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1.
Erik W. Grafarend 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2012,169(8):1457-1462
Based on the Stein formulation of changes of curvature parameters, we describe the changes of Riemann two-dimensional manifolds of surface geometries. The three-dimensional left and right Euclidean manifolds with the curvature parameters “geodetic curvature, normal curvature, geodetic torsion” characterize the embedding “Riemann to Euclid” or 2d into 3d. The variation in time of the Euler-Lagrange deformation tensor of the second kind, in short “curvature variation” is studied. 相似文献
2.
本文利用热导率、热容、热膨胀系数等参数随温度变化的经验表达式,在板块模型的基础上用隐式有限差分方法解非线性热传导方程,并利用北太平洋和北大西洋海底年龄与水深数据反演了大洋岩石圈厚度与底界温度等参数,结果表明大洋岩石圈的厚度在105 km左右,岩石圈底界温度在1450℃左右,这与Stein等用全球大量数据反演的结果一致.将变参数模型用到岩石圈拉张成盆的模拟中,结果表明当考虑岩石圈热参数随温度变化之后,预测的地表热沉降要大于常参数均匀伸展模型的预测量.由此我们指出：McKenzie的均匀伸展模型预测的初始沉降偏大而热沉降偏小,可能与该模型没有考虑热参数随深度(即温度)变化有关. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACT Flood data were assembled for 168 Scottish basins containing 3071 station-years of record. Multiple regression techniques were used to produce equations for predicting mean annual flood from physiographic and climatological basin characteristics. Mean annual rainfall (SAAR) gave better results than measures of extreme rainfall (M52D and RSMD). Percentage area of lake storage (LOCH) was found to be a better predictor than fraction of the basin draining through a lake (LAKE). Apart from SAAR and LOCH, the recommended equation requires the basin area (AREA), stream frequency (STMFRQ) and an index of the soil type (SOIL). Measures of average basin slope (AVES) and main stream slope (S1085) were not statistically significant. The standard error of the estimate of the predicted mean annual flood is 0.147. The equation has a coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.914 and appears robust over a wide range of basin types without requiring regionally derived multipliers or coefficients. No significant improvement in fit was acheived by ridge regression, Stein estimation or use of the influence function. 相似文献
4.
塔里木西缘明尧勒活动背斜两翼河流阶地面上多处发育活动弯滑断层陡坎。这些断坎主要分布在活动轴面附近较陡的等斜岩层(地层倾角分别为74°~89°、18°~20°和45°~60°)一翼,往往成排发育在距活动轴面50~1 200m范围内,宽90~1 000m,长40~950m,随着离活动轴面的距离加大弯滑断层陡坎规模渐小。同一阶地面上发育的弯滑断层陡坎几乎以等间距或间距倍数关系产出。这些断坎走向与下伏基岩地层走向一致,基岩地层大多为中-厚层块状砂岩或粉砂岩互层,岩层间力学性质差异较小。明尧勒背斜南翼克孜勒苏河北岸T3阶地面废弃以来,单条弯滑断层的地表最大缩短速率为0.31mm/a,地表最大抬升速率为0.34mm/a。这些弯滑断层的活动具有重复性和新生性。 相似文献
5.
Takesi Nagata 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1970,78(1):110-122
Summary The magnetic susceptibility of a rock under a uniaxial compression () decreases along the axis of compression and increases along the direction perpendicular to the axis, with an increase of . Thus, the magnetic susceptibility of a compressed rock becomes anisotropic.The decrease of longitudinal susceptibility,K
(), and the increase of transverse susceptibility,K
(), are theoretically derived from a model of rock which assumes the uniaxial anisotropy and the isotropic magnetostriction of magnetic minerals in rocks and a random orientation of the minerals. Results show thatK
() decreases toward zero whereasK
() increases and approaches a finite asymptotic value with an increase of , and –(/)K
() is twice as large as /K
() for small values of . These results are in good agreement with experimental data.
Zusammenfassung Die magnetische Suszeptibilität eines Steines unter zunehmender uniachsigen Druckspannung () nimmt ab längs der Achse der Druckspannung und nimmt zu längs der Richtung senkrecht der Achse. Somit wird die magnetische Suszeptibilität des gedrückten Steines anisotrop.Die Abnahme der longitudinalen Suszeptibilität,K (), und die Zunahme der transversalen Suszeptibilität,K (), werden theoretisch von einem Modell eines Steines hergeleitet, das die uniachsige Anisotropie, die isotrope Magnetostriktion, und eine nichtbevorzugte Orientierung der magnetischen Minerals im Stein annimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit einer Zunahme des ,K () gegen Null abnimmt, währendK () zunimmt und sich einem begrenzten asymtotitschen Wert nähert und, dass für kleine Werte des , –(/)K () zweimal so gross wie /K () ist. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen gut mit den Versuchangaben überein.相似文献
6.
