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1.
为了解东菲律宾海新型铁锰结壳中元素的赋存状态, 采用化学提取方法对3个结壳样品进行了物相分析.不同类型结壳中成矿和稀土元素的赋存状态总体一致, 表明它们形成于相近的地质和海洋环境中.成矿元素中的Fe和Cu绝大部分赋存在残渣态中, Mn、Co和Ni则主要赋存在锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态中, 并且埋藏型结壳样品锰氧化物结合态中赋存了相对更高比例的成矿元素.三价稀土元素主要集中在锰氧化物结合态中.两个沉积物表层结壳样品中的Ce主要集中在残渣态中.而埋藏型结壳样品中的Ce则主要赋存在锰氧化物结合态中, 这可能与该样品此相态中赋存了相对较多的Mn有关.呈碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态的稀土元素含量仅各占稀土总量的1%左右, 表明两者对结壳中稀土元素的富集作用很小. 相似文献
2.
对拜仁达坝铅锌矿矿集区3个多金属矿区的3个土壤粒级样品中Zn、Pb、Cu、Ag 4种主要成矿元素的7种赋存形式(水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机质结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、硫化物结合态和残渣态)进行了测定。研究结果表明:1银都矿区土壤中Zn、Pb和Ag浓度最高,而道伦达坝矿区土壤中Cu的浓度最高;2拜仁达坝矿集区土壤中Zn、Pb和Cu主要以残渣态形式赋存,而Ag主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和硫化物结合态形式赋存;3拜仁达坝矿集区Zn、Pb和Cu元素在3个土壤粒级中的各个赋存形式所占的比例略有差别,但总体上大致相同,而Ag元素的赋存状态在3个土壤粒级的差异较大;4 3个矿区土壤中水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机质结合态的Zn和Pb差别不大;铁锰氧化物结合态、硫化物结合态和残渣态的Zn和Pb,以及Cu和Ag的7个赋存状态在3个矿区的差别较大。 相似文献
3.
通过对黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的地质和地球化学分析,结合前人研究成果,探讨了黑色岩系元素赋存状态及富集模式。黑色岩系富含有机质,粘土矿物成分高,Ni-Mo矿层以硫化物矿物为主,表明元素赋存状态主要为硫化物态、有机质结合态和粘土矿物吸附态等,但各个元素的赋存状态有所不同。黑色岩系多元素富集层是贵金属元素、稀土元素和其他微量元素的富集体,富集系数高。黑色岩系多元素的异常富集是古地理环境、构造运动、热液活动和缺氧事件的综合作用结果。 相似文献
4.
利用低温灰化（LTA）、X衍射粉晶分析（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM-EDX）、连续浸取实验等方法研究了贵州燃煤型砷中毒地区煤中微量元素的地球化学特征和赋存状态。结果发现：不同元素在高砷煤中的赋存状态不同;同一元素在高砷煤中的存在形式多种多样,可同时以可交换离子、碳酸盐结合态、硅酸盐结合态、硫化物和有机质结合态中几种形式存在;元素的赋存状态与元素的自身性质如元素（或离子）半径、电负性等和成煤作用密切相关。 相似文献
5.
采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)和逐级化学提取法对淮南煤田潘三矿某钻孔煤中Ba、Mn和Ni的含量及其赋存状态进行了研究。结果表明:潘三矿煤样中Ba含量较其他地区煤明显偏高,Mn含量较其他地区明显偏低,而Ni元素含量则相差不大;Ba主要以离子交换态存在,也较少以有机结合态、碳酸盐结合态和硅酸盐结合态形式赋存;Mn主要以离子交换态或碳酸盐结合态存在;Ni主要以有机结合态的形式存在,也存在碳酸盐结合态、硫化物结合态和硅酸盐结合态的Ni。 相似文献
6.
金属活动态测量方法是寻找隐伏矿的有效手段之一，但在方法应用过程中发现不同地球化学景观条件下金元素的有效活动态类型不尽相同，并且提取过程中固液比、温度、时间等条件会对活动态提取数据产生较大影响。为了探讨金元素活动态选择性提取及方法在秦岭地区的指示效果等问题，本文利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析技术对秦岭地区王家坪金矿床金元素活动态提取的不同实验条件及不同粒级样品进行对比研究，确定了针对金元素水提取态、黏土吸附态、有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态的最佳提取条件为：固液比1：5，提取时间24h，提取温度35℃，采样粒级为-80目。金元素四个相态的方法检出限分别为：水提取态0.03ng/g，黏土吸附态0.03ng/g，有机结合态0.04ng/g，铁锰氧化物结合态0.05ng/g，精密度（RSD）为7.25%～9.02%。该方法应用于王家坪金矿床23线，经分析金元素各形态平均含量为：水提取态0.19×10 -9，黏土吸附态0.30×10 -9，有机结合态11.16×10 -9，铁锰氧化物结合态0.20×10 -9，其中有机结合态为矿区土壤中金元素赋存的主要活动相态，金的有机结合态异常与隐伏金矿体位置一致。 相似文献
7.
