Pearl River basin; (2) in terms of drought risk, higher drought risk could be observed in the lower Pearl River basin and lower drought risk in the upper Pearl River basin. Higher risk of droughts of longer durations was always corresponding to the higher risk of droughts with higher drought severity, which poses an increasing challenge for drought management and water resources management. When drought episodes with higher drought severity occurred in the Pearl River basin, the regions covered by higher risk of drought events were larger, which may challenge the water supply in the lower Pearl River basin. As for secondary return periods, results of this study indicated that secondary return periods might provide a more robust evaluation of drought risk. This study should be of merit for water resources management in the Pearl River basin, particularly the lower Pearl River basin, and can also act as a case study for determining regional response to drought changes as a result of global climate changes. 相似文献
6.
提出了一种客观的、最优化的暴雨强度公式参数估算方法:先将公式线性化, 确定出未知参数b, C取值范围, 给定一个b值 (分公式)、b, C组合 (总公式), 再对雨强-历时-重现期 (i-t-T) 三联表数据进行最小二乘法拟合可得到参数A, n, 以总误差最小为控制条件, 理论上可得到最优的一组参数估算值。并以深圳、武汉两市为例, 进行暴雨强度公式参数估算, 精度高于国家标准要求, 且明显优于对比方法。该法已被编制成计算机软件, 只要输入原始资料就可以很快输出结果, 包括曲线型估计、参数估算、误差分析、图表, 使用极其方便, 可向全国各地推广应用。 相似文献
7.
利用MODIS资料监测和预警干旱新方法 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
为了提高遥感监测土壤水分和干旱的技术水平,在对常用遥感监测土壤水分和干旱方法进行评价的基础上,根据土壤热力学理论,提出了利用EOS/MODIS资料遥感监测农业干旱的新方法———能量指数模式。实际监测应用结果表明,能量指数模式更适合农作物土壤水分和干旱的监测,监测效果明显优于已经业务化的其它模式。农作物生长季节干旱的预警应当在土壤水分遥感监测的基础上,考虑未来预警期内的预报降水量和最高气温,并且把这个预报降水量和最高气温定量转化为土壤水分订正值,按照当地的标准划分成干旱预警等级。 相似文献
8.
B. W. Boville 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):4-9
Abstract Five different methods for presenting raindrop size data graphically are discussed. The various methods were developed to help determine the form and estimate the parameters of the drop size distribution functions, even for small sample sizes with the associated problems of size classification and sampling variability. Each method provides a different view of the drop size distribution and each has certain advantages. Plots of cumulative number or mass concentrations with size are the most useful in determining the form and estimating the parameters of the size distribution functions. Those plots are also helpful in examining the question of possible truncation of the distributions at some maximum size. 相似文献
9.
Analysis of drought condition and risk in Peninsular Malaysia using Standardised Precipitation Index 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Wan Zawiah Wan Zin Abdul Aziz Jemain Kamarulzaman Ibrahim 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,111(3-4):559-568
Contrary to the belief that Peninsular Malaysia experiences wet condition throughout the year, prolonged dry condition has lately become a recurrent phenomenon in this region. As a result, country's agricultural sector and water resources have been under severe constraints from this situation. To get a clearer picture of the dry condition in Peninsular Malaysia, the Standardised Precipitation Index, based on the data of monthly rainfall from 50 stations, is derived. Spatial analysis is used to illustrate the percentage of occurrences of dry and very dry events. To evaluate the potential risk due to the dry conditions, we modelled the joint distribution of severity and duration of dry condition by means of bivariate copula. Several copula models were tested, and the model, which best represents the relationship between severity and duration, is determined using Akaike information criterion. Based on the results, the return period for the drought severity, based on the longest duration of drought at each station, can be estimated. This enables the drought risk to be calculated, thus planning on the measures to minimise the impact of a prolonged drought to the societies, which can be done by the relevant authorities. 相似文献
10.
