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1.
With Shannon sampling rates at the sensors of a linear antenna, it is not always possible to achieve a beam system with complete azimuth coverage. Furthermore, it is not possible to compensate an antenna system platform's own motion in such a way as to be able to build up a beam system fixed in space. Even the method of increasing the sampling rate for the sensors to an impracticably high value would only solve these problems to a limited extent. On the other hand, a solution which is easily put into practice is offered by time interpolation between adjacent sample points of the sensor signals. Therefore we have investigated this method in detail. The beam patterns are formed by special linear combination of the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the sensor signals. This kind of linear combination is applicable to all types of interpolation between adjacent sample points. For one special type of interpolation, namely linear interpolation, an azimuthal level-distribution function which specifies the maximum antenna reception sensitivity for all steering angles is stated for a linear antenna havingN sensors. With this function, it is possible to estimate the influence of the sampling frequency, Signal center frequency, signal bandwidth, and antenna dimensions on the antenna/beamformer performance. 相似文献
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In conventional time-domain beam forming with sampled receiver outputs, the delays required to steer a beam in a given direction can only be approximated to within the nearest half sampling interval. For a linear array of equispaced receivers, and for certain directions, these errors give rise to high isolated sidelobes in the beam pattern. A model describing this beam pattern is used to predict the number, position, and height of these sidelobes. Degradation of the height of the main lobe is also considered. For coarse quantization, and in the absence of interpolation, the model suggests a recursive beamformer structure which significantly reduces the number of additions required. A simple interpolation scheme which reduces the height of these sidelobes is discussed and an Efficient scheme for implementing such interpolation is given. 相似文献
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The finite-time behavior of a quadratically constrained version of the minimum-variance, distortionless-response line-array beamformer is examined. An entity known as the weight ratio is defined and it is demonstrated that there are simple expressions that relate the weight ratio to the field scenario which explicitly take into account the finite-time misadjustment phenomenon. It is further demonstrated that holding the weight ratio to a value of about 0.5 produces an adaptive beamformer with a beneficial combination of robustness to nonideal situations (e.g., sensor misalignment, pointing errors, correlated interferers, misadjustment effects, etc.) while retaining the ability to adapt quickly in highly dynamic fields 相似文献
4.
Acoustic signals received by platform mounted sonar arrays can be spatially processed to enhance the detection of targets in the presence of both ambient and platform generated (self) noise. Ambient noise in the ocean, such as that due to distant shipping or biological choruses, are known to be spatially correlated. The platform generated noise will be of near-field origin and may not be received by all elements in the array. In this paper we investigate the performance of the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer and the recently introduced Fourier integral method (FIM) and compare their performances with the conventional beamformer. Real passive sonar data, obtained from a platform mounted sparse linear array of hydrophones, is used to study the performance of the beamformers in a typical sonar environment. It is shown that in the absence of self noise, when the array is accurately calibrated the MVDR beamformer will perform very well, but when sensor gain or phase errors are present the performance of the MVDR beamformer is degraded. Further, the MVDR beamformer is unable to reject the self noise which is not "seen" by the entire array. FIM however seems to perform well and a modified version of FIM, which we call weighted FIM (WFIM), is shown to perform better and is at worst comparable to a well calibrated MVDR beamformer 相似文献
5.
A microprocessor-based CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) sensor unit is described in which the microprocessor is used to vary the analog-to-digital conversion process to achieve 16-bit resolution at a measurement rate of 500 measurements per second, or 18-bit resolution at 30 measurements per second. Software control of resolution, sampling rate, and sampling sequence permit the sensor unit to be software-configured for a wide variety of missions. Pressure and conductivity sensors are expected to substantially improve the system accuracy. The conductivity cell design has six electrodes which are all relatively remote from the external measurement volume (approximated by a 2-cm diameter sphere). This so called recessed-electrode concept is expected to eliminate calibration drift due to contamination of the electrodes and the insulating surfaces of the cell, thus ensuring excellent long-term stability 相似文献
6.
