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1.
Songtang He Daojie Wang Shiqiu Chang Yingchao Fang Huijuan Lan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(14):544
A series experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of streambed profile on the erosion and deposition of debris flows. It is found that straight channel can increase the run out of debris flows by 10–25%, compared to that of surfaces without channels, and that travel distance was positively correlated with the hydraulic radius of the channel. In addition, the presence of straight channels caused the volume of debris flow deposition to become normally distributed with respect to travel distance. In the case of curved channels, increases in the sinuosity index resulted in significant blockage and obstruction. In the deposition zone, the maximum deposition volume for a channel with a comparatively low sinuosity index (1.05) was <?50% of the minimum deposition volume for a straight channel. Furthermore, the channel curvature affected not only the positions of deposition peaks along the travel distance but also the debris flow magnitudes in each unit interval (0.5 m). This study demonstrates the effects of differences in channel morphology on the erosional and depositional processes of gully debris flows. These findings are of significant importance for guiding debris flow risk assessment and for the restoration and reconstruction of downstream regions. 相似文献
2.
扇三角洲是一类非常重要的油气聚集场所,准确可靠的扇三角洲沉积模式,对储集层预测具有重要意义。准噶尔盆地玛北地区三叠系百口泉组发育一套扇三角洲沉积体系,虽然前人做了大量的研究,但在沉积模式方面仍存在一些争议。通过现代沉积考察、前人水槽模拟实验、研究区测井、岩心等资料综合分析发现: (1)玛北地区百口泉组扇三角洲平原发育3类微相,即辫状河道微相、砾质漫滩微相、水上朵前泥微相,同时可见泥石流沉积;玛北地区百口泉组扇三角洲前缘发育2种微相,即砾质浅滩微相、砂质浅滩微相,同时可见碎屑流沉积;(2)扇三角洲平原河道与河道间均为砂砾岩,河道砂砾岩的分选性明显好于河道间砂砾岩;(3)扇三角洲前缘不发育水下分流河道,扇三角洲前缘的砂砾岩主体是由扇三角洲平原片流入湖形成的,呈席状。 相似文献
3.
运用最新重力流沉积理论,以钻井岩芯、地震资料为基础,系统研究了渤海海域渤中25-1油田沙三段重力流沉积特征、类型、岩相组合、砂体空间展布特征以及沉积模式。结果表明,研究区主要发育滑塌重力流、砂质碎屑流、浊流3种重力流沉积类型,并构成5种典型的岩相组合,包括湖相细粒沉积与滑塌重力流组合（MS）、砂质碎屑流与滑塌重力流组合（DS）、砂质碎屑流与浊流组合（DT）、浊流与砂质碎屑流组合（TD）、湖相细粒沉积与浊流组合（MT）。研究区重力流沉积具有"源-坡-断-流"联控的"滑塌-砂质碎屑流-浊流"沉积过程与发育模式,其中砂质碎屑流砂体呈舌状体分布,浊流砂体则具有朵状体形态特征。储层综合评价表明,砂质碎屑流砂体粒度粗、宽厚比小、泥质含量低、物性好,是优质的重力流储层类型。对不同重力流类型沉积特征、展布形态以及储层性质的精细研究,对深水优质砂岩储层的预测具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
4.
泥石流堆积物作为泥石流发育最终的产物,含有大量与泥石流发生过程和发育特征相关的信息,能够反映泥石流灾害程度和活动强度。研究表明,泥石流堆积物颗粒具有明显的自相似性和无标度区间,运用分形理论,计算泥石流堆积物颗粒分布的分维数。分析分维数与主沟长度、泥砂补给段长度比、主沟平均比降、流域最大相对高差和松散物源量的关系,结果表明分维数与各因素之间存在较强的非线性响应关系。以乌东德库区泥石流实测数据为例,以上述的5个因素作为输入单元,建立了泥石流堆积物分维数支持向量机预测模型,并对分维数进行了预测,其预测结果的最大误差为1.25%,说明预测值与实测值吻合度较高。综合表明支持向量机预测模型能够较好地模拟和泛化数据,是一种行之有效的泥石流堆积物分形维数预测方法,可用于不具备筛析条件的泥石流堆积物粒度分布特征的预测与研究,进而可为研究泥石流的形成机理、类型、危险度和堆积物的形成演化特征及物理力学性质提供一个新思路。 相似文献
5.
Bin Yu 《Natural Hazards》2011,58(1):391-406
The accurate prediction of debris flows occurrence that will allow the reduction or prevention of economic losses and human
casualties is presently the most difficult aspect of debris flows studies but also the aspect that receives most attention.
