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1.
在长江和黄河源区的左冒西孔曲和纳通河、垮热洼尔玛河流域的不同植被覆盖下建立了天然径流观测场,利用观测天然降水和人工模拟降水,初步研究了江河源区不同植被覆盖下降水的产流产沙效应。结果表明,长江黄河源区的3个小流域内,在典型高寒草甸草地30°坡面上,退化较为严重的30%覆盖度以下的场地内,地表径流产出量明显大于覆盖度较好的95%、92%和68%场地,同时产沙量显著高于这3个场地,其平均单次降水形成的泥沙量是这三种盖度的2~4倍,由此造成地表侵蚀量平均为这3种盖度的3~10倍。通过对几次典型的降水形态的分析,在长江黄河源区高寒草甸草地的坡面上,不但降水量影响着产流产沙量,降水形态也影响着产流产沙量,降雨仍是引起水土流失的主要降水形态,在降水量相同的条件下,降雪可比降雨和雨加雪增加产流量2.1~3.5倍,可比降雨减少泥沙侵蚀45.4%~80.3%。人工模拟结果表明:对于覆盖度为5%和30%的强度退化草地,次降水量在3.5 mm时,就形成了较为明显的径流和产沙效应,当次降雨量达到7 mm,降雨持续时间15 min,5 m2场地内就会形成1 400 mL以上的径流量;在地表土壤含水量(FDR测0~5 cm平均含水量为36.7%)较高的情况下,次降雨量达4mm,降雨强度超过0.4 mm/min,在5 m2场地内历时5 min就能形成1 060 mL的地表径流,每100 mL径流中含泥沙高达1.6 g。这一试验结果在长江黄河源区3个不同的河源小流域是一致的。 相似文献
2.
利用野外径流小区动态监测和人工模拟降雨试验,阐明了草被和灌木的减流减沙效应,从力学层面揭示了坡面侵蚀产沙的过程机理。结果表明,与裸地相比,野外坡面草地和灌木地径流量分别减少28.1%~56.5%和85.7%~100%、产沙量分别减少84.9%~90.7%和98.5%~100%;在人工模拟降雨强度下,草地和灌木地径流量分别减少51.9%~90.9%和61.7%~80.6%、产沙量分别减少93.6%~99.2%和95.5%~99.2%;植被具有明显的增强土壤抗剪强度的作用,不同植被坡面抗剪强度与剪切面上的法向压力成正比,且符合库仑定律;不同下垫面条件下土壤黏聚力与坡面径流量和侵蚀产沙量呈显著的负相关关系,随着黏聚力的增大,径流量和侵蚀产沙量呈下降趋势;草地和灌木地坡面侵蚀临界径流切应力分别为裸地的2.64~3.16倍和2.44~3.18倍,建立了不同被覆坡面临界径流切应力与土壤抗剪强度和黏聚力的关系。研究结果对定量评价植被减蚀作用和深化土壤侵蚀力学过程有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
3.
利用野外模拟降雨试验,研究不同植被类型的侵蚀产沙、径流、地表糙度和入渗规律以及相关关系。结果表明,植被对水沙调控作用大小依次为:植物根系,整个坡面植被,坡面下部植被和坡面上部植被。林草地具有蓄水减沙的水土保持措施功效,该机制通过植物根系对水沙的调控作用实现;草地具有直接拦沙的水土保持功效,该机制通过地表植被对水沙的调控作用体现。累计产沙量随累计径流量呈幂函数递增趋势,具有很好的相关性;坡面径流产沙过程分为发育期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段。植被覆盖度越大,地表糙度变化越小。 相似文献
4.
5.
