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1.
ILKA E. BAUER DALE H. VITT 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2011,40(4):714-726
Bauer, I. E. & Vitt, D. H. 2011: Peatland dynamics in a complex landscape: Development of a fen‐bog complex in the Sporadic Discontinuous Permafrost zone of northern Alberta, Canada. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011.00210.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. The development of a peatland complex in the Sporadic Discontinuous Permafrost zone of northwestern Alberta, Canada was reconstructed using a series of dated profiles. Peat‐forming communities first established c. 10 230 cal. a BP, and by 8000 cal. a BP the site supported monocot fens or marshes in several isolated topographic depressions. Most of the current peatland area initiated between c. 8000 and 4000 cal. a BP, and involved the replacement of upland habitats by shrubby or treed fen and, in some areas, the establishment of Sphagnum on mineral terrain. Ombrotrophic hummock communities had established by c. 7000 cal. a BP, and permafrost was present at 6800 cal. a BP in at least some peat plateau areas. Macrofossil‐based reconstructions show considerable local diversity in vegetation succession and permafrost dynamics, with cyclic collapse and aggradation in at least one profile and relative stability in others. Lichen‐rich peat is rare in deep‐peat plateau cores, and where charcoal was recovered, fire effects on vegetation trajectories varied between cores. Organic matter accumulation was high in the early Holocene and declined after permafrost formation, with low rates especially over the past 4000 years. The site was burned in a wildfire in 1971, and by 1998 permafrost had disappeared from almost all peat plateau areas. In this part of the discontinuous permafrost zone, peat plateaus are likely to be unsustainable under a warming climate. The hydrology and carbon dynamics of former plateau areas following large‐scale permafrost degradation require further investigation. 相似文献
2.
B. Brandon Curry Michael E. Konen Catherine H. Yansa Helena Alexanderson 《Quaternary Research》2010,74(1):82-90
The “type” DeKalb mounds of northeastern Illinois, USA (42.0°N, −88.7°W), are formed of basal sand and gravel overlain by rhythmically bedded fines, and weathered sand and gravel. Generally from 2 to 7 m thick, the fines include abundant fossils of ostracodes and uncommon leaves and stems of tundra plants. Rare chironomid head capsules, pillclam shells, and aquatic plant macrofossils also have been observed.Radiocarbon ages on the tundra plant fossils from the “type” region range from 20,420 to 18,560 cal yr BP. Comparison of radiocarbon ages of terrestrial plants from type area ice-walled lake plains and adjacent kettle basins indicate that the topographic inversion to ice-free conditions occurred from 18,560 and 16,650 cal yr BP. Outside the “type” area, the oldest reliable age of tundra plant fossils in DeKalb mound sediment is 21,680 cal yr BP; the mound occurs on the northern arm of the Ransom Moraine (−88.5436°W, 41.5028°N). The youngest age, 16,250 cal yr BP, is associated with a mound on the Deerfield Moraine (−87.9102°W, 42.4260°N) located about 9 km east of Lake Michigan. The chronology of individual successions indicates the lakes persisted on the periglacial landscape for about 300 to 1500 yr. 相似文献
3.
东北多年冻土退化及环境效应研究现状与展望 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
东北多年冻土属中高纬度多年冻土,对气候变化非常敏感。数据模型模拟表明,21世纪东北多年冻土区气温会持续上升,显著的变暖将导致多年冻土退化。东北多年冻土呈现自南向北的区域性退化趋势,多年冻土区南部表现为南界的北移、融区的扩大和多年冻土的消失,而北部表现为多年冻土下限的上移、活动层厚度增大及地温升高等。多年冻土的退化会导致寒区生态环境的恶化,如兴安落叶松占绝对优势的天然林带锐减,林带北移,沼泽湿地萎缩等。随着多年冻土的迅速退缩和变薄,原多年冻土中蕴藏的碳将释放出来,对气候变化产生积极的正反馈,加速变暖,并影响全球碳循环。多年冻土退化导致其热状态失稳而造成寒区基础设施损坏,并且影响冻土微生物、碳循环、寒区生态和水文等,而它们是区域气候变化的重要因子,也将成为未来多年冻土研究的重点。而这些研究都需要长期的基础数据作支撑,因此需要进一步完善冻土参数监测网络,用模型厘清气候变化与多年冻土退化及其环境效应之间的关系。 相似文献
4.
