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1.
雪鸡坪铜矿床产于印支晚期石英二长闪长玢岩-石英闪长玢岩-石英二长斑岩复式侵入体内,为一斑岩型铜矿床。矿床形成经历了多阶段热液成矿作用,主要有微细脉浸染状黄铁矿±黄铜矿-石英、细脉状辉钼矿±黄铁矿±黄铜矿-石英及微细脉状贫硫化物-石英-方解石等。流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼及碳、氢、氧同位素综合研究表明,微细脉浸染状黄铁矿±黄铜矿-石英阶段石英中主要发育含Na Cl子矿物三相及气液两相包裹体,与含矿的石英二长斑岩石英中发育的流体包裹体特征相似,表明成矿流体主要为中高温、高盐度Na Cl-H2O体系热液,可能主要来源于印支期石英二长斑岩侵入体;辉钼矿±黄铁矿±黄铜矿-石英中主要发育含CO2三相及气液两相包裹体,成矿流体为中温、低盐度Na Cl-CO2-H2O体系热液,与前者来源明显不同;贫硫化物-石英-方解石石英中主要发育气液两相包裹体,成矿流体为中低温、低盐度Na Cl-H2O体系热液,推测其可能较多来自于大气降水。因此,雪鸡坪铜矿床为不同来源、不同地球化学性质热液叠加成矿作用的结果。  相似文献   

2.
Non-aqueous CO2 and CO2-rich fluid inclusions are found in the vein quartz hosting mesothermal gold-sulphide mineralization at Bin Yauri, northwestern Nigeria. Although mineralizing fluids responsible for gold mineralization are thought to be CO2-rich, the occurrence of predominantly pure to nearly pure CO2 inclusions is nevertheless unusual for a hydrothermal fluid system. Many studies of similar CO2-rich fluid inclusions, mainly in metamorphic rocks, proposed preferential loss (leakage) of H2O from H2O-CO2 inclusions after entrapment. In this study however, it is proposed that phase separation (fluid immiscibility) of low salinity CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids during deposition of the gold mineralization led to the loss of the H2O phase and selective entrapment of the CO2. The loss of H2O to the wallrocks resulted in increasing oxidizing effects. There is evidence to suggest that the original CO2-rich fluid was intrinsically oxidized, or perhaps in equilibrium with oxidizing conditions in the source rocks. The source of the implicated fluid is thought to be subducted metasediments, subjected to dehydration and devolatilization reactions along a transcurrent Anka fault/shear system, which has been described as a Pan-African (450–750 Ma) crustal suture.  相似文献   

3.
The Larafella Au-prospect (Burkina Faso) lies within dacitic rocks of the Palaeoproterozoic Birimian greenstone belts. Gold mineralization is intimately associated with zones of cataclastic deformation. Whilst the lode-vein mineralization is closely associated with CO2-rich fluid inclusions, the barren quartz veins are characterized by H2O ± salt-bearing inclusions. Geochemical studies on the immediate wall-rock of the quartz veins have shown an increase of As in zones of gold enrichment, while alteration overprints such as carbonatization and chloritization cannot be correlated unequivocally with Au-mineralization. Consequently, fluid inclusion studies of quartz veins and As-anomalies constitute important exploration tools for mesothermal gold mineralization, since Au-rich zones can be distinguished from Au-depleted zones.  相似文献   

4.
The recently discovered Damoqujia (大磨曲家) gold deposit is a large shear zone-hosted gold deposit of disseminated sulphides located in the north of the Zhaoping (招平) fault zone, Jiaodong (胶东) gold province, China. In order to distinguish the temperature range of cluster inclusions from different mineralization stages and measure their compositions, 16 fluid inclusions and 5 isotopic geochemistry samples were collected for this study. Corresponding to different mineralization stages, the multirange peaks of quartz decrepitation temperature (250-270, 310-360 and 380-430℃(2) indicate that the activity of ore-forming fluids is characterized by multistage. The ore-forming fluids were predominantly of high-temperature fluid system (HTFS) by CO2-rich, and SO2-4-K type magmatic fluid during the early stage of mineralization and were subsequently affected by low-temperature fluid system (LTFS) of CH4-rich, and Cl--Na /Ca2 type meteoric fluid during the late stage of mineralization. Gold is transferred by Au-HS- complex in the HTFS, and Au-Cl- complex can be more important in the LTFS. The transition of fluids from deeper to shallow environments results in mixing between the HTFS and LTFS, which might be one of the most key reasons for gold precipitation and large-scale mineralization. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by high-temperature, strong-activity, and superimposed mineralization, so that there is a great probability of forming large and rich ore deposit in the Damoqujia gold deposit. The main bodies are preserved and extend toward deeper parts, thereby suggesting a great potential in future.  相似文献   