喀斯特裸坡土壤侵蚀模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
文章通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同地下孔（裂）隙度、基岩裸露率和雨强对地表、地下产流、产沙的影响,其结果表明:（1）土壤侵蚀与地下孔（裂）隙度具有较高相关性,地表产流、产沙随地下孔（裂）隙度的增大而减小,而地下则相反;（2）坡面径流刚产生时,雨滴击溅和薄层水流冲刷,土壤细小颗粒堵塞其毛管空隙,渗漏率减小,而地表径流量增大,土壤团聚体被破坏、分散和迁移,降水与土壤渗漏率增大,地表径流量减小,雨滴击溅增强,如此循环,降水与土壤渗漏率呈波动性变化;总体而言,地表、地下悬移质均随降雨历时呈下降趋势,而地表推移质则相反,地表、地下产流量变幅较小,趋于平行;（3）地表产流、产沙量随基岩裸露率增大呈波动性变化,总体呈下降趋势;而地下产流、产沙量随基岩裸露率增大呈波动性变化,总体呈增大趋势;（4）在较小雨强30 mm/h时,地表只产生悬移质流失,没有产生推移质流失;地表、地下产流、产沙都是随雨强增大而增大;雨强由30 mm/h增大到150 mm/h,地表累积产流量为538.5 L,累积产沙量为2 393.81 g,地下累积产流量为207.8 L,累积产沙量为687.73 g,累积产沙量的递增速率比累积产流量的递增速率要大,地表产流、产沙的递增速率大于地下产流、产沙的递增速率;（5）各因子与土壤侵蚀间相关程度为:降雨历时>雨强>地下孔（裂）隙度>基岩裸露率。该实验有助于为喀斯特地区的水土流失研究、评价及制订石漠化治理措施提供理论依据。 相似文献
6.
青海湖北岸天然草地小尺度地表径流与降水关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用青海湖北岸海北牧业气象试验站2006-2008年3 a观测的天然草地地表径流、土壤水分及大气降水资料, 分析了该地区降水特性、 土壤水分与地表径流的关系. 结果表明: 青海湖北岸年平均径流系数为0.16%, 地表径流主要发生在夏秋季, 径流系数夏季＞秋季＞春季, 冬季不产生径流;地表径流造成的水土流失主要集中在盛夏的7-8月, 年水土流失量主要由大降水造成. 地表径流量与降水量呈线性正相关关系, 径流量与30 min最大雨强表现为指数函数关系, 径流量与降水量和30 min最大雨强的乘积也呈线性正相关关系. 径流量的大小更多地受降水量和降水强度的共同影响, 地表径流与降水前0～20 cm的土壤水分呈明显正相关关系. 相似文献
7.
参照黄土区侵蚀降雨和坡面片蚀产沙特征,采用恒流泥沙输送装置模拟坡面上方来水来沙,探讨不同坡度草地含沙水流的水力学特性及其对上方来沙的拦蓄机理。结果表明,草地坡面的水流弗劳德数随坡度增大而增加,而阻力系数与坡度呈反势。按明渠水流的一般标准,不同坡度草地水流均为层状缓流。草地坡面拦沙效应随坡度增大而减小,且径流前期的减沙作用较后期更为显著。不同坡度草地坡面的出流泥沙平均直径和大颗粒(>10μm)泥沙含量均显著小于上方来沙,这说明草地的拦沙效应主要体现在对大粒径泥沙的拦蓄上。 相似文献
8.
根据1950—2010年水沙实测资料,采用统计分析方法,通过构建非线性响应模型,辨识了水沙变化主导驱动因子,定量评估了多因子对黄河上游头道拐水沙变化的贡献率.结果表明:头道拐1950—2010年多年平均径流量减少速率为2.23亿m3/a,多年平均输沙量减少速率为0.027亿t/a,1987—2010年径流泥沙减少趋势更为明显,同期输沙量减幅明显大于径流量减幅;1969—2010年气候因子和下垫面因子对头道拐站年径流模数和年输沙模数变化的贡献率均约为2:8,下垫面因子明显占主导地位,其中宁蒙灌区年引水量对年径流模数变化的贡献率最大,达到42%,龙羊峡和刘家峡等水库运用对年输沙模数变化的贡献率最大,达到34%.预计今后兰州以上径流变化和兰州至头道拐区间主要支流来沙变化两大自然因素将是头道拐水沙变化的主导因子;灌区引水和支流水土保持综合治理减沙对头道拐水沙变化的贡献率将居主导地位. 相似文献
9.