本文通过对街道灰尘中铬、镉、铅三种元素赋存状态研究、铬、铅在街道灰尘中以残渣态为主，镉以有机质结合态为主。虽然铬、铅、镉存在形式稍有差异，但其在街道灰尘中主要以矿物质的形态存在，说明其比较稳定，不易迁移转化，对环境的危害比较持久。在治理措施上应有早遏止微量元素向环境中排放，以免其与灰尘发生相互作用对环境造成长期的危害。 相似文献
8.
对拉尔玛Se—Au矿床和渔塘坝硒矿床中干酪根的高分辨透射电镜(TEM)研究表明，两个矿床的Se在干酪根中的赋存状态是截然不同的。前者Se在干酪根中的富集可能主要以有机结合态的形式存在，主要是取代干酪根中的硫；而后者Se在干酪根中的富集主要以超微包体Se的形式吸附在干酪根中。两种不同的赋存状态可能主要取决于干酪根中硫含量的多少以及成矿时氧化还原条件的变化。研究表明，TEM是研究元素在干酪根中赋存状态的有效手段。 相似文献
9.
以四川某地碳硅泥岩型铀矿为研究对象,通过对8件岩芯样品进行铀赋存形态的研究。将铀赋存形态分为可交换态、铁锰结合态、碳酸盐结合态、有机态和残渣态,其中前四种铀为活性铀,残渣态为惰性铀。研究结果显示,无论是在试样内、试样间,还是同一矿床的不同层位以及不同的矿床间铀赋存形态的含量都有明显的差异。 相似文献
10.
以四川某地碳硅泥岩型铀矿为研究对象,通过对8件岩芯样品进行铀赋存形态的研究。将铀赋存形态分为可交换态、铁锰结合态、碳酸盐结合态、有机态和残渣态,其中前四种铀为活性铀,残渣态为惰性铀。研究结果显示,无论是在试样内、试样间,还是同一矿床的不同层位以及不同的矿床间铀赋存形态的含量都有明显的差异。 相似文献
11.
We propose that the precipitation of a gelatinous iron-sulphide membrane is the necessary first step towards life. Membrane vesicles were inflated with alkaline, sulphide-bearing hydrothermal (<200°C) solution and grew on a submarine sulphide mound in acid iron-bearing Hadean seawater. Once a critical size had been reached (0.1–1 mm) vesicles would have budded contiguous self-similar daughters. We assume that the membrane was rendered insulating by the adsorption and/or oxidative precipitation of organic and organosulphur compounds. As a consequence of the naturally induced proton-motive (chemiosmotic) force, and the activity of the iron monosulphide redox catalysts within the membrane, organic compounds would have accumulated within the vesicle. Osmotically driven growth therefore became more significant with time. The geochemical environment envisaged as responsible for this first step towards life is consistent with that widely accepted for the early Earth. 相似文献
12.
Magnesite growth rates and step velocities have been measured systematically as a function of temperature from 80 to 105 °C and saturation state in 0.1 M NaCl solutions using hydrothermal atomic force microscopy (HAFM). The observations indicate that at these conditions magnesite precipitation is dominated by the coupling of step generation via spiral growth at screw dislocations and step advancement away from these dislocations. As these two processes occur in series the slowest of these dominates precipitation rates. At 100 °C magnesite growth rates ( r) determined by HAFM are consistent with | where k is a constant equal to 6.5 × 10−16 mol/cm2/s and Ω is the saturation index with respect to magnesite. This equation is consistent with spiral growth step generation controlling magnesite precipitation rates. Corresponding magnesite precipitation rates measured using mixed-flow reactors are shown to be consistent with both the rates measured by HAFM and the spiral growth theory, confirming the rate limiting mechanism. Step advancement, however, is observed to slow far faster than step generation with decreasing temperature; the activation energy for step advancement is 159 kJ/mol whereas step generation rates have an estimated activation energy of 60 kJ/mol. As such, it seems likely that at ambient temperatures magnesite growth is limited by very slow step advancement rates. 相似文献
13.