Most prediction methods are based on rainfall as the basic parameter, with the moment of occurrence as only result, and without
a prediction of debris flow travel time and size. This paper takes Jiangjia Gully in Dongchuan of Yunnan Province as an example,
and considers, on the basis of the fulfillment of the essential condition: the abundant availability of loose materials, the
conditions for the formation of debris flows. Based on the mechanism of the initiation of debris flows in channels and the
volume of rainfall in the basin, this paper also gives a systematic analysis on the travel time and size of the debris flow
and suggests that the hydrological condition for forming debris flow is the unit discharge of the flood ≥0.35 m3/s.m. It uses the 10-min rainfall intensity to calculate both the run-off of the rainfall and the unit discharge caused by
the run-off, thus predicting the occurrence of debris flows. The velocity and the travel time of a debris flow can also be
determined using the unit discharge of the run-off. The total volume of debris flows can be calculated using the 10-min intensity
of rainfall and the total volume of the run-off, together with the volume concentration of the sediment in a debris flow. 相似文献
6.
鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其模式 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用岩心、测井资料和重力流沉积理论,系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其沉积模式。该区重力流沉积物可分为浊积岩、砂质碎屑流沉积物、泥质碎屑流沉积物和滑塌岩。其中,浊积岩发育正粒序;砂质碎屑流沉积物以冻结块状沉积为特征;泥质碎屑流沉积物以泥质为主,内部含少量砂质颗粒和砂质团块;滑塌岩发育包卷层理等液化构造。不同重力流沉积物发育程度差异明显,浊积岩和砂质碎屑流沉积物的钻遇井数最多,泥质碎屑流沉积物最少。在重力流单期沉积厚度方面,砂质碎屑流沉积物单期沉积厚度平均为0.986m,明显高于其他类型;浊流沉积厚度最低,平均厚度为0.414m。本区重力流是由三角洲前缘沉积物失稳滑塌所致,砂质碎屑流沉积物和浊积岩是主要的重力流沉积类型,其次为滑塌岩和泥质碎屑流沉积物。砂质碎屑流沉积物主要发育于北东向曲流河三角洲前缘前方的深水区;浊积岩主要发育于西部、西南部和南部物源形成的辫状河三角洲前缘前方的深水区域;泥质碎屑流沉积物和富含泥砾砂质碎屑流沉积物在平面分布极少,且规律不明显。 相似文献
7.
泥石流形成区沟床宽度和颗粒粒径对沟床起动型泥石流的发生影响很大,在强烈地震影响区内显得尤为突出,但目前的泥石流预报中还没考虑到这两个因素,无法准确预测强震区泥石流的发生.在泥石流10 min和1 h精细化预报模型基础上,通过现场调查群发泥石流事件,结合汶川地震强烈影响区泥石流的演化特点,引入了泥石流形成区沟道宽度和颗粒粒径的影响,建立了改进的精细化泥石流10 min和1 h预报模型,并在贵州望谟打易和四川德昌群发泥石流、汶川地震强烈影响区的文家沟多次泥石流事件中获得了很好的验证结果,得出泥石流形成区的颗粒粒径代表泥石流的地质因子,泥石流形成区沟床宽度代表泥石流的地形因子之一,这2个因子在泥石流发生中的作用都非常重要;改进的精细化10 min和1 h预报模型以及临界值,可以用于强烈地震区和一般的泥石流预报. 相似文献
8.
鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区上三叠统延长组砂质碎屑流沉积特征及其油气勘探意义 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过岩芯观测、地震解释和测井分析,结合薄片观察、粒度分析以及各种资料的综合分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部富县地区上三叠统延长组沉积相类型及特征进行深入研究,提出长9-长6油层组存在砂质碎屑流沉积。结合盆地沉积背景及其演化规律,探讨了砂质碎屑流沉积的成因机制, 详细论述了砂质碎屑流沉积的沉积特征,建立了砂质碎屑流的沉积模式。研究表明砂质碎屑流砂体主要由块状粉细砂岩和含泥砾粉细砂岩两种成因相构成,其成因是三角洲前缘砂体在外界触发力作用下,滑动崩塌而形成。分析了砂质碎屑流沉积与油气的分布关系,实践表明砂质碎屑流沉积体是下生上储或下储上生的油藏类型,属于典型的岩性油气藏,构成了该区深水区域的良好岩性圈闭储集体。 相似文献
9.