IDA LØNNE 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2005,34(3):308-323
Raised marine beach gravel at 62 m a.s.l. in Bolterdalen indicates that the inner part of Adventfjorden, central Spitsbergen, was ice-free shortly before 10 025±160 yr BP. A glacier advanced across the regressive, frozen beach terraces and into shallow water, 58 m above the present sea level, where a small wave-influenced ice-contact delta was formed, 9775±125 yr BP. Maximum ice-front position was reached 9625±95 yr BP, 7 km outside the present ice margin. The advance was climatically forced and of several decades' duration, as seen from abundant molluscs growing in the prograding foreset beds. Today, the beaches appear as a continuous regressive sequence with no geomorphic evidence of the former ice margin. Sedimentological studies show, however, that a thin (≤1 m) deformation till was emplaced, the substrate was subglacially sheared to a depth of 1 m, and elongated clasts in the beach gravel were reoriented in an ice-flow parallel direction. The glacial deposits and structures, formed within 200 m from the ice front, highlight some important aspects of subglacial to ice-marginal processes in permafrost terrain. As the dead ice melted, the released debris was redistributed into thin sediment sheets down to 40 m a.s.l., which means that the postglacial meltwater-controlled reworking lasted c. 500 years. Similar isolated depocentra may be a key for future identifications of former ice margins at high latitudes. 相似文献
5.
Ice wastage and landscape evolution along the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, north-central Wisconsin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
NELSON R. HAM JOHN W. ATTIG 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1996,25(3):171-186
The Chippewa and Wisconsin Valley Lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet reached their maximum extent in north-central Wisconsin about 20 000 years ago. Their terminal positions are marked by a broad area of hummocky topography, containing many ice-walled-lake plains, which is bounded on the up-ice and down-ice sides by ice-contact ridges and outwash fans. The distribution of these ice-disintegration landforms shows that a wide zone of stagnant, debris-covered, debris-rich ice separated from the active margins of both lobes as they wasted northward during deglaciation. Accumulation of thick, uncollapsed sediment in ice-walled lakes high in the ice-cored landscape indicates a period of stability. In contrast, hummocky disintegration topography indicates unstable conditions. Thus, we interpret two phases of late-glacial landscape evolution. During the first phase, ice buried beneath thick supraglacial sediment was stable. Supraglacial lakes formed on the ice surface and some melted their way to solid ground and formed ice-walled lakes. During the second phase, buried ice began to melt rapidly, hummocky topography formed by topographic inversion, and supraglacial and ice-walled lakes drained. We suggest that ice wastage was controlled primarily by climatic conditions and supraglacial-debris thickness. Late-glacial permafrost in northern Wisconsin likely delayed wastage of buried ice until after about 13 000 years ago, when climate warmed and permafrost thawed. 相似文献
6.
青藏高原改则地区多年冻土特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
改则地区地处青藏高原腹地, 气候寒冷干燥, 位于青藏高原大片连续多年冻土南界附近. 2010年"青藏高原多年冻土本底调查"项目在改则地区采用坑探、物探和钻探等多种方法对区域内多年冻土开展了大规模野外考察工作. 根据现场钻探资料和后来的地温观测资料, 并结合坑探和物探资料对改则地区多年冻土特征进行分析, 结果显示: 改则地区多年冻土上限深度在2.6~8.5 m之间, 部分地区存在融化夹层; 多年冻土含冰量在12%~35%之间, 主要为多冰冻土, 而且一般仅在上限附近发育有高含冰量多年冻土; 多年冻土温度普遍较高, 在-1.5~0℃之间; 多年下限深度一般小于60 m, 部分地区甚至在10 m左右; 多年冻土分布的下界海拔高度约为4 700 m, 海拔5 100 m以上区域普遍发育有多年冻土; 区域内多年冻土特征受局地因素影响明显, 特别是与坡向、植被覆盖、岩性和含水量等关系密切; 现场记录资料和后来的测温资料都显示改则地区部分多年冻土正处于退化状态. 相似文献
7.
何瑞霞 金会军 蒋观利 张泽 陈雪梅 Raul David SERBAN Mihaela SERBAN Jef VANDENBERGHE Valentin V.SPEKTOR Hugh M.FRENCH 《冰川冻土》2021,43(1):263-273
冰缘遗迹(特别是冷生楔形构造及融冻褶皱)是重建古气候及第四纪晚期多年冻土环境的重要证据.内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原是我国北方地区冰缘现象最为发育的地区之一.为准确了解鄂尔多斯高原冰缘遗迹类型及其分布特征、区域冻土演化历史等,中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院和荷兰自由大学共同组成科研小组,于2018年5—6月组织了"鄂尔多斯高原... 相似文献
8.