Operator splitting methods are often used to solve convection–diffusion problems of convection dominated nature. However, it is well known that such methods can produce significant (splitting) errors in regions containing self sharpening fronts. To amend this shortcoming, corrected operator splitting methods have been developed. These approaches use the wave structure from the convection step to identify the splitting error. This error is then compensated for in the diffusion step. The main purpose of the present work is to illustrate the importance of the correction step in the context of an inverse problem. The inverse problem will consist of estimating the fractional flow function in a onedimensional saturation equation.
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14.
Numerical simulation of Richards equation in unsaturated soil is known to be difficult because of the highly non-linear material
properties involved. An extensive study was conducted to clarify the role of mass balance and under-relaxation on the rate
in which the correct solution is approached. Both finite element and finite difference techniques were considered. For the
former, the
h-based formulation was compared with a mass-conservative mixed form. The conductivity function (
K) was under-relaxed in two ways while the capacity function (
C) is computed following the standard mass or non-mass conservative schemes recommended in literature. For fairly coarse discretisation,
it was found that large errors were produced when
K was under-relaxed by evaluating it at the average of heads from current and previous time step (UR1), regardless of the numerical
scheme used. Maintaining global mass balance is found to have little impact on the accuracy. All numerical schemes that under-relaxed
K by computing it at the average of two most recent iterations in the current time step (UR2) converged quicker to the correct
solution with increasing discretisation, although more iterations per time step than UR1 is needed to achieve a stable solution.
An important practical ramification is that it appears to be possible to achieve reasonably accurate and oscillation-free
results using fairly coarse discretisation by making only minor modifications (namely, using UR2 for conductivity function)
to the
h-based finite element formulation and applying some minimum time step criteria.
相似文献
15.
Viscoelastic or creep behaviour can have a significant influence on the load transfer (
t–
z) response at the pile–soil interface, and thus on the pile load settlement relationship. Many experimental and theoretical models for pile load transfer behaviour have been presented. However, none of these has led to a closed‐form expression which captures both non‐linearity and viscoelastic behaviour of the soil. In this paper, non‐linear viscoelastic shaft and base load transfer (
t–
z) models are presented, based on integration of a generalized viscoelastic stress–strain model for the soil. The resulting shaft model is verified through published field and laboratory test data. With these models, the previous closed‐form solutions evolved for a pile in a non‐homogeneous media have been readily extended to account for visco‐elastic response. For 1‐step loading case, the closed‐form predictions have been verified extensively with previous more rigorous numerical analysis, and with the new GASPILE program analysis. Parametric studies on two kinds of commonly encountered loading: step loading, ramp (linear increase followed by sustained) loading have been performed. Two examples of the prediction of the effects of creep on the load settlement relationship by the solutions and the program GASPILE, have been presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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16.
在岩土工程实践中对于诸如各向异性岩体的应力-渗流耦合分析等复杂问题,建立用于同时确定多类参数的反分析方法具有重要意义。以位移量测信息为基础信息,对基于复变量微分法的优化算法（Levenberg-Marquit法）引入异步长因子矩阵 ,建立同时反演确定初始地应力、围岩性态参数和渗透系数的协同优化变步长反演算法。对不同的参数借助搜索迭代过程,确定不同的步长因子系数。异步长因子矩阵可使在峰值附近不收敛的参数重新选择搜索方向,使其收敛至精确值。算例表明,异步长因子矩阵可成功地用于协调各类参数敏感性之间的差异,从而有效改进多参数耦合反演的收敛性和收敛速度,使算法具有更好的适应性和有效性,为岩土工程的复杂问题的求解提供一种方法。
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17.
Suprasolidus continental crust is prone to loss and redistribution of anatectic melt to shallow crustal levels. These processes ultimately lead to differentiation of the continental crust. The majority of granulite facies rocks worldwide has experienced melt loss and the reintegration of melt is becoming an increasingly popular approach to reconstruct the prograde history of melt‐depleted rocks by means of phase equilibria modelling. It involves the stepwise down‐temperature reintegration of a certain amount of melt into the residual bulk composition along an inferred
P–T path, and various ways of calculating and reintegrating melt compositions have been developed and applied. Here different melt‐reintegration approaches are tested using El Hoyazo granulitic enclaves (SE Spain), and Mt. Stafford residual migmatites (central Australia). Various sets of
P–T pseudosections were constructed progressing step by step, to lower temperatures along the inferred
P–T paths. Melt‐reintegration was done following one‐step and multi‐step procedures proposed in the literature. For El Hoyazo granulites, modelling was also performed reintegrating the measured melt inclusions and matrix glass compositions and considering the melt amounts inferred by mass–balance calculations. The overall topology of phase diagrams is pretty similar, suggesting that, in spite of the different methods adopted, reintegrating a certain amount of melt can be sufficient to reconstruct a plausible prograde history (i.e. melting conditions and reactions, and melt productivity) of residual migmatites and granulites. However, significant underestimations of melt productivity may occur and have to be taken into account when a melt‐reintegration approach is applied to highly residual (SiO
2 <55 wt%) rocks, or to rocks for which H
2O retention from subsolidus conditions is high (such as in the case of rapid crustal melting triggered by mafic magma underplating).