A quantitative, three‐dimensional depositional model of gravelly, braided rivers has been developed based largely on the deposits of the Sagavanirktok River in northern Alaska. These deposits were described using cores, wireline logs, trenches and ground‐penetrating radar profiles. The origin of the deposits was inferred from observations of: (1) channel and bar formation and migration and channel filling, interpreted from aerial photographs; (2) water flow during floods; and (3) the topography and texture of the river bed at low‐flow stage. This depositional model quantitatively represents the geometry of the different scales of strataset, the spatial relationships among them and their sediment texture distribution. Porosity and permeability in the model are related to sediment texture. The geometry of a particular type and scale of strataset is related to the geometry and migration of the bedform type (e.g. ripples, dunes, bedload sheets, bars) associated with deposition of the strataset. In particular, the length‐to‐thickness ratio of stratasets is similar to the wavelength‐to‐height ratio of associated bedforms. Furthermore, the wavelength and height of bedforms such as dunes and bars are related to channel depth and width. Therefore, the thickness of a particular scale of strataset (i.e. medium‐scale cross‐sets and large‐scale sets of inclined strata) will vary with river dimensions. These relationships between the dimensions of stratasets, bedforms and channels mean that this depositional model can be applied to other gravelly fluvial deposits. The depositional model can be used to interpret the origin of ancient gravelly fluvial deposits and to aid in the characterization of gravelly fluvial aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs. 相似文献
10.
The characteristics, classification and origin of late Pleistocene fan deposits in the Cass Basin, Canterbury, New Zealand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J. L. McARTHUR 《Sedimentology》1987,34(3):459-471
The deposits comprising 'valley-side fans' in a small intermontane basin of the Southern Alps are classified as debris flow, water-laid, intermediate and mixed deposits on the basis of particle size and clast orientation characteristics. Five varieties of debris flow deposit are identified including unimodal and bimodal 'mudflow gravels'. The fans comprise mainly unimodal mudflow gravels which although apparently similar to the mudflow gravels described from montane and periglacial environments are coarser, have less silt and clay and are better sorted than the mudflow deposits described from semiarid alluvial fans. Additions of airborne silt and fine sand to the fan catchments during later stages of fan building gave rise to bimodal debris flow deposits which appear similar to gravels described from cold-climate fans in Tasmania and classed as water-laid deposits. Braided stream deposits were added to the depositional sequence towards the closing stages of fan building indicating that the fan had become 'wetter'. In many places, however, the youngest Pleistocene fan deposits are silt-rich mixtons reflecting a peak in loess deposition. 相似文献
11.
冲积扇是发育于盆地边缘的一种重要的沉积相类型。近20年来,在冲积扇分布的控制作用、内部构型及储集层特征研究等方面取得了很大的进展:(1)深化了断层活动、物源岩性条件及不同级次基准面旋回对冲积扇沉积构型的控制作用机理;(2)建立了碎屑流主控、碎屑流与河流主控、河流主控的冲积扇以及末端扇的沉积构型模式;(3)分析了冲积扇沉积机制及沉积构型对储集层质量的控制作用。今后有必要充分应用水槽模拟实验、沉积数值模拟和探地雷达等先进技术,对冲积扇沉积过程、内部构型及储集层非均质性进行更为深入的研究。 相似文献
12.
Facies bodies in geostatistical models of deep-water depositional environments generally represent channel-levee-overbank-lobe morphologies. Such models adequately capture one set of the erosional and depositional processes resulting from turbidity currents traveling downslope to the ocean basin floor. However, depositional morphologies diverge from the straight forward channel-levee-overbank-lobe paradigm when the topography of the slope or the shape of the basin impacts the timing and magnitude of turbidity current deposition. Subaqueous mass-transport-deposits (MTDs) present the need for an exception to the channel-levee-overbank-lobe archetype. Irregular surface topography of subaqueous MTDs can play a primary role in controlling sand deposition from turbidity currents. MTD topography creates mini-basins in which sand accumulates in irregularly-shaped deposits. These accumulations are difficult to laterally correlate using well-log data due to their variable and unpredictable shape and size. Prediction is further complicated because sandstone bodies typical of this setting are difficult to resolve in seismic-reflection data. An event-based model is presented, called DFTopoSim, which simulates debris flows and turbidity currents. The accommodation space on top of and between debris flow lobes is filled in by sand from turbidity currents. When applied to a subsurface case in the Molasse Basin of Upper Austria, DFTopoSim predicts sand packages consistent with observations from core, well, and seismic data and the interpretation of the sedimentologic processes. DFTopoSim expands the set of available geostatistical deep-water depositional models beyond the standard channel-levee-overbank-lobe model. 相似文献
13.