5.
Fluid inclusion and structural studies were carried out at the Guarim gold deposit in the Palaeoproterozoic Tapajós province of the Amazonian craton. Guarim is a fault-hosted gold deposit cutting basement granitoids. It consists of a quartz vein, which is massive in its inner portions, grading laterally either to a massive or to cavity-bearing quartz vein associated with hydrothermal breccias. The wallrock alteration comprises chlorite, carbonate, white mica and sulphide minerals, with free gold occurring within quartz grains and spatially associated with sulphide mineral grains. Petrographic, microthermometric and Laser Raman investigations recognised CO2-rich, mixed H2O–CO2, and H2O fluid inclusions. The coexisting CO2 and H2O–CO2 inclusions were interpreted as primary immiscible fluids that formed the gold-bearing vein. The H2O inclusions were considered a product of later infiltration of fluids unrelated to the mineralising episode. The mineralising fluid has CO2 ranging typically from 5–10 mol%, contains traces of N2, has salinities of ∼5 wt% NaCl equiv., and densities varying between 0.85 and 0.95 g/cm3. The P–T estimations bracket gold deposition between 270–320 °C and 0.86–2.9 kb; ƒO2–ƒS2–pH estimates suggest a reduced, near-neutral character for the fluid. Variations in the physico-chemical properties, as demonstrated by the fluid inclusion study, resulted from a combination of fluid immiscibility and pressure fluctuation. This interpretation, combined with textural and structural evidence, suggests the emplacement of the mineralised vein in an active fault and at a rather shallow level (4–7 km). The geological and structural setting, deposit-scale textures and structures, wallrock alteration and physico-chemical fluid properties are compatible with those of epizonal to mesozonal orogenic lode gold deposits. Received: 3 March 2000 / Accepted: 21 October 2000  相似文献   

6.
江西大吉山钨多金属矿床流体包裹体研究   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  
大吉山钨矿床是赣南地区的一个大型钨多金属矿床,由石英脉型钨矿体和花岗岩浸染型钨、钽、铌、铍矿体构成.在详细的岩相学观察的基础上,文章采用“流体包裹体组合”法,对石英脉型矿体和花岗岩浸染型矿体石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温和拉曼探针分析.研究表明,与石英脉型矿体成矿相关的流体为中-高温、中-低盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2-CH4±N2体系,与花岗岩浸染型矿体成矿相关的流体为高温、中-低盐度的NaCl-H2O±CO2±CH4体系,两者流体的性质不同.笔者认为,在流体体系冷却过程中,所发生的以CO2逸失为特征的流体不混溶作用是石英脉型矿体的主要形成机制,而花岗岩浸染型矿体中金属元素的沉淀则主要由流体体系的冷却作用所致,这两类矿体的成矿流体的来源可能不同.  相似文献   

7.
德兴大型铜金矿集区的研究进展和成矿模式   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
王国光  倪培  赵超  姚静  李利  赵丹蕾  朱安冬  胡金山 《岩石学报》2019,35(12):3644-3658
德兴大型铜金矿集区是我国最重要的铜金产地之一。多年来,德兴矿集区的成矿过程和成因模式一直引起广大地质学家的广泛关注。在前期大量的野外工作观察和多年研究基础上,结合前人的研究成果,本文提出德兴矿集区由两套成矿系统组成:新元古代金山-水石坞-西蒋-渔塘-蛤蟆石-上洛造山型金成矿系统和燕山期德兴和银山斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜金多金属成矿系统。德兴矿集区的造山型金矿可进一步划分为两个亚系统,分别为对应于区域NW向推覆构造的NWW走向、缓倾斜的金山金矿田超糜棱岩型亚系统(约为840Ma),和对应于区域上NE向走滑剪切运动的NE走向、陡倾斜的蛤蟆石金矿田和金山金矿阳山矿段的石英脉型亚系统(约为750～710Ma)。造山型金矿的成矿物质来自富金的新元古代双桥山群基底地层,成矿流体主要为富CO_2的变质流体。燕山期斑岩-浅成低温热液系统的形成时代为约170Ma,此时古太平洋板块开始向华南大陆俯冲,导致赣东北深大断裂活化,引发新元古代形成的富铜金的初生地壳重熔再造,形成德兴Cu-Au-Mo矿和银山Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag矿,成矿热液主要来自于岩浆流体来源的贫CO_2的NaCl-H_2O体系。  相似文献   