J. Sakari Salonen Heikki Sepp Minna Vliranta Vivienne J. Jones Angela Self Maija Heikkil Seija Kultti Handong Yang 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(3):501-511
To investigate the Holocene climate and treeline dynamics in the European Russian Arctic, we analysed sediment pollen, conifer stomata, and plant macrofossils from Lake Kharinei, a tundra lake near the treeline in the Pechora area. We present quantitative summer temperature reconstructions from Lake Kharinei and Lake Tumbulovaty, a previously studied lake in the same region, using a pollen–climate transfer function based on a new calibration set from northern European Russia. Our records suggest that the early-Holocene summer temperatures from 11,500 cal yr BP onwards were already slightly higher than at present, followed by a stable Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) at 8000–3500 cal yr BP when summer temperatures in the tundra were ca. 3°C above present-day values. A Picea forest surrounded Lake Kharinei during the HTM, reaching 150 km north of the present taiga limit. The HTM ended with a temperature drop at 3500–2500 cal yr BP associated with permafrost initiation in the region. Mixed spruce forest began to disappear around Lake Kharinei at ca. 3500 cal yr BP, with the last tree macrofossils recorded at ca. 2500 cal yr BP, suggesting that the present wide tundra zone in the Pechora region formed during the last ca. 3500 yr. 相似文献
9.
MODIS LST产品青藏高原冻土图的精度验证 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
利用遥感数据可以大大提高青藏高原多年冻土分类和制图效率,并降低在环境恶劣、地形复杂的高寒区域所需的观测要求,从而避免人力和物力的巨大消耗。为了验证基于MODIS LST产品制作的青藏高原冻土图的精度,通过选取青藏高原东部的温泉区域和西北部的西昆仑山地区对1：400万青藏高原冻土图、1：300万青藏高原冻土图、基于MODIS LST产品青藏高原冻土图进行综合验证,以此评估基于MODIS LST产品的青藏高原冻土图精度。结果表明,利用遥感数据制作的青藏高原冻土图较已有冻土图能够更好反映多年冻土的空间分布特征,同时存在差异的地方大多是多年冻土与季节冻土过渡的边缘区域,形成原因主要是制图时间差异,此外还有坡度、坡向、植被、积雪等多重因素的综合影响。 相似文献
10.
Troy L Péwé 《Geoforum》1973,4(3):15-26
Ice wedge casts are the most accurate and widespread indicators of past permafrost. Many ice wedge casts exist in Alaska, some in areas of existing ice wedges. In addition to indicating paleotemperature conditions and a wider distribution of permafrost in Wisconsinan time than now, casts in Alaska also indicate permafrost in Iliinoian and pre-lllinoian time. Hundreds of ice wedge casts are now known in temperate North America and are described from about 22 widespread localities coast to coast in Canada and United States. Permafrost existed in late Wisconsinan time, 20,000 to 10,000 years ago, along the glacial border in temperate United States. Later permafrost formed north of the glacial border as the continental ice sheet withdrew exposing drift to the rigorous periglacial climate. Ice wedge casts indicate that the ? 7 °C mean annual air isotherm was about 2000 km farther south in late Wisconsinan time than now. 相似文献
11.
An accumulation terrace close to the El'gygytgyn Impact Crater in northeastern Siberia contains stratigraphic and periglacial evidence of the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic history and permafrost dynamics during late Quaternary time. A succession of paleo active-layer deposits that mirror environmental changes records periods favorable for the establishment and growth of ice-wedge polygonal networks and sediment variations. These two elements of the periglacial landscape serve as complementary paleoenvironmental archives that can be traced back to ∼ 14,000 cal yr BP. The slope sediments and the ground ice contained therein have prominent relative maxima and minima in properties (grain size, total organic content, oxygen isotopes). They document a regional early Holocene thermal maximum at about 9000 cal yr BP, followed by a transition to slightly cooler conditions, and a subsequent transition to slightly warmer conditions after about 4000 cal yr BP. Results from sedimentary analysis resemble morphological and geochemical (oxygen and hydrogen isotopes) results from ice wedge studies, in which successive generations of ice-wedge polygonal networks record warmer winters in late Holocene time. Moreover, peaks of light soluble cation contents and quartz-grain surface textures reveal distinct traces of cryogenic weathering. We propose a conclusive sedimentation model illustrating terrace formation in a permafrost terrain. 相似文献
12.