如同137Cs和210Pbex核尘埃,土壤和坝库沉积物中的孢粉也源于大气沉降,是否能用于侵蚀产沙的示踪研究?在陕北吴旗周湾水库采集了一些表层土壤和现代淤地坝、古代聚湫坝沉积泥沙的样品,尝试土地利用/覆被变化和侵蚀产沙的孢粉示踪研究。初步研究表明:草地表土孢粉丰富,平均浓度为26077粒/g;有33个科属的花粉,孢粉组合反映了当地以蒿属为主的半干旱温带草原植被;坡耕地表土的孢粉组合和草地一致,但孢粉平均浓度远低于草地,仅5844粒/g。坝库沉积剖面中,和137Cs核素一样,孢粉也富集于每一洪水沉积旋迴的上部层位,可用于沉积旋迴的区分。现代沉积旋迴的孢粉平均浓度,远低于草地和坡耕地表土,这表明草地和坡耕地土壤不是沉积泥沙的主要来源。古代沉积物的孢粉平均浓度高于现代沉积,表明流域内300年前的植被好于现代,或300年前沟谷地的相对产沙量低于现代。古代孢粉组合中十字花科花粉比例高达36·85%,明显高于现代的0·58%含量,这表明草地退化严重,十字花科植物比例急剧降低。孢粉示踪技术在植被环境恢复,沉积旋迴区分,和泥沙来源确定等方面具有一定的潜力,但应建立针对土地利用/覆被变化和侵蚀产沙研究的孢粉示踪技术方法。 相似文献
10.
针对1960—2010年径流量显著减少的中国主要流域,包括松花江、辽河、海河、黄河和汉江等,选择其上游地区受人类直接取用水影响较少的山区小流域,分析径流变化及其原因.采用基于Budyko假设的流域水热耦合平衡方程,估计了流域年径流量变化的气候弹性系数和下垫面弹性系数,并对各流域径流变化进行了归因分析.结果表明,在气候较为湿润的地区,径流对气候和下垫面变化均不敏感;在气候较为干燥的地区,径流对气候和下垫面变化都更为敏感,且区域差异性明显.潜在蒸散发的变化对径流减少的影响微弱,降水减少和下垫面变化是径流减少的主导因素,其中人类活动导致的下垫面变化对径流减少的影响尤为显著.对比两个阶段的径流变化归因分析结果,近10年间流域下垫面变化对年径流量的影响程度较前20年有显著增加.通过分析近30年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据发现,植被覆盖改善是下垫面变化的重要原因,说明中国水土保持工程发挥了显著生态效益的同时也导致了流域径流减小. 相似文献
11.
Study on the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation in headwater areas of the Yangtze River and Yellow River,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Natural runoff observation fields with different vegetation coverage were established in the Zuomaoxikongqu River basin in
the headwater area of the Yangtze River, and in the Natong River basin and the Kuarewaerma River basin in the headwater area
of the Yellow River, China. The experiments were conducted using natural precipitation and artificially simulated precipitation
between July and August to study the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation under the conditions of the same
slope and different alpine meadow land with coverage in the headwater areas. The results show that, in the three small river
basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers, the surface runoff yield on the 30° slope surface of the
alpine meadow land with a vegetation cover of 30% is markedly larger than that of the fields with a vegetation cover of 95,
92, and 68%. Furthermore, the sediment yield is also obviously larger than the latter three; on an average, the sediment yield
caused by a single precipitation event is 2–4 times as large as the latter three. Several typical precipitation forms affecting
the runoff yield on the slope surface also influence the process. No matter how the surface
conditions are; the rainfall is still the main precipitation form causing soil erosion. In some forms of precipitation, such
as the greatest snow melting as water runoff, the
sediment yield is minimal. Under the condition of the same precipitation amount, snowfall can obviously increase the runoff
yield, roughly 2.1–3.5 times as compared to the combined runoff yield of the Sleet or that of rainfall alone; but meanwhile,
the sediment yield and soil erosion rate decrease, roughly decreasing by 45.4–80.3%. High vegetation cover can effectively
decrease the runoff-induced erosion. This experimental result is consistent in the three river basins in the headwater areas
of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. 相似文献
12.
长江源区高寒生态与气候变化对河流径流过程的影响分析 总被引：24，自引：5，他引：19
近40 a来长江源区气候变化剧烈,是青藏高原增温最为显著的地区之一,高寒生态系统与冻土环境不断退化.采用多因素逐次甄别方法与半经验理论方法相结合,基于多年冻土的不同植被覆盖降水-径流观测场观测试验结果,分析了长江源区气候-植被-冻土耦合系统中各要素变化对河川径流的不同影响.结果表明:近40 a来长江源区河川径流呈持续递减趋势,年均径流量减少了15.2%,频率>20%的径流量均显著减少,而>550 m3·s-1的稀遇洪水流量发生频率增加;气候变化与高寒草甸覆盖变化对源区径流变化的影响较大,分别占5.8%和5.5%;气候与植被覆盖变化对径流的显著影响是与冻土耦合作用的结果,但冻土环境与冰川变化对径流的贡献尚不能准确评价.高寒沼泽湿地和高寒草甸生态系统对于源区河川径流的形成与稳定起到关键作用,这两类生态系统的显著退化是驱动河川径流过程中变差增大、降水-径流系数减少以及洪水频率增加的主要原因.保护源区高寒草甸与独特的高寒湿地生态,对于维护源区水涵养功能和流域水安全意义重大. 相似文献
13.