8.
The giant Jianchaling gold deposit is located in the Shaanxi Province, China. The mineralization is hosted by WNW-trending faults in the Mianxian-Lueyang-Yangpingguan (MLY) area. The mineralization can be divided into three stages based on mineralogical assemblages and crosscutting relationships of mineralized quartz veins. These stages, from early to late, are characterized by the mineral assemblage of: (1) quartz – coarse-grained pyrite – pyrrhotite – pentlandite – dolomite; (2) quartz – pyrite – gold – sphalerite – galena – carbonate – arsenopyrite – fuchsite; and (3) dolomite – calcite – quartz – fine-grained pyrite – realgar – orpiment.Three types of fluid inclusions have been recognized in this study based on petrographic and microthermometric measurements, including pure CO2 and/or CH4 (PC-type), NaCl-H2O (W-type), and NaCl-CO2-H2O (C-type) fluid inclusions. These fluid inclusion types are present in quartz from the Stage 1 and 2 assemblages, whereas the Stage 3 quartz only contains W-type fluid inclusions. The Stage 2 assemblage is associated with the mineralization at the Jianchaling deposit. Fluid inclusions of Stage 1 quartz homogenize mainly between 250° and 360 °C, with salinities up to 15.6 wt.% NaCl equiv., whereas the Stage 3 dolomite with homogenization temperatures of 160° – 220 °C and salinities of 1.1–7.4 wt.% NaCl equiv. This indicates that the ore fluid system evolved from CO2-rich, probably metamorphic hydrothermal to CO2-poor, meteoric fluid. All three types of fluid inclusions can be observed in the Stage 2 quartz, suggesting that this heterogeneous association was trapped from a boiling fluid system. These inclusions homogenized at temperatures of 200°–250 °C and salinities of 1.2–12.4 wt.% NaCl equiv. The estimated trapping pressures of the fluid inclusions are between 117 and 354 MPa in Stage 1, suggesting an alternating lithostatic–hydrostatic fluid system, which was controlled by a fault-valve at the depth of ~ 12 km.Two fuchsite samples collected from the Stage 2 polymetallic-quartz veins yielded well-defined 40Ar/39Ar isotopic plateau ages of 197 ± 2 and 194 ± 2 Ma, and 39Ar/36Ar-40Ar/36Ar normal isochrones of 198 ± 2 and 199 ± 2 Ma. This indicates that the mineralization at Jianchaling is Early Jurassic (ca. 198 Ma) in age. We propose that Jianchaling is an orogenic gold deposit, and formed during continental collision related to the northward subduction of the Mian-Lue oceanic plate during the Early Jurassic. We also conclude that the beginning of the continental collision between the Yangtze and the North China Cratons took place around 200 Ma.  相似文献   

9.
The Sawayaerdun gold deposit, located in Wuqia County, Southwest Tianshan, China, occurs in Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian low‐grade metamorphic carbonaceous turbidites. The orebodies are controlled by a series of NE‐NNE‐trending, brittle–ductile shear zones. Twenty‐four gold mineralized zones have been recognized in the Sawayaerdun ore deposit. Among these, the up to 4‐km‐long and 200‐m wide No. IV mineralized zone is economically the most important. The average gold grade is 1–6 g/t. Gold reserves of the Sawayaerdun deposit have been identified at approximately 37 tonnes and an inferred resource of 123 tonnes. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by silicification, pyritization, arsenopyritization, sericitization, carbonatization and chloritization. On the basis of field evidence and petrographic analysis, five stages of vein emplacement and hydrothermal mineralization can be distinguished: stage 1, early quartz stage, characterized by the occurrence of quartz veins; stage 2, arsenopyrite–pyrite–quartz stage, characterized by the formation of auriferous quartz veinlets and stockworks; stage 3, polymetallic sulfide quartz stage, characterized by the presence of auriferous polymetallic sulfide quartz veinlets and stockworks; stage 4, antimony–quartz stage, characterized by the formation of stibnite–jamesonite quartz veins; and stage 5, quartz–carbonate vein stage. Stages 2 and 3 represent the main gold mineralization, with stage 4 representing a major antimony mineralization episode in the Sawayaerdun deposit. Two types of fluid inclusion, namely H2O–NaCl and H2O–CO2–NaCl types, have been recognized in quartz and calcite. Aqueous inclusions show a wide range of homogenization temperatures from 125 to 340°C, and can be correlated with the mineralization stage during which the inclusions formed. Similarly, salinities and densities of these fluids range for each stage of mineralization from 2.57 to 22 equivalent wt% NaCl and 0.76 to 1.05 g/cm3, respectively. The ore‐forming fluids thus are representative of a medium‐ to low‐temperature, low‐ to medium‐salinity H2O–NaCl–CO2–CH4–N2 system. The δ34SCDT values of sulfides associated with mineralization fall into a narrow range of ?3.0 to +2.6‰ with a mean of +0.1‰. The δ13CPDB values of dolomite and siderite from the Sawayaerdun gold deposit range from ?5.4 to ?0.6‰, possibly reflecting derivation of the carbonate carbon from a mixed magmatic/sedimentary source. Changes in physico‐chemical conditions and composition of the hydrothermal fluids, water–rock exchange and immiscibility of hydrothermal fluids are inferred to have played important roles in the ore‐forming process of the Sawayaerdun gold–antimony deposit.  相似文献   