通过室内动三轴试验,研究了西北地区遗址土体的动本构关系,得到了模型参数,分析了遗址土体的动剪模量比和阻尼比的特性,并通过归一化处理得出模型参数,结果表明:遗址土体符合Hardin-Dinevich双曲线模型,其相关系数均大于0.991 7,模型参数a、b与土样密度不存在相关性;在相同荷载下,密度越大,动应变和动残余应变越小,其中陕西定边陡沟子明长城墙体土承受动荷载能力下降较快,而草滩段秦长城墙体、瞭望台台基处初始弹性模量和初始剪切模量较小,三处土体硬度较小,易于遭受病害侵蚀破坏,需进行重点加固维护;遗址墙体所建窑洞处土体强度和硬度明显大于长城墙体,动弹性模量和动剪切模量约为其墙体2倍。草滩段瞭望台土体强度和硬度明显大于同地区长城墙体;遗址土体的动剪切模量G/G0随着动剪应变γd的增加而减小,且密度越大,衰减速度越快,阻尼比D随着动剪应变γd的增长,呈现先缓慢增加-急剧增加-缓慢增加的过程,且密度越大,阻尼比越大。按建造年代、建造形制和用途划分、所处地区对典型遗址进行动力特性的对比分析,为今后土遗址加固保护提供理论基础和参考依据。 相似文献
7.
防震减灾科普作品的创作与传播是防震减灾宣传工作的基础与核心。随着防震减灾科普作品的增多,一些共性问题凸显出来,地震科普工作者一直在思考和探索解决的措施。以云南省地震局举办的防震减灾科普知识小小讲解员线上比赛为实践案例,分析人民群众在防震减灾科普作品创作中的作用,获得启示：防震减灾科普作品创作要“从群众中来,到群众中去”,动员和依靠人民群众的力量去创作,在人民群众的实践中创作,为了满足人民群众的地震安全需求、筑牢防震减灾的人民防线而创作。 相似文献
8.
塔里木南缘位于塔里木块体同青藏高原碰撞的前缘,是认识青藏高原同周围块体相互作用的重要位置.横波分裂方法可以获得岩石圈及软流圈地幔的介质各向异性特征,进而探讨岩石圈变形和地幔流动.本文利用横波分裂方法对中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所、北京大学和南方科技大学联合布设在塔里木盆地南部的8个宽频带流动地震台站记录的SKS和SKKS震相进行分析,获得了塔里木盆地南部上地幔各向异性参数.分析结果显示,研究区快波偏振方向总体比较一致呈近东西向,但存在盆地边缘到盆地内部变化,而慢波延迟时间分布在0.3~1.5 s,差异较大.综合前人对青藏高原北缘和阿尔金断裂周边的横波分裂研究结果,研究区内大部分地区地幔流动方向和绝对板块运动方向保持一致,推测青藏高原北缘同塔里木盆地接触带,青藏高原北缘软流圈南东东向流动对塔里木块体下方地幔流动造成扰动,随着深入到塔里木块体内部,干扰越来越弱;同时青藏高原北部软流圈物质可能对塔里木盆地岩石圈产生影响,随着地幔软流圈物质持续向北运动逐渐冷却,对盆地内部岩石圈的影响程度减弱. 相似文献
9.
10.
XiaoQiang Li 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2013,56(12):2027-2036
Global climate change and its possible ecological consequences have become the focused issue (IPCC, 2007; Mann et al., 2008; Ding et al., 2009). The Holocene contains the analogous characteristic of future climatic change and the continuous agriculture activity, providing the ideal “similar pattern” for studying the climate change and human adaption and impact in the future. Based on the recent studies of stalagmite, ice core, ocean, and lake etc., the paper introduces the new progress in the Holocene climate and agriculture research in China as follows: (1) Discuss the variability, amplitude, and unstable characteristic of climate, as well as the abrupt events and mechanisms of climate. (2) Analyze the botanical index records for studying the early agriculture. (3) Review the agricultural origin, expanding, and development. (4) Reveal the style and intensity of early agriculture and understand the agricultural impact and adaption to the environmental changes. (5) Introduce ongoing research projects in China and emphasize the significance of increasing the dating precision and the indicative effectiveness of proxies. (6) Realize how the ecosystem and environmental factors respond to the increasing temperature process, understand how the human adapt to the rapid climate change, and provide the scientific basis for assessing the effects of climate change and the human adaption in the future. 相似文献
11.
ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｉｓｋｎｏｗｎｔｈａｔＣｈｉｎａｉｓａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ ｐｒｏｎｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｎｄｉｓａｌｓｏａｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｍｏｓｔｓｅｖｅｒｅｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙｏｃｃｕｐｉｅｓａｂｏｕｔ 1 1 4ｏｆｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｃｏｎｔｉ ｎｅｎｔａｌａｒｅａ ,ｗｈｉｌｅａｂｏｕｔ 1 3ｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌＭ≥ 7.0ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎＣｈ… 相似文献
12.
Silicate melts are very active in the interior of the Earth and other terrestrial planets, and are important carriers for the transport of material and energy. The determination of the equation of state(EOS) for silicate melts and the acquisition of a precise quantitative relationship between molar volume(or density) and temperature, pressure, and composition is essential for simulating the generation, migration, and eruption processes of magmas and the evolution of the magma ocean stage during the early formation of the Earth and other terrestrial planets, for calculating and modeling the phase equilibria involving silicate melts, and for revealing the variation of the microstructure of silicate melts with pressure. However, it is experimentally challenging to determine the volumetric properties of silicate melts and the accumulated density data at high pressure are still very limited due to a series of problems such as: the high liquidus temperature of silicate rocks; proneness for silicate melts to react with sample capsules to change the melt composition; and proneness for melts to flow and leak during the high pressure and high temperature experiments. In recent years, there is rapid progress in the high pressure and high temperature experimental techniques, in terms of not only the extension of temperature and pressure ranges but also the improvement on the accuracy of measurements, and the emergence of new methods for in-situ measurements. Here, we review the widely-used theoretical models of ambient-pressure and high-pressure EOS for silicate melts, and illustrate some problems that need to be solved urgently:(1) the room pressure EOS for iron-and titanium-bearing silicate melts needs to be improved;(2) the partial molar properties of the H2 O and CO2 components in silicate melts containing volatile components may vary markedly with the melt composition, which need to be addressed in high-pressure EOS;(3) how the formulation and applicable range of EOS correspond to changes in melt structure and compression mechanism requires further study. We highlight the basic principle and applicable range of various methods for determining the EOS for silicate melts, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of doublebob Archimedes method, fusion curve analysis, shock compression experiments, sink-float method, X-ray absorption, X-ray diffraction and ultrasonic interferometry. Future trends in this field are to develop experimental techniques for in situ measurements on melt density or sound velocity at high temperature and high pressure and to accumulate more experimental data,and on the other hand, to improve the theoretical models of the EOS for silicate melts by a combination of research on the microstructure and compression mechanisms of silicate melts. 相似文献
13.
14.
ChangSong Lin HaiJun Yang JingYan Liu Li Peng ZhenZhong Cai XiaoFa Yang YongHeng Yang 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2009,52(6):823-834
Inclined eastward and consisting of the Hetianhe, Hetianhedong, Tazhong paleouplifts and Bachu paleoslope, the central paleouplift
belt in the Tarim Basin was a large composite paleouplift and paleoslope belt with complicated palaeogeomorphic features during
the Middle to early Late Ordovician. A number of paleostructural geomorphic elements have been identified in the paleouplift
belt and surrounding areas, such as the high uplift belts, the faulted uplift platforms, the marginal slopes and slope break
zones flanking the paleouplift belt, the surrounding shelf slopes or low relief ramps, the shelf slope break zones and deep
basin plains. They exerted great influence on the development of paleogeography of the basin. The marginal slopes and slope
break zones flanking the uplift belt constrained the formation and deposition of the high-energy facies including reefal and
shoal deposits during the Late Ordovician, which comprise the major reservoirs of the Lower Paleozoic in the basin. Toward
the end of the Ordovician, the Tazhong paleouplift hinged westward and became a westward-dipped nose as the southeastern margin
of the basin was strongly compressed and uplifted. The tectono-paleogeomorphic framework of the central northern basin during
the Early Silurian and the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous changed remarkably in topography from the initial low in east
and high in west to high in northeast and low in southwest. The major paleogeomorphic elements developed in these periods
included the strong eroded uplift high, the uplift marginal slope, the gentle ramp of the depression margin and the depression
belt. The sandstones of the lowstand and the early transgressive systems tracts were deposited along the uplift marginal slopes
and the gentle ramps of the depressions comprise the prolific reservoirs in the basin. The study indicates that the distribution
patterns of the unconformities within the basin are closely related to the paleogeomorphic features and evolution of the paleouplift
belt. From the high uplift belt to the depression, we found the composed unconformity belts at the high uplift, the truncated
and onlap triangular unconformity belts along the uplift marginal slopes, the minor angular unconformity or discontinuity
belts along the transitional zones from the uplift marginal slopes to depression and the conformity belt in the central depression.