<正> 贵州南部上石炭—下二叠统地层发育,沉积连续,各门类化石丰富,是石炭—二叠系界线地层研究的重点地区。各门类古生物由于生态的差异,通常不在一个剖面上共生,特别是和牙形刺在各剖面上成互为消长关系。在台地浅水区,相当丰富而牙形刺罕见;在盆地深水区,牙形刺丰富,但无原地生活的,所产的少量也为重力流带入;在水体较 相似文献
14.
利用岩心、粒度、测井信息和重力流沉积理论,系统研究了南堡凹陷东部洼陷带东营组重力流沉积特征和沉积模式。该区重力流沉积砂岩常夹于灰色、灰黑色泥岩中,砂岩相发育,其中正递变层理(含砾)中-细砂岩相(S-3)、粉砂岩相(S-4)和块状层理中-细砂岩相(S-2)发育层数最多,块状层理含砾砂岩相(S-1)次之;S-2沉积厚度最大,S-1和S-3次之。按支撑和沉积机制,将本区重力流分为浊流、砂质碎屑流、颗粒流和液化流,其中砂质碎屑流以基质支撑、冻结块状沉积为特征。不同重力流发育程度有明显差异。从砂岩层数看,浊流最多,砂质碎屑流次之,颗粒流和液化流最少;从单期沉积厚度看,砂质碎屑流最大,平均为1.17m,浊流沉积最小,仅平均为0.25m。为了回避取心的局限性、弱化重力流成因,突出具有油气储集意义的砂层概念,开展了测井岩性解释,结果表明该区重力流沉积为细砂岩或粉砂岩,单层平均厚度2.94m,最大厚度可达9.5m,其中单井中厚度在3m以上的砂体可达22层、累积达107.5m。本区重力流沉积为滑塌成因,除了(扇)三角洲前缘斜坡的自然滑塌外,断层(地震)活动或间歇式火山喷发是其关键的触发机制;断层活动除了提供滑塌的动力外,还影响着其堆积场所和沉积的结构。 相似文献
15.
应用深水沉积学和地震沉积学的相关理论,通过岩心观察描述、钻测井资料分析及平面沉积相编图,对下刚果盆地A区块白垩系Pointe Indienne组深水重力流的类型、沉积特征、垂向沉积组合及沉积模式进行了探讨分析,指出该地区发育砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流及与重力流形成过程相关的滑动—滑塌沉积,并总结了该深水重力流的沉积模式。结果表明:砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理细砂岩为主,含大型漂浮泥砾和泥岩撕裂屑;泥质碎屑流沉积以泥级碎屑为主,含有少量的暗色泥岩碎屑和砂质团块,见“泥包砾”结构;浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为特征;滑动—滑塌沉积具有明显的剪切滑移面,可见旋转火焰构造、砂岩扭曲杂乱分布及褶皱变形层;纵向上可识别出4种类型的重力流沉积垂向组合,以多期砂质碎屑流沉积叠置和砂质碎屑流沉积与浊流沉积叠置最为常见;研究区深水重力流沉积可分为上部扇、中部扇和外部扇3部分,上部扇以主水道沉积为主;中部扇以辫状水道和溢岸沉积为主,砂体厚度较大;外部扇以朵叶体沉积和薄层浊积岩为主,砂体厚度相对较薄。 相似文献
16.
Sangla valley is situated at an altitude of ~ 3500 m above mean sea level and lies in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh.
It is fed by river Baspa, a tributary of river Sutlej, that entrenches through the Quaternary glaciogenic deposits before
emerging out of the valley and joining the river Sutlej at Karcham. The unstratified to stratified glaciogenic deposits consist
of large boulders to fine silt and are classified into four major depositional facies on the basis of sedimentary texture
and depositional environment. The facies — basal conglomerates, debris flow, water/sheet flow and laminites — represents the
change in the environment of deposition from glaciofluvial to lacustrine and also the extent of the glacier to the valley
floor during late Quaternary. 相似文献
17.