Z. Şen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1998,61(3-4):197-206
Summary Meteorological and hydrological drought occurrences along time and space take place randomly and therefore their scientific
quantifications are possible by the probabilistic methods. Herein drought occurrences are assumed to have spatial and temporal
stationarity with underlying independent generating mechanism. The drought stricken area is considered as composed of mutually
exclusive and collectively exhaustive subareas each with different probability of drought occurrence. Two types of spatio-temporal
drought formulations are presented. The first is referred to as the regional persistence model and it assumes that if any subarea is stricken by drougth it will remain to stay in this state till the whole area
is covered by drought. The second alternative is multi-seasonal model and it is based on the assumption that drought stricken area might recover and have wet period during the course of
time. The necessary theoretical probability distribution functions for partially drought stricken areas are derived based
on the Bernoulli trials both along time and space axis. The expectation and variance parameters are derived based on the percentage
of drought stricken area and the basic wet and dry spell probabilities. Necessary charts for practical purposes are prepared
and interpretations are given.
Received January 23, 1998 Revised June 30, 1998 相似文献
11.
12.
提出了有着广泛应用的混合线性模型中参数估计的一种新方法,称层三角变换估计。将该变换用于检验和估计中,将产生一束套用于全面分析混合线模型的计算过程,这些过程在计算是稳定的,而且节省空间。 相似文献
13.
A set of improved and efficient radiation parameterization schemes for surface radiation balance components under clear- sky conditions was developed by using general surface measurements and MODIS data. The set of schemes was then adapted for regions similar to the present study sites under different grazing intensities and varying degrees of drought in the semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Specifically, we mainly improved two schemes for estimating downward shortwave and longwave radiation at the surface, which could be applied to regions with certain degrees of drought. The validation datasets were from ground-based observations at various grazing sites during the growing season （May to September） of different drought years, 2005 and 2006. Through comparisons of parameterized versus measured radiation values, the increased or modified factors in the original schemes demonstrated improved estimation accuracy, and the rationalities of input parameters and variables were analyzed. The regional instantaneous net radiation estimations had root-mean-square errors of less than 30 W m-2 compared with ground measurements at the sites during the study period. The statistical results showed the improved schemes are suitable for estimating surface net radiation in regional semiarid areas during the growing season. Analyses of the sensitivity of the schemes to corresponding variables were conducted to ascertain the major error sources of the schemes and potential variables for improving the performance of the schemes in agreement with observations. 相似文献
14.
讨论了二参数Gamma概率分布参数的估计方法，并对Thom极大似然估计方法进行了改进，提出了修正方案。 相似文献
15.
干旱遥感监测方法研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对国内外学者在干旱遥感监测方面所做的工作进行了总结。根据选取资料的不同,将国外进行干旱遥感监测的情况归纳为5类,分别介绍了主要方法及其进展。同时,对国内开展干旱遥感监测的情况从空间尺度、时间尺度、监测手段、监测方法等4个方面进行了分析,并讨论了干旱遥感监测在实际应用中存在的问题。 相似文献
16.
The study makes a probabilistic assessment of drought risks due to climate change over the southeast USA based on 15 Global Circulation Model (GCM) simulations and two emission scenarios. The effects of climate change on drought characteristics such as drought intensity, frequency, areal extent, and duration are investigated using the seasonal and continuous standard precipitation index (SPI) and the standard evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The GCM data are divided into four time periods namely Historical (1961–1990), Near (2010–2039), Mid (2040–2069), and Late (2070–2099), and significant differences between historical and future time periods are quantified using the mapping model agreement technique. Further, the kernel density estimation approach is used to derive a novel probability-based severity-area-frequency (PBS) curve for the study domain. Analysis suggests that future increases in temperature and evapotranspiration will outstrip increases in precipitation and significantly affect future droughts over the study domain. Seasonal drought analysis suggest that the summer season will be impacted the most based on SPI and SPEI. Projections based on SPI follow precipitation patterns and fewer GCMs agree on SPI and the direction of change compared to the SPEI. Long-term and extreme drought events are projected to be affected more than short-term and moderate ones. Based on an analysis of PBS curves, especially based on SPEI, droughts are projected to become more severe in the future. The development of PBS curves is a novel feature in this study and will provide policymakers with important tools for analyzing future drought risks, vulnerabilities and help build drought resilience. The PBS curves can be replicated for studies around the world for drought assessment under climate change. 相似文献
17.