10.
The Wangfeng gold deposit is located in Western Tian Shan and the central section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The deposit is mainly hosted in Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Caledonian granites and is structurally controlled by the Shenglidaban ductile shear zone. The gold orebodies consist of gold-bearing quartz veins and altered mylonite. The mineralization can be divided into three stages: quartz–pyrite veins in the early stage, sulfide–quartz veins in the middle stage, and quartz–carbonate veins or veinlets in the late stage. Ore minerals and native gold mainly formed in the middle stage. Four types of fluid inclusions were identified based on petrography and laser Raman spectroscopy: CO2–H2O inclusions (C-type), pure CO2 inclusions (PC-type), NaCl–H2O inclusions (W-type), and daughter mineral-bearing inclusions (S-type). The early-stage quartz contains only primary CO2–H2O fluid inclusions with salinities of 1.62 to 8.03 wt.% NaCl equivalent, bulk densities of 0.73 to 0.89 g/cm3, and homogenization temperatures of 256 °C–390 °C. Vapor bubbles are composed of CO2. The middle-stage quartz contains all four types of fluid inclusions, of which the CO2–H2O and NaCl–H2O types yield homogenization temperatures of 210 °C–340 °C and 230 °C–300 °C, respectively. The CO2–H2O fluid inclusions have salinities of 0.83 to 9.59 wt.% NaCl equivalent and bulk densities of 0.77 to 0.95 g/cm3, with vapor bubbles composed of CO2, CH4, and N2. Fluid inclusions in the late-stage quartz are NaCl–H2O solution with low salinities (0.35–3.87 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and low homogenization temperatures (122 °C–214 °C). The coexistence of inclusions of these four types in middle-stage quartz suggests that fluid boiling occurred in the middle-stage mineralization. Trapping pressures estimated from CO2–H2O inclusions are 110–300 MPa and 90–250 MPa for the early and middle stages, respectively, suggesting that gold mineralization mainly occurred at depths of about 10 km. In general, the Wangfeng gold deposit originated from a metamorphic fluid system characterized by low salinity, low density, and enrichment of CO2. Depressurized fluid boiling caused gold precipitation. Given the regional geology, ore geology, fluid-inclusion features, and ore-forming age, the Wangfeng gold deposit can be classified as a hypozonal orogenic gold deposit.  相似文献   

11.
Quartz-pebbles of the early Proterozoic Au-bearing Tarkwaian conglomerates in Ghana reveal several original (inherited) pre-sedimentary fluid inclusions. These inclusions are CO2-N2 rich and display a distinct high density (up to 1.15 g/cm3). The unusual high density and composition compare well with CO2-N2-rich inclusions in quartz-vein type gold deposits of the Birimian Supergroup in Ghana and Burkina Faso. This type of fluid inclusions has not been reported from any other lode-gold deposit of greenstone affiliation and is thus a specific characteristic for Birimian-hosted gold deposits. Therefore, it can be used as an unequivocal pathfinder for epigenetic as well as for syn-sedimentary gold mineralization of the early Proterozoic of West Africa. The inherited fluid inclusions with the unique physicochemical characteristics suggest that the Tarkwaian quartz-pebbles and possibly some gold were derived from Au-quartz vein deposits comparable in mineralogy, petrography and genesis to those along the NW-margin of the Ashanti belt (e.g. Ashanti Mine, Prestea Mine).  相似文献   