选取青藏高原典型多年冻土区风火山小流域高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸典型样地进行人工降雨截留试验,综合运用统计分析、模型回归分析等方法,对两种草甸类型截留特征及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明:两种草甸类型对降雨的截留能力是不同的,高寒草甸最大截留量0.61mm,沼泽化草甸为0.18mm;高寒草甸的最大截留率为12.4%,沼泽化草甸为3.8%。通过分析各因子对截留的影响,得出高寒草甸截留量与降雨量呈对数函数关系,沼泽化草甸截留量与降雨量呈二次多项式关系;两种草甸截留量与降雨强度都呈幂函数关系,与植被盖度均呈线性相关关系。 相似文献
14.
Guohua Ren Zhanhuan Shang Ruijun Long Yuan Hou Bin Deng 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(1):235-245
In alpine meadow ecosystems, considerable spatial heterogeneity in forb-dominant vegetation exists as a result of severe grassland degeneration; however, there is limited quantitative information on the vegetative differences between degenerated and pristine grasslands. Therefore, a field study, which seeks to identify the edaphic factors driving the variation in plant composition and distribution, was conducted in a severely degraded alpine meadow located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, NW China. Five meadows, an original meadow and four degraded meadows, were used to determine the differentiation and relationships between the vegetation and soil of degraded alpine meadows. The dominated species of these degraded meadows are Ligularia virgaurea–Artemisia gmelinii (LA), Oxytropis ochrocephala–Leontopodium nanum (OL), Aconitum pendulum–Potentilla anserina (AP) and Stellera chamaejasme–Artemisia nanschanica (SA), respectively. The results indicate that vegetation cover, grass biomass, species number and diversity indices clearly decrease from the original to the degraded meadow. Soil water, clay and nutrient content are also reduced with grassland degradation in surface and subsoil layers. The joint study of floristic and edaphic variables confirms that the soil features, especially the bulk density, sand content, pH, salinity, N and K, mainly determine the establishment of vegetation in the severely degraded fields of this study. These results may be useful for alpine grassland ecosystem restoration and management. 相似文献
15.
The 137Cs tracer technique was used to study soil erosion of alpine meadow grassland in two small river basins in the headwater region
of the Yellow River. The results show that the levels of 137Cs in soil samples from this alpine meadow vegetation zone exhibit an exponential distribution, generally within a depth of
approximately 20 cm. Due to strong winds, freeze-thaw cycles and water, soil erosion was found to be stronger on the upper
slope than on the lower slope, and except for the slope crest, the intensity of soil erosion at other sites was as follows:
upslope < midslope < downslope. There was a significant negative correlation between the intensity of soil erosion and the
extent of alpine meadow vegetation cover (P < 0.01). The mean soil erosion modulus exhibited a linear reduction trend with an increase in vegetation cover, and the correlation
coefficient R
2 was ≥ 0.997. The higher the degradation degree of the alpine meadow grassland, the greater is the soil erosion. The mean
erosion modulus in the severely degraded meadow zone was 2.23 times greater than the one in the slightly degraded zone, and
the maximum erosion modulus reached 2.96 × 106 kg/km2/a. 相似文献
16.
通过网格(10m×10m)取样,用地统计学方法研究了青藏高原高寒草甸覆盖区域(110m×90m)浅层剖面(0~40cm)土壤水分的空间异质性特征。结果表明:在高寒草甸覆盖区0~30cm深度范围内,土壤水分均存在高度空间异质性,其中87.3%~74.9%的空间异质性是由空间自相关部分引起的,主要体现在201m以下尺度,10m以下随机因素对空间异质性作用较小;30~40cm土壤水分空间异质性由10m以下尺度随机因素导致的占42.3%,而自相关部分的空间异质性(57.7%)体现在10~87.2m尺度。随土层深度的增加,分维数D有逐渐增大的趋势,说明随深度增加高寒草甸区土壤水分自相关空间异质性程度在降低,而随机因素导致的空间异质性程度在增加。从4层的C0/(C+C0)值来看,10~20cm这一层的值最小,表明在这一层的系统变量的空间自相关性程度最高。说明高寒草甸区0~30cm土层的土壤水分含量是受降水、植被发育、根系分布、土壤特性和人为干扰等影响,其空间异质性主要受自相关因素控制,而30cm以下的土壤水分受自相关因素和随机因素共同控制。 相似文献
17.