The truncated and the onlap triangular unconformity belts are the favorable zones for the formation of stratigraphic trap
reservoirs.
Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB202302), National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant No. 40372056) and Frontier Research Project of Marine Facies 相似文献
15.
Graziela Miot da Silva Patrick Hesp Janice Peixoto Sérgio R. Dillenburg 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(10):1557-1573
This paper examines patterns of foredune vegetation along an embayment in southern Brazil and the relationships between variations in percent cover and diversity, and environmental factors such as beach/surfzone type and exposure to wind and wave energy. The study was conducted on Moçambique Beach, Brazil, which displays significant alongshore variations in exposure to the prevailing winds and waves, beach/surfzone morphodynamic type, type and dimensions of the dune systems and foredune vegetation cover and diversity. Two vegetation surveys were carried out in contiguous 1 m2 quadrats across the foredune. The presence/absence, percent cover of the species, diversity and similarity between the vegetation of the profiles surveyed and their relation with environmental conditions are examined. The results show that the vegetation cover decreases from south to north, possibly reflecting the increasing exposure to wind and wave energy. Distinct patterns of species distributions occur along Moçambique beach, such that different plant species are dominant on the southern, middle and northern ends of the beach. A cluster analysis demonstrated two associations: the first one is represented by the profiles located in the lower energy zone of the beach, and the second association is represented by the profiles more exposed to wind and wave energy, sediment deposition and salt spray. The diversity of species decreases northwards, possibly influenced by the surfzone type, number of breaking waves and degree of aeolian transport. The presence/absence of the species and the vegetation cover on the foredune reflect the varying levels of exposure of the beach and foredune to the winds and waves and also reflect the volume of sediment deposition on the foredune and the beach mobility determined by the morphodynamic beach/surfzone type. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(9)
The North China Craton(NCC) experienced strong destruction(i.e., decratonization) during the Mesozoic, which triggered intensive magmatism, tectonism and thermal events and formed large-scale gold and other metal deposits in the eastern part of the craton. However, how the decratonization controls the formation and distribution of large-scale of gold and other metal deposits is not very clear. Based on a large number of published data and new results, this paper systematically summarizes all the data for the rock assemblages, chronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mesozoic magmatic rocks, as well as for the mineralizing ages of gold and other metal deposits and the evolution of the Mesozoic basins in the eastern NCC. The results are used to restore the extensional rates of Mesozoic to Cenozoic basins and the strike-slip distance of the Tanlu Fault, to ascertain the location of the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction zones during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic, and to reconstruct the temporal and spatial distribution of Mesozoic gold and other metal deposits and magmatic rocks in the eastern NCC. It is obtained that the magmatism and mineralization in the eastern NCC westward migrate from east to west during the Early to Middle Jurassic, but they eastward migrate from west to east during the Early Cretaceous. The metallogenesis of these deposits is genetically related to magmatism, and the magmas provided some ore-forming materials and fluids for the generation of metal deposits. The geodynamic mechanism of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization is proposed, i.e., the westward low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific slab beneath the NCC formed continental magmatic arc with plenty of porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits in the Jurassic, similar to the Andean continental arc in South America. The mantle wedge was metasomatized by the fluids/melts derived from the subducting slab, laying a material foundation for hydrothermal mineralization in the Early Cretaceous. While the rollback of the subducting slab with gradually increasing subduction angle and the retreat of the subduction zones during the Early Cretaceous induced strong destruction of the craton and the formation of extensive magmatic rocks and large-scale gold and other metal deposits. 相似文献
17.
广东省的地震工作如何适应经济发展和对外开放的新形势?本文认为:经济愈发展愈开放,就愈要加强防灾意识强化防灾措施;调整工作重心,从抓单一的地震监测预报调整到以监测预报为基础的地震综合预防;调整管理体制,强化政府管理职能,实行政、事分开;改善地震事业经费来源,国家提供“干活”经费,地方政府负责解决“吃饭”经费;诱发内部改革,扩大对外开发、增加事业发展活力和后劲;扩大与南中国海周边国家及港、澳、台地区的地震科技交流和合作、努力拓展工程地震市场、促进地震事业发展。 相似文献
18.