12.
The Falun gold quartz vein mineralization is located ca 230 km NW of Stockholm, Sweden, within the Early Proterozoic volcano-sedimentary sequence of Bergslagen. The mineralization consists of a system with subparallel quartz veins that crosscut the alteration zone to the Falun massive sulphide deposit. Early barren and late gold-bearing quartz veins follow tectonic structures postdating the formation of the massive sulphide ore. Both generations of veins are epigenetic to the massive sulphide ore and were formed by hydrothermal processes. Fluid inclusion study of the gold-bearing quartz veins indicates a low-moderately saline fluid (0.3 to 17.4 equiv wt% NaCl). Heterogeneous trapping is indicated by coexisting inclusions showing a variable CO2 content from 100% CO2 ± CH4 to 100% aqueous fluid. Temperatures of total homogenization also show a wide spread from 116–350°C with a slightly bimodal distribution with peaks at ca 180°C and 280°C. MeasuredδD values — 69 to — 63%0 (SMOW), of inclusion fluid and calculatedδ 18O values of hydrothermal fluids — 7.5 to — 1.4%0 (SMOW), strongly suggest a meteoric origin for the fluids. The quite consistentδD values and the range inδ 18O values indicate that major water-rock interaction led to the evolution inδ18O of the hydrothermal fluids.  相似文献   

13.
CO2-rich fluid inclusions containing opaque mineral crystals were found in the Fenghuangshan skarn-porphyry Cu–Fe–Au deposit in Tongling, Anhui, China. These inclusions show variable CO2 contents and are accompanied by aqueous inclusions, both occurring as secondary inclusions in quartz and being locally associated with chalcopyrite mineralization. Laser Raman microspectroscopic analyses confirm the predominance of CO2 in the vapor and the presence of H2S as high as 8 mol%, and identify the opaque mineral with yellow reflectance color in the inclusions as chalcopyrite. More than half of the CO2-bearing inclusions contains chalcopyrite, whereas few of the associated aqueous inclusions do so. The chalcopyrite, occupying less than 1% (volume) of the inclusions, is interpreted to be a daughter mineral, and calculated Cu concentrations in the inclusions range from 0.1 to 3.4 wt%. Copper is inferred to have been transported in CO2-dominated fluids as HS− complexes. The occurrence of chalcopyrite daughter crystals in CO2-rich fluid inclusions indicates that CO2-rich vapor has the capacity of transporting large amounts of Cu, and possibly Au. This finding has significant implications for metal transport and mineralization in hydrothermal systems enriched in CO2, such as orogenic-type and granitic intrusion-related gold deposits.  相似文献   

14.
This paper assesses chemical-mineralogical changes resulting from hydrothermal alteration associated with granite-hosted gold mineralization in southern Salamanca province, Spain. Within the mineralized veins, along planes of quartz growth, two types of fluid inclusions were observed. One type is rich in CH4 with minor CO2, the other is rich in H2O with CO2 (± CH4). These are interpreted as reflecting the immiscibility of an initial fluid rich in H2O-CH4 and some CO2. Inclusions with similar composition are seen at the silicification formed at the granite contact with host rocks. However, differences in P-T conditions and immiscibility of fluids are indicated by the microthermometric study and relation of the inclusions. These are consistent with the temperatures calculated from the arsenopyrite-pyrite geothermometer. Formation temperatures of 445 ± 15° C were deduced for the mineralization at the granite contact and temperatures not exceeding 386° C for the vein mineralization.

Metasomatically altered granites are depleted in Na and K in comparison to fresh granites. A gain in CO2 has been measured in the altered rocks. No correlation was found between gold contents and any of the major or trace elements analyzed.

