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1.
J. Kozák T. Lokajíček J. Šílený Reviewer V. Rudajev 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1989,33(4):322-337
Summary The results of laboratory measurements on square perspex models with a stress concentrator under uniaxial compression are presented. An attempt was made to interpret these results in order to determine the mutual relations between the mechanical parameters characterizing the treated models, including their focal zones, parameters of model loading, parameters of seismogenic displacement and parameters of radiated elastic pulses. Particular attention was given to the study of slip displacement, slip velocity, rupture velocity, nucleation points of rupture propagation, nucleation points of elastic radiation and to the frequency analysis of radiated pulses. Measurements of the displacement in the focal zone enabled us to determine the source function, to construct theoretical seismograms in a far field and to compare them with the real pulses from ultrasonic transducers located there. This allowed testing theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of how slip displacement, slip velocity and rupture velocity are related to the parameters of radiated pulses. 相似文献
2.
Bounding of near-fault ground motion based on radiated seismic energy with a consideration of fault frictional mechanisms 
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下载免费PDF全文 The energy radiated as seismic waves strongly depends on the fault rupture process associated with rupture speed and dynamic frictional mechanisms involved in the fault slip motion.Following McGarr and Fletcher approach,we derived a physics-based relationship of the weighted average fault slip velocity vs apparent stress,rupture speed and static stress drop based on a dynamic circular fault model.The resultant function can be approximately used to bound near-fault ground motion and seismic energy associated with near-fault coseismic deformation.Fault frictional overshoot and undershoot mechanisms governed by a simple slip-weakening constitutive relation are included in our consideration by using dynamic rupture models named as M-and D-models and proposed by Madariaga(1976) and Boatwright.We applied the above function to the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake and the 1999 Jiji(Chi-Chi) earthquake to infer the near-fault ground motion called slip weighted average particle velocity and obtained that such model-dependent prediction of weighted average ground velocities is consistent to the results derived from the near-fault strong motion observations.Moreover,we compared our results with the results by McGarr and Fletcher approach,and we found that the values of the weighted average particle velocities we obtained for these two earthquakes are generally smaller and closer to the values by direct integration of strong motion recordings of the near-fault particle velocity waveform data.In other words,if this result comes to be true,it would be a straightforward way used to constrain the near-fault ground motion or to estimate source parameters such as rupture speed,static and dynamic stress drops. 相似文献
3.
We present 2D dynamic rupture models of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on linear slip-weakening friction. We use different types of available observations to constrain our model parameters. The distribution of stress drop is determined by the final slip distribution from slip inversions. As three groups of along-dip slip distribution are suggested by different slip inversions, we present three slip-weakening models. In each model, we assume uniform critical slip distance eastward from the hypocenter, but several asperities with smaller critical slip distance westward from the hypocenter. The values of critical slip distance are constrained by the ratio of deep to shallow high-frequency slip-rate power inferred from back projection source imaging. Our slip-weakening models are consistent with the final slip, slip rate, rupture velocity and high-frequency power ratio inferred for this earthquake. The average static stress drop calculated from the models is in the range of 4.5–7 MPa, though large spatial variations of static stress drop exist. To prevent high-frequency radiation in the region eastward from the hypocenter, the fracture energy needed there is in the order of 10 MJ/m2, and the average up-dip rupture speed cannot exceed 2 km/s. The radiation efficiency calculated from our models is higher than that inferred from seismic data, suggesting the role of additional dissipation processes. We find that the structure of the subduction wedge contributes significantly to the up-dip rupture propagation and the resulting large slip at shallow depth. 相似文献
4.
对有限断层地震波能量辐射的估算通常采用断层面上子源能量的逐点求和方法。基于Brune圆盘模型,Anderson推导出有限断层地震波能量辐射S波的求解公式,即 ,其中 为断层面上地震矩, 为剪切模量, 和 分别为动态应力降和静态应力降,并指出在复合震源模型强地面运动预测应用中 以满足能量守恒。Rivera和Kanamori则从能量辐射表象定理出发,给出了有限断层中辐射能量的积分表达式,明确地指出了逐点求和所存在的问题。依据该积分表达式,本文推导出了复合源模型中新的辐射能完整的求解方法,指出Anderson方法实为断层面上点源辐射能量的简单叠加求和,后者则充分考虑了断层面上任一点在任一时刻能量传播过程中受到的断层面上所有位移破裂路径的交互影响。以1976年唐山7.6地震为例,应用上述方法分别计算了有限断层模型的辐射能量及近场强地面运动,如质点运动加速度,速度。结果表明如果模型参数满足 时,由本文给出的求解方法计算所得到的地震波辐射能已远远超出实际的辐射能量值,直接导致了对近场强地面运动参数如质点速度、加速度等的过高估算。因此,Zeng等和Anderson工作的局限性是非常明显的:地震矩守恒以及非物理的 无法准确地预测近场地面运动。未来工作中,对于有限断层模型的建立,在地震矩守恒这一约束条件的基础上,远场和近场能量解（或视应力）将可作为另一个重要的约束条件,为强地面运动的模拟提供一个更为恰当的求解方案。 相似文献
5.