Palsa and peat plateau development in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada: timing, pathways and causes 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
PETER KUHRY 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2008,37(2):316-327
The Holocene development of a treed palsa bog and a peat plateau bog, located near the railroad to Churchill in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of northeastern Manitoba, was traced using peat macrofossil and radiocarbon analyses. Both sites first developed as wet rich fens through paludification of forested uplands around 6800 cal. yr BP. Results show a 20th-century age for the palsa formation and repeated periods of permafrost aggradation and collapse at the peat plateau site during the late Holocene. This timing of permafrost dynamics corroborates well with that inferred from previous studies on other permafrost peatlands in the same region. The developmental history of the palsa and peat plateau bogs is similar to that of adjacent permafrost-free fens, except for the specific frost heave and collapse features associated with permafrost dynamics. Permafrost aggradation and degradation is ascribed to regional climatic, local autogenic and other factors. Particularly the very recent palsa development can be assessed in terms of climatic changes as inferred from meteorological data and surface hydrological changes related to construction of the railroad. The results indicate that cold years with limited snowfall as well as altered drainage patterns associated with infrastructure development may have contributed to the recent palsa formation. 相似文献
13.
G. Delisle 《第四纪科学杂志》1998,13(4):325-333
A series of numerical models on permafrost growth and decay are presented with special emphasis on the climatic conditions in western Europe during the last glacial stage. Numerical modelling of growth and decay of the active layer suggests penetration depths in the range between 0.6 to 1.4 m. Permafrost is estimated to have grown, depending on the sediment type, to a thickness of 90 m to 140 m in northern Germany and The Netherlands within 10 000 y during the peak period of the last glacial stage. Permafrost continued to exist at depth for about 2000 y after the climatic improvement following the Younger Dryas. Permafrost growth under rivers and lakes is shown to be unlikely under the climatic conditions of the last glacial stage in northern Germany. A time period of 10 000 to 42 000 years and a massive climatic excursion (of the order of > 11°C) is required to remove the thick permafrost layers in Siberia and Alaska of today. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
James E. Beget 《Quaternary Research》1984,21(3):304-316
Tephra layers near Glacier Peak in the North Cascade Range provide limiting dates for four periods of alpine glacier advance. Field relations suggest that late Wisconsin alpine glaciers last advanced prior to the eruption of tephra layers from Glacier Peak about 11,250 yr B.P. Late Wisconsin deglaciation in the central North Cascades was complete prior to the Glacier Peak tephra eruptions. Glaciers again expanded in the early Holocene about 8400 – 8300 yr B.P. Soil formed in alpine meadows during an episode of mild climate in the middle Holocene prior to at least two intervals of glacier expansion: an older episode between 5100 and 3400 yr B.P., and a younger episode within the last 1000 yr. 相似文献
15.
A.L. Washburn 《Earth》1980,15(4):327-402
Permafrost features indicate certain upper limits for annual air and ground temperatures, with the air temperatures being usually the lower because of insulating snow and vegetation. The following features generally imply mean annual air temperatures no higher than those indicated and commonly lower: permafrost itself, large sorted forms of patterned ground, palsas, and rock glaciers, 0°C; ice-wedge polygons and well-developed soil-wedge polygons, ?5°C; open-system pingos, ?2°C; closed system pingos, ?6°C; the implication of cryoplanation terraces remains to be established, with estimates ranging from near 0° to ?12°C.Use of fossil permafrost features as temperature indicators is complicated by problems of correct identification and dating, soil type, and local and regional environmental variables such as precipitation and vegetation. Nevertheless the fact that certain maximum paleotemperatures can be reasonably established in places warrants expanded research in former periglacial areas to evaluate temperature increases to the present. The majority of determinations in Europe, where most of the work has been done to date, indicate minimum air temperature increases of 13°–18° since the maximum of the last glaciation. 相似文献
16.