δ34S arsenopyrite values suggest a variable source of sulfur. Calculated δDfluid values show significant variability (?66 to ?37%0 SMOW), whereas δ18O fluid values show small variation (from +7.6 to +8.4%o SMOW). These values for the fluids are consistent with interaction between magmatic fluids and metamorphic rocks. Gold deposition in quartz veins could be explained by the loss of H2S during fluid immiscibility.  相似文献   

15.
The Wenyu giant gold deposit is hosted in the Precambrian Taihua Supergroup metamorphic rocks within the Xiaoqinling terrane (Qinling Orogen), on the southern margin of the North China Craton. The mineralization can be divided into three stages: quartz–pyrite veins early, quartz–sulfide veins middle (main), and carbonate–quartz veinlets late, with gold being mainly introduced in main stage. Quartz formed in two earlier stages contains three compositional types of fluid inclusions, i.e. pure CO2, CO2–H2O and NaCl–H2O, but the late-stage minerals only contain the NaCl–H2O inclusions. The inclusions in quartz formed in the early, main and late stages yield total homogenization temperatures of 262–417 °C, 236–407 °C and 114–239 °C, respectively, with salinities no higher than 13 wt.% NaCl equiv. Trapping pressures estimated from CO2–H2O inclusions are 139–399 MPa and 111–316 MPa in the early and main stages, corresponding to mineralization depths of 14 km and 11 km, respectively. Fluid boiling and mixing caused rapid precipitation of sulfides and native Au. Through boiling and inflow of meteoric water, the ore-forming fluid system evolved from CO2-rich to CO2-poor in composition, and from metamorphic to meteoric, as indicated by decreasing δ18Owater values from early to late. The carbon, sulfur and lead isotope compositions suggest the hostrocks within the Taihua Supergroup to be a significant source of ore metals. Integrating the data obtained from the studies including regional geology, ore geology, fluid inclusion and C–H–O–S–Pb isotope geochemistry, we conclude that the Wenyu gold deposit was an orogenic-type system formed in the tectonic transition from compression to extension during the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous continental collision between the North China and Yangtze Cratons.  相似文献   

16.
The Junction gold deposit, in Western Australia, is an orogenic gold deposit hosted by a differentiated, iron‐rich, tholeiitic dolerite sill. Petrographic, microthermometric and laser Raman microprobe analyses of fluid inclusions from the Junction deposit indicate that three different vein systems formed at three distinct periods of geological time, and host four fluid‐inclusion populations with a wide range of compositions in the H2O–CO2–CH4–NaCl ± CaCl2 system. Pre‐shearing, pre‐gold, molybdenite‐bearing quartz veins host fluid inclusions that are characterised by relatively consistent phase ratios comprising H2O–CO2–CH4 ± halite. Microthermometry suggests that these veins precipitated when a highly saline, >340°C fluid mixed with a less saline ≥150°C fluid. The syn‐gold mineralisation event is hosted within the Junction shear zone and is associated with extensive quartz‐calcite ± albite ± chlorite ± pyrrhotite veining. Fluid‐inclusion analyses indicate that gold deposition occurred during the unmixing of a 400°C, moderately saline, H2O–CO2 ± CH4 fluid at pressures between 70 MPa and 440 MPa. Post‐gold quartz‐calcite‐biotite‐pyrrhotite veins occupy normal fault sets that slightly offset the Junction shear zone. Fluid inclusions in these veins are predominantly vapour rich, with CO2?CH4. Homogenisation temperatures indicate that the post‐gold quartz veins precipitated from a 310 ± 30°C fluid. Finally, late secondary fluid inclusions show that a <200°C, highly saline, H2O–CaCl2–NaCl–bearing fluid percolated along microfractures late in the deposit's history, but did not form any notable vein type. Raman spectroscopy supports the microthermometric data and reveals that CH4–bearing fluid inclusions occur in syn‐gold quartz grains found almost exclusively at the vein margin, whereas CO2–bearing fluid inclusions occur in quartz grains that are found toward the centre of the veins. The zonation of CO2:CH4 ratios, with respect to the location of fluid inclusions within the syn‐gold quartz veins, suggest that the CH4 did not travel as part of the auriferous fluid. Fluid unmixing and post‐entrapment alteration of the syn‐gold fluid inclusions are known to have occurred, but cannot adequately account for the relatively ordered zonation of CO2:CH4 ratios. Instead, the late introduction of a CH4–rich fluid into the Junction shear zone appears more likely. Alternatively, the process of CO2 reduction to CH4 is a viable and plausible explanation that fits the available data. The CH4–bearing fluid inclusions occur almost exclusively at the margin of the syn‐gold quartz veins within the zone of high‐grade gold mineralisation because this is where all the criteria needed to reduce CO2 to CH4 were satisfied in the Junction deposit.  相似文献   