Gaetano Zonno Roberto Basili Fabrizio Meroni Gemma Musacchio P. Martin Mai Gianluca Valensise 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(4):1075-1107
We present a strategy for obtaining fault-based maximum observable shaking (MOS) maps, which represent an innovative concept for assessing deterministic seismic ground motion at a regional scale. Our approach uses the fault sources supplied for Italy by the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources, and particularly by its composite seismogenic sources (CSS), a spatially continuous simplified 3-D representation of a fault system. For each CSS, we consider the associated Typical Fault, i.e., the portion of the corresponding CSS that can generate the maximum credible earthquake. We then compute the high-frequency (1–50?Hz) ground shaking for a rupture model derived from its associated maximum credible earthquake. As the Typical Fault floats within its CSS to occupy all possible positions of the rupture, the high-frequency shaking is updated in the area surrounding the fault, and the maximum from that scenario is extracted and displayed on a map. The final high-frequency MOS map of Italy is then obtained by merging 8,859 individual scenario-simulations, from which the ground shaking parameters have been extracted. To explore the internal consistency of our calculations and validate the results of the procedure we compare our results (1) with predictions based on the Next Generation Attenuation ground-motion equations for an earthquake of Mw 7.1, (2) with the predictions of the official Italian seismic hazard map, and (3) with macroseismic intensities included in the DBMI04 Italian database. We then examine the uncertainties and analyse the variability of ground motion for different fault geometries and slip distributions. 相似文献
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7.
Abstract The 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan ( M w = 7.6) produced a surface rupture along the north–south-striking Chelungpu thrust fault with pure dip-slip (east side up) and left lateral strike-slip displacements. Near-field strong-motion data for the northern part of the fault illustrate a distinct lack of the high-frequency seismic radiation associated with a large slip (10–15 m) and a rapid slip velocity (2–4 m/s), suggesting a smooth seismic slip associated with low dynamic frictional resistance on the fault. A drillhole was constructed at shallow depths in the possible fault zones of the northern part of the Chelungpu Fault, which may have slipped during the 1999 earthquake. One of the zones consists of a 20-cm-thick, unconsolidated fault breccia with a chaotic texture lacking both discrete slip surfaces (e.g. Riedel shears) and grain crushing. Other possible fault zones are marked by the narrow (less than a few centimeters) gouge zone in which clayey material intrudes into the damaged zone outside of the gouge zone. These characteristic fault rock textures suggest that the slip mechanisms at shallow levels during the earthquake involved either granular flow of initially unconsolidated material or slip localization under elevated pore pressure along the narrow clayey gouge zone. Because both mechanisms lead to low dynamic frictional resistance on the fault, the rapid seismic slip in the deep portions of the fault (i.e. the source region of strong-motion radiation) could have been accommodated by frictionless slip on the shallow portions of the fault. The combination of strong-motion data and fault rock analysis suggests that smooth slip associated with low dynamic friction occurred on both the deep and shallow portions of the fault, resulting in a large slip between the source region and the surface in the northern region. 相似文献
8.
本文计算并分析了不对称双侧破裂方式的矩形断层辐射的 P 波远场位移谱, 提出研究不对称双侧破裂过程的初步方法, 并将它应用于1975年2月4日辽宁省海城7.3级地震的震源破裂过程的研究.研究结果表明, 海城地震的破裂方式是在震源地区北西西断层上发生的不对称双侧破裂过程, 断层总长度为54公里, 主破裂朝北西西方向, 破裂长度为38公里, 破裂速度为1.3公里/秒, 向南东东方向破裂的长度为16公里, 破裂速度亦为1.3公里/秒.进而求得海城地震的震源参数为:走向滑动平均错距117厘米;倾向滑动平均错距33厘米;地震矩5.2×1026 达因·厘米;应力降22巴;应变降3.3×10-5; 释放的总能量3.4×1022尔格. 相似文献
9.