基于逐日气象干旱指数,构建了可以反映某一时段内气象旱涝强度的标准化阶段气象旱涝强度指数 (staged meteorological drought intensity index, ISD) 和阶段气象旱涝时间分布状态的标准化阶段气象旱涝空间分布差异指数 (staged meteorological drought discrepancy index, ISDD)。以构建昆明月尺度的ISD和ISDD为例说明了阶段气象旱涝指数的构建方法,通过对不同时段降水距平百分率、ISD, ISDD和标准降水指数 (standardized precipitation index, ISP) 的对比分析,结合降水及逐日气象干旱指数 (multi-scale standardized precipitation index, IMSP) 的演变,验证了ISD和ISDD的有效性。对于任一站点的不同时间尺度,两个指数可以在日尺度到年尺度乃至更大的时间尺度上进行计算,通过Boltzmann函数来构建ISD和ISDD的方法具有很好的拓展应用性,其他气象干旱指数也可以采用该方法来构建阶段干旱指数。 相似文献
18.
Estimating the Random Error in Eddy-Covariance Based Fluxes and Other Turbulence Statistics: The Filtering Method 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A spatially local decomposition of turbulent fluxes based on properties of spatial filters is used to develop a new method of estimating random error in turbulent moments of any order. The proposed error estimation method does not require an estimate of the integral time scale, which can be highly sensitive to the method used to calculate it. The error estimation method is validated using synthetic flux data with a known ensemble mean and intercompared with existing methods using data from the Advection Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (AHATS). Typical errors for a 27.3-min block of data collected at a height of 8 m are found to be approximately 10% for the heat flux and 7–15% for variances. The error in the momentum flux increases rapidly with increasing atmospheric instability, reaching values of 40% or greater for unstable conditions. A new method based on filtering is also proposed to estimate integral time scales of turbulent quantities. 相似文献
19.
利用1964—2008年辽宁51站降水量资料,采用Z指数和区域旱涝HL指数分析了全区近45a旱涝变化。结果表明：近45a辽西、辽北以及辽东南地区单站旱涝发生频率均明显高于辽中、辽东地区;区域性洪涝指数逐渐减小,区域性干旱指数逐步增大。对辽宁51站Z指数进行了EOF和REOF分析,可知辽宁旱涝的空间分布特征除受大尺度天气系统所带来的降水量变化影响外,同时还受地理位置、海陆分布等多种因子影响。通过REOF方法可将全区分为4个区域,即Ⅰ辽西地区,Ⅱ辽北、辽西北地区,Ⅲ辽中、辽东地区和Ⅳ辽东南地区。 相似文献
20.
近年来,随着集合预报的广泛应用,大量新颖的集合预报统计学后处理方法层出不穷,因此有必要对其进行系统地回顾。首先,对单变量集合预报统计后处理方法进行分类介绍,包括基于特定数学分布的参数化方法:逻辑回归、非均匀回归、贝叶斯模型平均、集合敷料法,以及灵活的非参数化方法:排序直方图订正、可靠性曲线订正、衰减平均偏差订正、分位数映射、分位数回归、概率匹配、频率匹配、最优百分位、最优评分法、逐成员订正、相似法、邻域法、基于对象的概率预报方法和虚拟降水法。其次,拓展到须考虑变量依赖性结构的多变量集合预报统计后处理方法,包括参数化的连接方法,以及非参数化的集合连接耦合和Schaake洗牌法。再次,介绍多模式集合和机器学习方法。最后,总结并讨论了常用的集合预报统计后处理方法使用中需要注意的问题。 相似文献