Mine Betül Demircioğlu Karin Şeşetyan Tamer Y. Duman Tolga Çan Senem Tekin Semih Ergintav 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(8):3399-3438
Over the years, several local and regional seismic hazard studies have been conducted for the estimation of the seismic hazard in Turkey using different statistical processing tools for instrumental and historical earthquake data and modeling the geologic and tectonic characteristics of the region. Recently developed techniques, increased knowledge and improved databases brought the necessity to review the national active fault database and the compiled earthquake catalogue for the development of a national earthquake hazard map. A national earthquake strategy and action plan were conceived and accordingly with the collaboration of the several institutions and expert researchers, the Revision of Turkish Seismic Hazard Map Project (UDAP-Ç-13-06) was initiated, and finalized at the end of 2014. The scope of the project was confined to the revision of current national seismic hazard map, using the state of the art technologies and knowledge of the active fault, earthquake database, and ground motion prediction equations. The following two seismic source zonation models are developed for the probabilistic earthquake hazard analysis: (1) Area source model, (2) Fault and spatial smoothing seismic source model (FSBCK). In this study, we focus on the development and the characterization of the Fault Source model, the background spatially smoothed seismicity model and intrinsic uncertainty on the earthquake occurrence-rates-estimation. Finally, PSHA results obtained from the fault and spatial smoothed seismic source model are presented for 43, 72, 475 and 2475 years return periods (corresponding to 69, 50, 10, and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years) for PGA and 5% damped spectral accelerations at 0.2 and 1.0 s. 相似文献
19.
对流层延迟是卫星导航定位的主要误差源,气象观测的数值预报资料可用来计算对流层延迟改正量.本文通过分布于亚洲地区的49个GPS台站一年的实测ZTD资料,对利用欧洲中尺度天气预报中心(ECMWF)分析资料、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析资料和NCEP预报资料,计算对流层天顶延迟(ZTD)改正的有效性和可能达到的精度进行了评估,分析了ECMWF和NCEP在亚洲地区的适用程度和其分辨率对计算ZTD精度的影响.研究结果表明:(1)相对于 GPS实测ZTD,用ECMWF资料计算ZTD的bias和rms分别为-1.0 cm 和2.7 cm,优于NCEP再分析资料,可用于高精度ZTD研究和应用;NCEP预报数据计算ZTD的bias和rms分别为2.4 cm 和 6.8 cm,足以满足广大GNSS实时导航定位用户对流层延迟改正的需要.(2)bias和rms呈现明显的季节性变化,总体上夏季大,冬季小;在空间分布上随着纬度的变化不明显,但随高度的增加rms总体上有递减趋势.另外还发现,亚洲东部地区夏季日平均bias和rms和南部热带地区冬季的日平均bias和rms变化相对较大.(3)ECMWF2.5°和0.5°的资料进行了对比分析,发现0.5°分辨率资料的rms比2.5°减小1~5 mm.这些结果,为在亚洲地区的空间大地测量、导航定位和INSAR等工作中,应用ECMWF/NCEP的资料进行对流层大气延迟改正的有效性和可能达到的精度提供了重要参考. 相似文献
20.
目的:探讨CT平扫及增强扫描在甲状腺乳头状癌诊断及术前评估中的应用价值。方法:收集46例甲状腺乳头状癌患者资料,分析其平扫和增强扫描的CT征象进行术前评估,并对淋巴结转移与原发灶位置、大小及与甲状腺包膜关系进行统计。结果:CT平扫能清楚显示原发灶情况,结合增强扫描及冠状位或矢状位重建,可进一步明确肿瘤与周围组织结构的关系和转移情况;本组病例60.3%病灶为不规则形,46.7%患者可见微钙化,87.0%患者呈明显强化,87.0%患者增强后病灶范围较平扫缩小;中央区和颈侧区淋巴结转移与原发灶位置有统计意义(P=0.023),淋巴结转移组和非转移组在原发灶大小及与甲状腺包膜关系具有差异显著性(P<0.05)。结论:通过对CT平扫和增强的特征性征象分析,如病灶形态、微钙化、强化方式以及增强前后病灶范围变化等,可明显提高PTC的诊断率;同时对原发灶、周边侵犯及淋巴结转移情况进行综合评估,可以确定合理的手术切除范围和淋巴结清扫范围。此外统计发现淋巴结转移与原发灶位置、大小及与甲状腺包膜关系有一定的相关性。 相似文献