17.
《Ore Geology Reviews》2009,35(4):580-596
The Semna gold deposit is one of several vein-type gold occurrences in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt, where gold-bearing quartz veins are confined to shear zones close to the boundaries of small granitoid stocks. The Semna gold deposit is related to a series of sub-parallel quartz veins along steeply dipping WNW-trending shear zones, which cut through tectonized metagabbro and granodiorite rocks. The orebodies exhibit a complex structure of massive and brecciated quartz consistent with a change of the paleostress field from tensional to simple shear regimes along the pre-existing fault segments. Textural, structural and mineralogical evidence, including open space structures, quartz stockwork and alteration assemblages, constrain on vein development during an active fault system. The ore mineral assemblage includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, subordinate arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite and gold. Hydrothermal chlorite, carbonate, pyrite, chalcopyrite and kaolinite are dominant in the altered metaggabro; whereas, quartz, sericite, pyrite, kaolinite and alunite characterize the granodiorite rocks in the alteration zones. Mixtures of alunite, vuggy silica and disseminated sulfides occupy the interstitial open spaces, common at fracture intersections. Partial recrystallization has rendered the brecciation and open space textures suggesting that the auriferous quartz veins were formed at moderately shallow depths in the transition zone between mesothermal and epithermal veins.Petrographic and microthermometric studies aided recognition of CO2-rich, H2O-rich and mixed H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions in the gold-bearing quartz veins. The H2O–CO2 inclusions are dominant over the other two types and are characterized by variable vapor: liquid ratios. These inclusions are interpreted as products of partial mixing of two immiscible carbonic and aqueous fluids. The generally light δ34S of pyrite and chalcopyrite may suggest a magmatic source of sulfur. Spread in the final homogenization temperatures and bulk inclusion densities are likely due to trapping under pressure fluctuation through repeated fracture opening and sealing. Conditions of gold deposition are estimated on basis of the fluid inclusions and sulfur isotope data as 226–267 °C and 350–1100 bar, under conditions transitional between mesothermal and epithermal systems.The Semna gold deposit can be attributed to interplay of protracted volcanic activity (Dokhan Volcanics?), fluid mixing, wallrock sulfidation and a structural setting favoring gold deposition. Gold was transported as Au-bisulfide complexes under weak acid conditions concomitant with quartz–sericite–pyrite alteration, and precipitated through a decrease in gold solubility due to fluid cooling, mixing with meteoric waters and variations in pH and fO2.  相似文献   

18.
Mineral assemblages, chemical compositions of ore minerals, wall rock alteration and fluid inclusions of the Gatsuurt gold deposit in the North Khentei gold belt of Mongolia were investigated to characterize the gold mineralization, and to clarify the genetic processes of the ore minerals. The gold mineralization of the deposit occurs in separate Central and Main zones, and is characterized by three ore types: (i) low‐grade disseminated and stockwork ores; (ii) moderate‐grade quartz vein ores; and (iii) high‐grade silicified ores, with average Au contents of approximately 1, 3 and 5 g t?1 Au, respectively. The Au‐rich quartz vein and silicified ore mineralization is surrounded by, or is included within, the disseminated and stockwork Au‐mineralization region. The main ore minerals are pyrite (pyrite‐I and pyrite‐II) and arsenopyrite (arsenopyrite‐I and arsenopyrite‐II). Moderate amounts of galena, tetrahedrite‐tennantite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, and minor jamesonite, bournonite, boulangerite, geocronite, scheelite, geerite, native gold and zircon are associated. Abundances and grain sizes of the ore minerals are variable in ores with different host rocks. Small grains of native gold occur as fillings or at grain boundaries of pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and tetrahedrite in the disseminated and stockwork ores and silicified ores, whereas visible native gold of variable size occurs in the quartz vein ores. The ore mineralization is associated with sericitic and siliceous alteration. The disseminated and stockwork mineralization is composed of four distinct stages characterized by crystallization of (i) pyrite‐I + arsenopyrite‐I, (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite‐II, (iii) galena + tetrahedrite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + jamesonite + bournonite + scheelite, and iv) boulangerite + native gold, respectively. In the quartz vein ores, four crystallization stages are also recognized: (i) pyrite‐I, (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite + galena + Ag‐rich tetrahedrite‐tennantite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + bournonite, (iii) geocronite + geerite + native gold, and (iv) native gold. Two mineralization stages in the silicified ores are characterized by (i) pyrite + arsenopyrite + tetrahedrite + chalcopyrite, and (ii) galena + sphalerite + native gold. Quartz in the disseminated and stockwork ores of the Main zone contains CO2‐rich, halite‐bearing aqueous fluid inclusions with homogenization temperatures ranging from 194 to 327°C, whereas quartz in the disseminated and stockwork ores of the Central zone contains CO2‐rich and aqueous fluid inclusions with homogenization temperatures ranging from 254 to 355°C. The textures of the ores, the mineral assemblages present, the mineralization sequences and the fluid inclusion data are consistent with orogenic classification for the Gatsuurt deposit.  相似文献   