青藏高原多年冻土活动层土壤水分对高寒草甸覆盖变化的响应 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
对青藏高原高寒草甸30%、60%和93%三种覆盖度下,多年冻土活动层的土壤水分随季节变化的观测研究,结果表明:多年冻土活动层土壤水分分布对植被覆盖变化响应强烈.年内不同时期,植被覆盖度为65%和30%的土壤表层20cm深度内水分含量及分布相似,每次降水后30%覆盖度土壤水分的变率略大于65%覆盖度的;而93%覆盖度土壤水分在年内解冻开始到冻结前均小于前两种覆盖类型;植被覆盖度越小,土壤冻结和融化响应时间越早,响应历时也越短;浅层土壤冻结和融化对植被覆盖度的响应程度较强,接近深层土壤冻结和融化对植被覆盖度的响应程度降低.覆盖度为30%和65%土壤水分在整个冻结过程的减少幅度比93%覆盖度土壤大10%～26%,而融化期水分增加幅度更大为1.5%～80%;土壤冻融的相变水量对植被覆盖度变化响应明显,植被覆盖度降低,土壤冻结和融化相变水量增大.由于受植被蒸腾与地表蒸散发和土壤温度梯度的影响,融化期土壤剖面的水分重新分配,总体上呈现水分向剖面上部和底部迁移,剖面中部60～80cm深度左右的土壤出现"干层". 相似文献
18.
CH4 and CO2 fluxes from a high-cold swamp meadow and an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, subject to different degrees of
degradation, were measured over a 12-month period. Air temperature, soil temperature and moisture, and the depths of the water
table and thawing-freezing layer were determined. For swamp meadows, the greater the degradation, the lesser the carbon efflux.
CH4 emissions at the nondegraded swamp meadow site were 1.09–3.5 and 2.5–11.27 times greater, and CO2 emissions 1.08–1.69 and 1.41–4.43 times greater, respectively, than those from moderately and severely degraded sites. For
alpine meadows, the greater the degradation, the greater the CH4 consumption and CO2 emissions. CH4 consumption at the severely degraded alpine meadow site was 6.6–21 and 1.1–5.25 times greater, and CO2 emissions 1.05–78.5 and 1.04–6.28 times greater, respectively, than those from the nondegraded and moderately degraded sites.
The CH4 and CO2 fluxes at both sites were significantly correlated (R
2 > 0.59, P < 0.05) with air temperature, soil temperature, and topsoil (0–5 cm depth) moisture, indicating these to be the main environmental
factors affecting such fluxes. 相似文献
19.
Hydrochemical and hydrological processes in the different landscape zones of alpine cold region in China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Yong-gang Yang Hong-lang Xiao Song-bing Zou Liang-ju Zhao Mao-xian Zhou Lan-gong Hou Fang Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(3):609-620
Investigation of water sources and flow pathways is crucial to understand and evaluate the characteristics of surface water
and groundwater systems. This article aims to identify the hydrochemical and hydrological processes in different landscape
zones based on hydrochemical analyses of various samples, including samples from glacier, snow, frozen soil meltwater, surface
water, groundwater, and precipitation, in the alpine cold region of China. Hydrochemical tracers indicated that chemical compositions
are characterized by the Ca-HCO3 type in the glacier-snow zone; the Mg-Ca-SO4 type in the alpine cold desert zone; the Ca-HCO3-SO4 type in the marsh meadow zone; the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type in the alpine shrub zone; and the Ca-Na-SO4 type in the mountain grassland zone. An end-member mixing model was used for hydrograph separation. The results showed that
the Mafengou River in the wet season was recharged by groundwater in the alpine cold desert and alpine shrub zones (67%),
surface runoff in the glacier-snow zone (11%), surface runoff in the alpine cold desert zone (8%), thawed water from frozen
soil in the marsh meadow and mountain grassland zones (9%), and direct precipitation on the river channel (5%). This study
suggests that precipitation from the whole catchment yielded little direct surface runoff; precipitation was mostly transformed
into groundwater or interflow and was then concentrated into the river channel. This study provides a scientific basis for
evaluation and management of water resources in the basin. 相似文献