Debris flows constitute a major threat forseveral urban settlements located on the fans ofmountain catchments and for other infrastructures thatinteract with these fans, particularly highways andmotorways. Often structural measures such as theconstruction and maintenance of deposition basins,check dams, channel linings are both too expensive andnot capable of completely guaranteeing the safety forinhabitants of villages and users of infrastructuresaffected by debris flows. Therefore the search offunctional, reliable and possibly not expensivewarning systems should be pursued to increase theavailable tools to face this often devastating kind ofphenomenon. In this paper the use of seismic detectorsfor the determination of a debris flow occurrence ina torrent before its arrival on the fan will bediscussed, together with their potential use asmonitoring and warning systems. In 1995 a set of fourseismic detectors was placed at a distance of aboutone hundred meters from each other along a straightchannel reach of a debris flow prone torrent locatedon the Eastern Italian Alps. The purpose, in a firstphase of the research, was mainly to verify whichinformation could be obtained through this type ofdevice on the occasion of a debris flow occurrence. On5 July 1995, 22 June and 8 July 1996 three debrisflows were recorded by this seismic network: the datathat have been collected will be presented andconveniently processed for their interpretation. Theresults that have been obtained show that the passageof a debris flow in a torrent can be clearlyidentified using seismic devices placed at a safedistance from the channel bed and that in some casesa velocity estimation of the flowing mass is alsopossible through the processing of the seismic data. 相似文献
18.
在重力流沉积区,沉积物粒度旋回难以反映基准面的变化情况,但重力流流态与类型对地形变化具有良好的响应关系。利用上述关系对重力流沉积区基准面变化的研究方法进行了探讨。研究区相对古地貌恢复结果表明,乌里雅斯太南洼腾一下亚段沉积时期控坡断层的活动性在各层序内存在明显差异,由于这种差异性导致凹陷在地形上经历了由缓至陡的变化过程,相应地,可容纳空间经历了缓慢增长、加速增长两个时期。钻井取芯、三维地震反演等资料显示,在地形与可容纳空间的变化过程中,重力流类型也随之发生变化,沉积物沉积位置亦发生迁移。因此推断重力流流态特征与沉积位置对地形以及可容纳空间变化存在一定的响应关系:断裂活动性强,可容纳空间增长速率高,地形陡,以浊流或砂质碎屑流沉积为主,沉积物主要沉积在断坡下方;断裂活动性弱,可容纳空间增长速率低,地形缓,以强黏结性碎屑流沉积为主,沉积物沉积范围广。综上认为利用重力流流态特征与类型转换可以判断地形变化趋势,进而推断基准面的变化情况。 相似文献
19.
Shallow marine sediments of the Broughton Formation are dominated by immature volcanic debris of intermediate to basic composition, generated in an adjacent subaerial environment by volcanism responsible for the nine shoshonite units intercalated within sediments of the Kiama region. Sediment was supplied to the offshore environment via periodic storm‐generated, expanded high density turbidity currents. Initial deposition, represented by the Westley Park Sandstone Member, was below storm wave base, during which time the depositional surface was subjected to post‐depositional tractional reworking by northerly directed, tidally influenced bottom currents. The resulting positive‐relief sand bodies on the seafloor contain tractional sedimentary structures (the ‘tractional facies association'). Areas of the substrate between these sand bodies retained their turbidite bedding structure (the ‘rhythmically bedded facies association') but were extensively bioturbated by a diverse deposit‐feeding biomass. Upon emplacement of the lowest of the nine shoshonite units as a tri‐composite, locally intrusive lava flow, the depositional surface was elevated, transgressing storm wave base. The body of the shoshonite flow also shielded the substrate from the northerly directed tractional currents, allowing the development and preservation of the hummocky cross‐stratified sandstone facies in the Kiama Sandstone Member. Following burial of the shoshonite flow by continued deposition, this local shielding effect was overcome and tractional currents again reworked the entire depositional surface. 相似文献
20.
The depositional environments and bivalve assemblages are determined for the Upper Cretaceous Hinoshima Formation of the Himenoura Group, Kamishima, Amakusa Islands, Kyushu, Japan. The Hinoshima Formation is characterized by a thick transgressive succession that varies from incised-valley-fill deposits to submarine slope deposits with high aggradation rates of depositional systems. The incised valley is filled with fluvial, bayhead delta, brackish-water estuary, and marine embayment deposits, and is overlain by thick slope deposits.Shallow marine bivalves are grouped into five fossil assemblages according to species composition: Glycymeris amakusensis (foreset beds of a bayhead delta), Nippononectes tamurai (foreset beds of a bayhead delta), Ezonuculana mactraeformis–Nucula formosa (central bay), Glycymeris amakusensis–Apiotrigonia minor (slope), and Inoceramus higoensis–Parvamussium yubarensis (slope). These bivalve assemblages all represent autochthonous and parautochthonous conditions except for a Glycymeris amakusensis–Apiotrigonia minor assemblage found in debris flow and slump deposits. The life habitats of these bivalves and the compositions of the assemblages are discussed in terms of the ecological history of fossil bivalves of the mid- to Late Cretaceous. 相似文献