The Three-Array Processor (TAP III) beamforming system incorporating both wide-band time-domain beamforming and narrow-band frequency-domain beamforming is described. This paper briefly develops the beamforming theory and shows how the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to accomplish frequency-domain beamforming. The frequency-domain beamformer operates in the frequency domain to form beams and power spectrum data over narrow frequency bands of interest. A real-time digital filtering technique is used to extract the narrow bands of interest from the broad-band input signal. The frequency-domain beamformer accomplishes real-time digital filtering and beamforming by using a high-speed array processor to do the complex calculations and data handling required by the algorithm. The time-domain beamformer operates in parallel with the frequency-domain beamformer to form up to 16 broad-band beams in the time domain. A programmable all-pass digital filter is used to create the fine time delays required by the time-domain beamformer. 相似文献
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Controlling the resolution in adaptive beamformers is often crucial. A simple method that works for both narrow-band and broad-band arrays is presented. This method is based on the normalized leaky LMS algorithm in conjunction with a generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) structure, where the GSC is designed using a spatial filtering approach. In essence, the suppression of the spatial filters and the implicit noise of the leaky LMS algorithm together determine the adaptive beamformer. Analytical expressions are given for the Wiener filters and the output spectrum versus frequency and point source location. These expressions are employed in the design specification of the spatial filters and to obtain conditions for a controlled quiescent beamformer response. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the behavior of the array 相似文献
9.
从重力场匹配导航的改进 TERCOM 算法入手,针对采样长度、采样间隔以及重力测量误差对匹配结果的影响进行了系统的分析,并在此基础上设计了客观有效的准实时仿真试验,结果表明:(1)采样长度对匹配结果有重要的影响,匹配长度过短或过长都不利于匹配到最佳格网位置,当采样长度与重力基准图的分辨率比值在 10 ~ 20 之间时,能够获得较好的匹配效果;(2)在采样长度一定的情况下,适当增加采样间隔可以在一定程度上提高匹配的整体精度;但采样间隔增加到一定程度后,继续增加采样间隔将引起匹配效果急剧恶化;(3)重力测量白噪声误差对匹配结果影响相对较大,但 5mGal 以内的重力测量白噪声对都能够进行有效匹配;而在重力测量误差受高斯白噪声和系统性误差同时作用的情况下,过大的系统性误差将不能得到有效匹配。 相似文献
10.
Increasing the number of hydrophones in an array should increase beamformer performance. However, when the number of hydrophones is large, integration times must be long enough to give accurate cross-spectral matrix (CSM) estimates, but short enough so that the dynamic behavior of the noise described by the CSM is captured. The dominant mode rejection (DMR) beamformer calculates adaptive weights based on a reduced rank CSM estimate, where the CSM estimate is formed with a subset of the largest eigenvalues and their eigenvectors. Since the largest eigenvalue/eigenvector pairs are estimated rapidly, the integration time required is reduced. The purpose of this study was to examine the DMR beamformer performance using a bottom-mounted horizontal line array in a shallow-water environment. The data were processed with a fully adaptive beamformer and the DMR beamformer. The DMR beamformer showed better performance than the fully adaptive beamformer when using arrays with larger numbers of hydrophones. Thus, in highly dynamic noise environments, the DMR beamformer may be a more appropriate implementation to use for passive sonar detection systems 相似文献
11.
Fixed-station sampling design was widely used in fishery-independent surveys because of its characteristics of convenient sampling station setting, but the non-probabilistic(fixed) nature made it more uncertainty of drawing inferences on population. The performance of fixed-station sampling design for multispecies survey has not been evaluated, and we are uncertain if the design could detect the temporal trends of different populations in multispecies fishery-independent survey. In this study, s... 相似文献
12.
Sound from an airborne source travels to a receiver beneath the sea surface via a geometric path that is most simply described using ray theory, where the atmosphere and the sea are assumed to be isospeed sound propagation media separated by a planar surface (the air-sea interface). This theoretical approach leads to the development of a time-frequency model for the signal received by a single underwater acoustic sensor and a time-delay model for the signals received by a pair of spatially separated underwater acoustic sensors. The validity of these models is verified using spatially averaged experimental data recorded from a linear array of hydrophones during various transits of a turboprop aircraft. The same approach is used to solve the inverse time-frequency problem, that is, estimation of the aircraft's speed, altitude, and propeller blade rate given the observed variation with time of the instantaneous frequency of the received signal. Similarly, the inverse time-delay problem is considered whereby the speed and altitude of the aircraft are estimated using the differential time-of-arrival information from each of two adjacent pairs of widely spaced hydrophones (with one hydrophone being common to each pair). It is found that the solutions to each of the inverse problems provide reliable estimates of the speed and altitude of the aircraft, with the inverse time-frequency method also providing an estimate that closely matches the actual propeller blade rate 相似文献
13.