Effect of source parameters on forward-directivity velocity pulse for vertical strike slip fault in half space 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
It has been found that the large velocity pulse is one of the most important characteristics of near-fault strong ground motions. Some statistical relationships between pulse period and the moment magnitude for near-fault strong ground motions have been established by Somerville （1998）; Alavi and Krawinkler （2000）; and Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou （2003）, where no variety of rupture velocity, fault depth, and fault distance, etc. were considered. Since near-fault ground motions are significantly influenced by the rupture process and source parameters, the effects of some source parameters on the amplitude and the period ofa forward-directivity velocity pulse in a half space are analyzed by the finite difference method combined with the kinematic source model in this paper. The study shows that the rupture velocity, fault depth, position of the initial rupture point and distribution of asperities are the most important parameters to the velocity pulse. Generally, the pulse period decreases and the pulse amplitude increases as the rupture velocity increases for shallow crustal earthquakes. In a definite region besides the fault trace, the pulse period increases as the fault depth increases. For a uniform strike slip fault, rupture initiating from one end of a fault and propagating to the other always generates a higher pulse amplitude and longer pulse period than in other cases. 相似文献
10.
High-frequency velocities are measured during stick-slip motion in the immediate vicinity of a fault in a granite sample to reveal the microscopic process taking place in the breakdown zone defined in the slip-weakening model. It is found that 1) the onset time of the observed strong motion approximately coincides with the local rupture onset time, 2) the observed near-fault high-frequency strong-motion duration is approximately proportional to the local breakdown time, and 3) the power spectra of strong motions exhibit significant amplitudes at frequencies above the value off
max, wheref
max is a cut-off frequency relevant to rupturing the breakdown zone. These observations suggest that the high-frequency motion would be due to the incoherent brittle microfracture whose characteristic scale is much shorter than the breakdown zone size. We present a stochastic fault model to synthesize the near-fault high-frequency velocity waveforms. In the model, a number of small circular subfaults are distributed randomly on the fault and the rupture onset time of an individual subfault is assumed to be random. The main features of the observed velocity waveforms are well explained by this numerical modeling. It is concluded that approximately half of the total energy of high-frequency elastic waves observed at a point is radiated from the propagating breakdown zone. We emphasize the importance of the observation of near-fault high-frequency strong motions for large shallow earthquakes. 相似文献
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12.
Dynamic faulting under rate-dependent friction 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
We discuss the effects of rate-dependent friction on the propagation of seismic rupture on active faults. Several physicists using Burridge and Knopoff's box and spring model of faulting have proposed that fault complexity may arise from the spontaneous development of a self-similar stress distribution on the fault plane. If this model proves to be correct, it has important consequences for the origin of the complexity of seismic sources. In order to test these ideas on a more realistic earthquake model, we developed a new boundary integral equation method for studying rupture propagation along an antiplane fault in the presence of nonlinear rate-dependent friction. We study rupture dynamics of models with single and twin asperities. In our models, asperities are places on the fault with a higher value of prestress. Othewise all fault parameters are homogeneous. We show that for models with such asperities, a slip velocity weakening friction leads to the propagation of supersonic healing phases and to the spontaneous arrest of fracture if the prestress outside the asperities is low enough. For models with asperities, we can also observe narrow slip velocity pulses, qualitatively similar to the so-called Heaton pulses observed in some earthquake accelerograms. We also observe a complex distribution of stress after the rupture that depends on details of the initial distribution of asperities and on the details of the friction law. 相似文献
13.
We developed a recipe for predicting strong ground motions based on a characterization of the source model for future crustal earthquakes. From recent developments of waveform inversion of strong motion data used to estimate the rupture process, we have inferred that strong ground motion is primarily related to the slip heterogeneity inside the source rather than average slip in the entire rupture area. Asperities are characterized as regions that have large slip relative to the average slip on the rupture area. The asperity areas, as well as the total rupture area, scale with seismic moment. We determined that the areas of strong motion generation approximately coincide with the asperity areas. Based on the scaling relationships, the deductive source model for the prediction of strong ground motions is characterized by three kinds of parameters: outer, inner, and extra fault parameters. The outer fault parameters are defined as entire rupture area and total seismic moment. The inner fault parameters are defined as slip heterogeneity inside the source, area of asperities, and stress drop on each asperity based on the multiple-asperity model. The pattern of rupture nucleation and termination are the extra fault parameters that are related to geomorphology of active faults. We have examined the validity of the earthquake sources constructed by our recipe by comparing simulated and observed ground motions from recent inland crustal earthquakes, such as the 1995 Kobe and 2005 Fukuoka earthquakes. 相似文献
14.