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18.
Calcium carbonate-based materials (CCBM) have been found to remove Fe(II) and other divalent metal cations from aqueous solution and thus have the potential for incorporation into remediation systems to remove Fe(II) from groundwater at landfills. Research was conducted to examine the ability of a range of CCBM to remove Fe(II) and assess the mechanism of removal. Different CCBM (limestone, concrete, dolomite, marble), as well as gypsum, witherite, and quartz sand, were tested for their ability to remove Fe(II) from water using batch tests conducted under anaerobic conditions. Limestone (specific surface area of approximately 0.46 m
2/g) was found to have the best removal effectiveness, and the final Fe(II) concentration was reduced from 50 to <0.01 mg/L. Kinetics experiments conducted over a 72 h period indicated that the removal process of Fe(II) by CCBM was a two-step process. The first step is rapid sorption of Fe(II) onto the CCBM surfaces within the first hour, and the second step is relatively slow co-precipitation of iron-containing solids formed through various chemical reactions. The two best performing CCBM (limestone and concrete) were evaluated for their removal ability based on media particle size (diameters of 3–5, 7–10, 15–25, and 40–50 mm) and revealed statistically significant (
p < 0.01) increases in Fe(II) removal for each particle size class examined. SEM analysis of reacted materials revealed visible precipitates on the reactive material surface; XRD analysis was not able to detect crystalline Fe minerals on limestone surface.
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19.
The peculiarities of weathering processes involving duration, slow change of ambient conditions, isothermality as well as proceeding in open systems permit to study these processes in a steady-state approach (d
Ci/d
t = 0, where
Ci is concentration of intermediates; and
t is time). The most typical quasi-stationary processes for a water-rock system are: (1) non-equilibrium step - surface reaction of primary-mineral dissolution; and (2) non-equilibrium step - secondary-mineral precipitation. These respectively determine two extreme mechanisms of mineral formation: (1) pseudomorphous replacement; and (2) dissolution-transfer-crystallization. Besides non-stationary weathering processes are known. It is the case when a process is controlled by diffusion through a layer of secondary minerals which have been deposited on the surface of the primary mineral. A mathematical model of weathering dynamics of feldspar with its metasomatic replacement by clay minerals is presented. Numerical simulation led to the prediction of mineral zonality development along the weathering profile at any time.
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20.
借助原位液槽原子力显微镜（in situ AFM）的观察,通过Cd2+,Pb2+替代方解石最外层晶格Ca2+生长模式的实验研究,
探讨了Cd2+与Pb2+作用下方解石表面溶解与结晶行为。在液体反应槽中,分别将含不饱和Cd2+与Pb2+溶液流经方解石{101 _
4}解理面,结果发现:（1）Cd2+的存在不影响方解石沿<4_41> 晶向台阶的溶解,而Pb2+的存在则强烈阻碍了方解石沿<441>+晶向台阶的溶解;（2）停止输入溶液含Cd2+,Pb2+溶液后,随着方解石表面与溶液达到平衡,溶解过程逐渐转变为结晶过程。结果显示在Cd2+存在时,单分子生长层具有方解石原有的定向性,而在Pb2+存在时的生长则不具任何定向性。尽管有此差异,
但（Ca,Cd）CO3 和（Ca,Pb）CO3 固溶体都受控于单分子层外延生长这一结晶机理。
含Cd2+和Pb2+溶液对方解石溶解动力学的作用与选择性吸附的阳离子半径大小、吸附复合体的几何形状及其结晶学取
向有关。Cd2+离子倾向于优先进入更狭小的<4_41>- 晶向的微台阶上,而Pb2+则倾向于形成扭曲的八面体络合物吸附在更开
阔的<4_41>+ 晶向台阶上。因此,Pb2+存在下方解石表面生长方向无序可认为是白铅矿和方解石结构差异的原因。
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