19.
The Dayingezhuang gold deposit, hosted mainly by Late Jurassic granitoids on Jiaodong Peninsula in eastern China, contains an estimated 170 t of gold and is one of the largest deposits within the Zhaoping fracture zone. The orebodies consist of auriferous altered pyrite–sericite–quartz granites that show Jiaojia-type (i.e., disseminated and veinlet) mineralization. Mineralization and alteration are structurally controlled by the NE- to NNE-striking Linglong detachment fault. The mineralization can be divided into four stages: (K-feldspar)–pyrite–sericite–quartz, quartz–gold–pyrite, quartz–gold–polymetallic sulfide, and quartz–carbonate, with the majority of the gold being produced in the second and third stages. Based on a combination of petrography, microthermometry, and laser Raman spectroscopy, three types of fluid inclusion were identified in the vein minerals: NaCl–H2O (A-type), CO2–H2O–NaCl (AC-type), and pure CO2 (PC-type). Quartz crystals in veinlets that formed during the first stage contain mainly AC-type fluid inclusions, with rare PC-type inclusions. These fluid inclusions homogenize at temperatures of 251°C–403°C and have low salinities of 2.2–9.4 wt% NaCl equivalent. Quartz crystals that formed in the second and third stages contain all three types of fluid inclusions, with total homogenization temperatures of 216°C–339°C and salinities of 1.8–13.8 wt% NaCl equivalent for the second stage and homogenization temperatures of 195°C–321°C and salinities of 1.4–13.3 wt% NaCl equivalent for the third stage. In contrast, quartz crystals that formed in the fourth stage contains mainly A-type fluid inclusions, with minor occurrences of AC-type inclusions; these inclusions have homogenization temperatures of 106°C–287°C and salinities of 0.5–7.7 wt% NaCl equivalent. Gold in the ore-forming fluids may have changed from Au(HS)0 as the dominant species under acidic conditions and at relatively high temperatures and fO2 in the early stages, to Au(HS)2– under neutral-pH conditions at lower temperatures and fO2 in the later stages. The precipitation of gold and other metals is inferred to be caused by a combination of fluid immiscibility and water–rock interaction.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract: Gold mineralization of the Daerae mine represents the first recognized example of the Jurassic gold mineralization in the Sangju area, Korea. It occurs as a single stage of quartz veins that fill fault fractures in Precambrian gneiss of the central‐northern Sobaegsan Massif. The mineralogical characteristics of quartz veins, such as the simple mineralogy and relatively gold‐rich (65–72 atomic % Au) nature of electrum, as well as the CO2–rich and low salinity nature of fluid inclusions, are consistent with the ‘mesothermal‐type’ gold deposits previously recognized in the Youngdong area (about 50 km southwest of the Sangju area). Ore fluids were evolved mainly through CO2 immiscibility at temperatures between about 250 and 325 C. Vein sulfides characteristically have negative sulfur isotopic values (–1.9 to +0.2 %), which have been very rarely reported in South Korea, and possibly indicate the derivation of sulfur from an ilmenite‐series granite melt. The calculated O and H isotopic compositions of hydrothermal fluids at Daerae (δ18Owater = +5.2 to +5.9 %; δDwater = –59 to –67 %) are very similar to those from the Youngdong area, and indicate the important role of magmatic water in gold mineralization. The 40Ar–39Ar age dating of a pure alteration sericite sample yields a high‐temperature plateau age of 188.3 0.1 Ma, indicating an early Jurassic age for the gold mineralization at Daerae. The lower temperature Ar‐Ar plateau defines an age of 158.4 2.0 Ma (middle Jurassic), interpreted as reset by a subsequent thermal effect after quartz vein formation. The younger plateau age is the same as the previously reported K‐Ar ages (145–171 Ma) for the other ‘mesothermal–type’ gold deposits in the Youngdong and Jungwon areas, Korea, which are too young in view of the new Jurassic Ar‐Ar plateau age (around 188 Ma).  相似文献   

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