以海区30'网格方区多年月平均统计的声速剖面作为原始数据集,提取声速剖面的表层、主跃层和深海等温层分层结构特征,把我国近海及其邻近海域预分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ类区。对Ⅱ,Ⅲ类区声速剖面,应用有序样本聚类算法分别进行表层分离。根据各类区的表层声速剖面数据,通过归一化处理和Akima差值采样得到梯度剖面,建立起按月归一化后的声速剖面分层梯度样本集,并应用系统聚类法和SOFM神经网络方法分别进行聚类分析,再根据分类结果并结合各类型海区的声学特点,得到各类型海区声速剖面的典型类型。通过对大量历史数据的分析结果表明,该方法为自动分类海洋声速剖面提供了一条有效路径,弥补了长期以来海洋声速剖面主要依靠人工分类的不足。 相似文献
14.
The formation of acoustic images in real-time requires an enormous computational burden. To reduce this demand the use of sparse arrays for beamforming is mandated. The design of these arrays for adequate mainlobe width and low sidelobe level is a difficult nonlinear optimization problem. A new approach to the joint optimization of sensor placement and shading weights is discussed. Based on the concept of importance sampling an optimization method is presented and some examples given to illustrate its effectiveness. 相似文献
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常规波束形成器仅限于利用信号的二阶统计特性。作者采用高阶累积量估计期望信号的导向矢量 (Steering Vector) ,实现了一种基于高阶累积量的自适应波束形成器 (HCAB)。该波束形成器利用信号的更高阶统计特性 ,减少了对阵列流型的依赖 ,具有较好的容差性 ,能自动跟踪信号。数值模拟实验表明该波束形成器工作良好。 相似文献
17.
Gerstoft P. Hodgkiss W.S. Kuperman W.A. Heechun Song Siderius M. Nielsen P.L. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2003,28(1):44-54
During maneuvering, towed array beamforming degrades if a straight array is assumed. This is especially true for high-resolution adaptive beamforming. It is experimentally demonstrated that adaptive beamforming is feasible on a turning array, provided that array shape is estimated. The array shape can be inferred solely from the coordinates of the tow vessel's Global Positioning System (GPS) without any instrumentation in the array. Based on estimated array shape from the GPS, both the conventional beamformer and the white noise constrained (WNC) adaptive beamformer are shown to track the source well during a turn. When calculating the weight vector in the WNC approach, a matrix inversion of the cross-spectral density matrix is involved. This matrix inversion can be stabilized by averaging the cross-spectral density matrix over neighboring frequencies. The proposed algorithms have been tested on real data with the tow-vessel making 45/spl deg/ turns with a 500-m curvature radius. While turning, the improvement in performance over the assumption of a straight array geometry was up to 5 dB for the conventional beamformer and considerably larger for the WNC adaptive beamformer. 相似文献
18.
A discrete time-delay control (DTDC) law for a general six degrees of freedom unsymmetric autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is presented. Hydrodynamic parameters like added mass coefficients and drag coefficients, which are generally uncertain, are not required by the controller. This control law cancels the uncertainties in the AUV dynamics by direct estimation of the uncertainties using time-delay estimation technique. The discrete-time version of the time-delay control does not require the derivative of the system state to be measured or estimated, which is required by the continuous-time version of the controller. This particularly provides an advantage over continuous-time controller in terms of computational effort or availability of sensors for measuring state derivatives, i.e., linear and angular accelerations. Implementation issues for practical realization of the controller are discussed. Experiments on a test-bed AUV were conducted in depth, pitch, and yaw degrees of freedom. Results show that the proposed control law performs well in the presence of uncertainties. 相似文献
19.
Ship noise received on a horizontal array towed behind the ship is shown to be useful as a potentially diagnostic tool for estimating local acoustic bottom properties. In numerical simulations, tow-ship noise which bounces off the bottom is processed on a beamformer that shows the arrival angles; the beamformer output is readily interpreted by relating it to the Green's function of the acoustic wave equation. Simple signal processing is shown to be sufficient to extract the propagation angles of the "trapped" (i.e., propagating) modes of the acoustic waveguide. By relating the trapped modes to a basic geophysical model of the bottom, one can predict acoustic-propagation conditions for a particular bottom-interacting ocean acoustic environment. 相似文献
20.
多频海底声学原位测试系统研制和试用 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
海底沉积物的声学特性(最重要的是声速和声衰减)以及它们与物理(包括土力学)特性之间的关系是沉积物声学中两个重要的研究项目.介绍了新研制的实时监控多频海底声学原位测试系统.该系统可测量浅表层沉积物的声速.探测频率为8,10,12,15 kHz,可根据实际情况选择发射波形、接收增益和采样长度,采样率为0.5~2.0 MHz,工作水深为300 m.系统具有倾斜传感器、8通道扩充等功能.用该系统在杭州湾测得了四种频率的沉积物原位声速. 相似文献