Gifford H. Miller 《Quaternary Research》1973,3(4):561-583
Radiocarbon dates on molluses in marine facies associated with glacial deposits in northern Cumberland Peninsula indicate both main fiord (Laurentide) ice and local glaciers remained at their late Wisconsin maxima until ca. 8000 BP. Essentially continuous deglaciation followed; local corrie glaciers melted out by 7100 BP and by 5500 BP fiord glaciers had receded behind the present margin of the Penny Ice Cap. The Hypsithermal warm interval probably lasted from ca. 8000 to 5000 BP. Lichenometry and radiocarbon dates on peat and buried organic horizons delimit a detailed Neoglacial chronology. Of 46 outlet and corrie glaciers investigated, the oldest Neoglacial moraines are dated lichenometrically at 3200 ± 600 BP. Subsequent advances terminated immediately prior to ca. 1650, 780, 350, and 65 yr BP, the most recent of which marked the most extensive ice coverage during the Neoglacial. The highest occurrence of lateral moraines from late Wisconsin advances of local and Laurentide ice suggest that at the late Wisconsin glacial maximum, depression of snowline varied from 450 m below present at the coast to 350 m below present level in the vicinity of the Penny Ice Cap. Moraines, surrounded by glacial ice and lying above the present steady-state ELA, suggest that during the Hypsithermal snowline was up to ca. 200 m above its present elevation. A radiometrically controlled reconstruction of relative summer paleotemperatures for the postglacial derived independently of lichenometry agrees well with the lichenometric age dating of moraines. The data suggest that between ca. 1650 and 900 BP climatic conditions were unfavorable for glacier growth, whereas the period ca. 800-65 yr BP was one of general glacial activity. During the last decade permanent snow cover has been increasing in the area. Previously reported data on climatic trends in the Canadian Arctic based on palynological analyses are similar to the chronology reported here. 相似文献
17.
KONRAD GAJEWSKI MONIQUE FRAPPIER 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2001,30(4):285-289
A core from Prince of Wales Island in the central Canadian Arctic was analysed for pollen and sediment characteristics. From 9200 yr BP to 7000 yr BP, the landscape supported a pioneer vegetation under cold conditions, with relatively high sediment input to the lake. Between 7000 and 4000 yr BP there was a period of high pollen concentrations, more abundant Cyperaceae and Dryas on the landscape and finer sediment input. In the last 4000 years, climate cooling is indicated. 相似文献
18.
19.
In this study, we documented the Holocene history of a peat plateau at the arctic tree line in northern Québec using stratigraphic and macrofossil analyses to highlight the effects of geomorphic setting in peatland development. Paludification of the site began about 6800 cal yr BP. From 6390 to 4120 cal yr BP, the peatland experienced a series of flooding events. The location of the peatland in a depression bounded by two small lakes likely explains its sensitivity to runoff. The proximity of a large hill bordering the peatland to the south possibly favored the inflow of mineral-laden water. The onset of permafrost aggradation in several parts of the peatland occurred after 3670 cal yr BP. Uplifting of the peatland surface caused by permafrost stopped the flooding. According to radiocarbon dating of the uppermost peat layers, permafrost distribution progressed from the east to the west of the peatland, indicating differential timing for the initiation of permafrost throughout the peatland. Most of the peatland was affected by permafrost growth during the Little Ice Age. Picea mariana macroremains at 6450 cal yr BP indicate that the species was present during the early stages of peatland development, which occurred soon after the sea regression. 相似文献
20.
Glacio-isostatic adjustment(GIA)and tectonic activity are important factors in the formation of marine terraces.Late Holocene wave-cut benches in the eastern part of the West Sea of Korea,also called the Yellow Sea,can be divided into two steps:531 cm above sea level(ASL)for the upper bench(T2)and 464-481 cm ASL for the lower bench(T1).Sediments on the benches a re classified into four units,and are interpreted to be beach deposits acco rding to gravel shape,textu re,and seaward inclination.The ove rlying sediment indicates that T2 was formed at approximately 530 cm ASL before 2900 yr BP,and T1 at approximately 460-480 cm ASL before 1520 yr BP.Late Holocene(4000-2000 yr BP)relative sea level(RSL)curves based on GIA models are inconsistent with the wave-cut bench elevations.Comparing T1 and T2 benches to the RSL curves of the West Sea,the upper and the lower benches were uplifted by approximately 5-8 m and 4-7 m,respectively.Although the area is several hundred kilometers away from plate boundaries,the high frequency of earthquakes in the West Sea may have induced the uplift of wave-cut benches during the last 2000 years.These indicate that the west coast of the Korean Peninsula(KP)should no longer be considered an area of subsidence,but be assigned to a regime of uplift during the late Holocene. 相似文献