Alexander A. Gusev Eugenia M. Guseva Giuliano F. Panza 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(7):1305-1325
For any earthquake, the slipping fault and the source of high-frequency seismic waves, by and large, coincide. On a more local
scale, however, the areas of high seismic slip rate and of increased high-frequency radiation output (seismic luminosity)
need not match. To study in some detail how slip rate and seismic luminosity are interrelated, a systematic study is performed
that uses 251 records of teleseismic P waves from 23 intermediate-depth earthquakes of magnitude 6.8 and above. From a broadband trace we extract two time histories:
(1) displacement and (2) 0.5–2.5 Hz band-passed and squared velocity, or ``HF power', and calculate correlation coefficient,
ρ between the two. To reduce the bias related to formation of P coda, a special procedure is applied to data. We estimated the average value ρ = 0.52 (range of event averages 0.35 to 0.65) for the correlation coefficient between the radiated time histories for displacement
and ``HF power', which is considerably below the ``ideal' value of unity. We argue that the same or even lower value characterizes
the degree of slip rate - seismic luminosity correlation at the fault. Two factors may contribute to the revealed decorrelation:
(1) random fluctuations of observed HF power (inevitable for a signal with a limited bandwidth), and (2) the genuine mismatch
of slip rate and mean luminosity. We show that these factors, acting separately, would result in the ρ values equal to, correspondingly, 0.72 and 0.80. We also show that genuine decorrelation is statistically significant. We
conclude that the observed values of ρ indicate genuine differences between the distributions of the slip rate and the seismic luminosity over the fault area. These
results provide important constraints both for the accurate wide-band simulation of strong ground motion and for theoretical
dynamic source models. 相似文献
15.
The staggered grid finite-difference method is a powerful tool in seismology and is commonly used to study earthquake source
dynamics. In the staggered grid finite-difference method stress and particle velocity components are calculated at different
grid points, and a faulting problem is a mixed boundary problem, therefore different implementations of fault boundary conditions
have been proposed. Viriuex and Madariaga (1982) chose the shear stress grid as the fault surface, however, this method has
several problems: (1) Fault slip leakage outside the fault, and (2) the stress bump beyond the crack tip caused by S waves
is not well resolved. Madariaga et al. (1998) solved the latter problem via thick fault implementation, but the former problem remains and causes a new issue;
displacement discontinuity across the slip is not well modeled because of the artificial thickness of the fault. In the present
study we improve the implementation of the fault boundary conditions in the staggered grid finite-difference method by using
a fictitious surface to satisfy the fault boundary conditions. In our implementation, velocity (or displacement) grids are
set on the fault plane, stress grids are shifted half grid spacing from the fault and stress on the fictitious surface in
the rupture zone is given such that the interpolated stress on the fault is equal to the frictional stress. Within the area
which does not rupture, stress on the fictitious surface is given a condition of no discontinuity of the velocity (or displacement).
Fault normal displacement (or velocity) is given such that the normal stress on the fault is continuous across the fault.
Artificial viscous damping is introduced on the fault to avoid vibration caused by onset of the slip. Our implementation has
five advantages over previous versions: (1) No leakage of the slip prior to rupture and (2) a zero thickness fault, (3) stress
on the fault is reliably calculated, (4) our implementation is suitable for the study of fault constitutive laws, as slip
is defined as the difference between displacement on the plane of z = + 0 and that of z = − 0, and (5) cessation of slip is achieved correctly. 相似文献
16.
本文利用远震P和SH波反演得到2008年5月12日汶川大地震(MW=7.9)的一系列有限破裂模型。使用一种基于小波变换的模拟退火非线性反演方法, 我们将主断层划分成若干个子断层, 在反演时同时确定每个子断层上的滑移量、 滑动角、 上升时间(rise time)以及平均破裂速度。我们首先根据一个假定的破裂模型生成理论地震图, 将该理论地震数据作为输入进行反演, 对该有限破裂反演方法进行了一系列测试, 以验证反演对断层倾角、 平均破裂速度、 最大破裂深度等参数的敏感性。然后我们采用4个不同倾角的断层面来对汶川地震远震体波记录进行反演。结果表明, 若对只在一个断层面上模拟该地震, 30°倾角是个较为合适的值。反演的结果还表明, 此次地震有两个主要的能量释放区域, 并且主断层面存在倾角变化的可能性。在将来的研究中, 可以结合GPS, InSAR测地学以及强震等数据, 来对强震的破裂过程做更细致的研究。 相似文献
17.
本文利用边界积分方程方法,以基于三角形网格的全空间格林函数及离散积分核计算为基础,进行了最常见的弯折断层的破裂传播过程模拟.为了去除边界积分方程方法中格林函数计算存在的高度奇异性,研究采用分部积分等方法对动力学方程进行了重整化和离散化处理.地震力学过程可以被视为断层由静摩擦转为动摩擦的过程,对于震源破裂过程的动力学模拟,摩擦准则起着重要作用,本研究采用常用的滑动弱化摩擦准则.计算引入Courant-Friedrich-Lewy比值来表达场点的影响,并控制计算的收敛性和稳定性.通过与典型算例的比对,检验了方法的正确性和有效性.地震破裂能否穿越断层弯折部位继续传播是震源动力学研究的重要内容,基于此,本文建立了多种理论弯折断层模型,模拟了断层弯折对地震破裂传播的控制作用,并通过改变断层周边初始应力场、断层弯折角度大小以及滑动弱化距离大小等来分析各个因素对破裂传播的影响.模拟结果表明:断层面上初始破裂区域内外的应力越高,破裂越容易越过断层弯折部位继续传播;初始破裂区域半径越大,或滑动弱化距离越小,破裂也越容易发生,并越过弯折部位继续传播.同样的初始条件,断层弯折角度越大,断层弯折作为障碍体,对破裂传播的阻碍作用越显著.小的弯折角,其破裂传播过程与平面断层差别不明显,基本仍以椭圆方式对称向两侧传播. 相似文献
18.
2013年7月22日,在甘肃岷县漳县交界处发生MS6.6地震,地震震中位置靠近临潭—宕昌断裂.本文通过构建有限断层模型,利用国家强震动台网中心提供的12条强地面运动三分量资料,通过波形反演方法来研究这次地震的震源破裂过程.结果显示这次地震是发生在甘东南地区岷县—宕昌断裂带东段附近的一次MW6.1级逆冲兼具左旋走滑破裂事件,最大滑动量约为80cm.发震断层走向及滑动性质与岷县—宕昌断裂吻合,推断本次地震与东昆仑断裂向北的扩展和推挤密切相关,是岷县—宕昌断裂进一步活动的结果. 相似文献
19.
Evidence supporting a smooth crack-like rupture process of the Michoacan earthquake of 1985 is obtained from a major earthquake for the first time. Digital strong motion data from three stations (Caleta de Campos, La Villita, and La Union), recording near-field radiation from the fault, show unusually simple ramped displacements and permanent offsets previously only seen in theoretical models. The recording of low frequency (0 to 1 Hz) near-field waves together with the apparently smooth rupture favors a crack-like model to a step or Haskell-type dislocation model under the constraint of the slip distribution obtained by previous studies. A crack-like rupture, characterized by an approximated dynamic slip function and systematic decrease in slip duration away from the point of rupture nucleation, produces the best fit to the simple ramped displacements observed. Spatially varying rupture duration controls several important aspects of the synthetic seismograms, including the variation in displacement rise times between components of motion observed at Caleta de Campos. Ground motion observed at Caleta de Campos can be explained remarkably well with a smoothly propagating crack model. However, data from La Villita and La Union suggest a more complex rupture process than the simple crack-like model for the south-eastern portion of the fault. 相似文献
20.
Introduction An earthquake of MS=7.8 occurred near the Gujarat of India on January 26, 2001, which was one of the most deadly earthquakes since there was the record in the Indian history (Bendick, et al, 2001; Gupta, et al, 2001). The USGS of USA determined the origin time of the earthquake to be 3h16min41s (UTC), and the epicenter location to be 70.32篍, 23.40篘. Shortly after the earthquake, the moment tensor solutions or focal mechanisms and other related parameters were offered by s… 相似文献