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1.
Demersal rockfish are the only fish species that have been found dead in significant numbers after major oil spills, but the link between oil exposure and effect has not been well established. After the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, several species of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from oiled and reference sites were analyzed for hydrocarbon metabolites in bile (1989-1991) and for microscopic lesions (1990 and 1991). Biliary hydrocarbons consistent with exposure to Exxon Valdez oil were elevated in 1989, but not in 1990 or 1991. Significant microscopic findings included pigmented macrophage aggregates and hepatic megalocytosis, fibrosis, and lipid accumulation. Site differences in microscopic findings were significant with respect to previous oil exposure in 1991 (P=0.038), but not in 1990. However, differences in microscopic findings were highly significant with respect to age and species in both years (P<0.001). We conclude that demersal rockfish were exposed to Exxon Valdez oil in 1989, but differences in microscopic changes in 1990 and 1991 were related more to age and species differences than to previous oil exposure. 相似文献
2.
光周期对松江鲈鱼生长和性腺发育影响的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在松江鲈鱼(Trachidermis fasciatus)生长和性腺发育的关键时期,挑选其同规格的幼苗分为长光照组(LL)与自然光照组(对照组,NL),研究光周期对其生长和性腺发育的影响。本研究将LL组与NL组分别设计3组平行,共计150尾。实验起始:LL组体质量:(3.7256±0.8236)g,全长:(6.2253±0.3687)cm;NL组体质量:(3.7179±0.7893)g,全长:(6.2053±0.3436)cm,组间体质量及全长差异不显著。经过76 d的光周期实验,在前中期体质量检测中,LL组体质量、全长大于NL组;最终LL组体质量:(29.0328±3.06437)g,全长:(13.2361±0.3861)cm;NL组体质量:(28.6639±2.4460)g,全长:(13.2684±0.6432)cm;LL组的肝指数均值为(9.1525±0.5053)%,相对于NL组的(5.2675±0.1504)%,为极显著(P0.001)。最终,LL组的性腺发育指数均值为(5.8150±0.1396)%,相对于NL组的(5.7625±0.3404)%,为极显著(p0.001)。LL组肝指数(HSI)、性腺发育指数(GSI)均显著高于NL组;卵巢从外观及卵径判断,LL组已发育至第V期,大部分卵粒饱满,卵粒清亮饱满相互黏连,而NL组卵巢为第IV期,颜色偏红且卵径显著偏小。LL组卵径均值为(1.2118±0.3136)mm,而NL组则为(0.8356±0.0935)mm,LL组卵径偏大(P0.001)。结果表明:在松江鲈鱼的幼鱼至成鱼阶段,即生殖洄游阶段,适当的延长光照对松江鲈鱼的性腺发育及肝脏能量储均存有显著性影响。 相似文献
3.
水体中组织胺对日本新糠虾生长、发育和体内组织胺含量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)从新孵幼体至性成熟,养殖于不同质量浓度组织胺水体中,其质量浓度分别为0mg/L(对照组),5mg/L(低剂量组,L组),10mg/L(中剂量组,M组),15mg/L(高剂量组,H组),以研究水体中组织胺对日本新糠虾存活、生长和发育的影响及糠虾体内组织胺含量的变化。结果表明,随组织胺质量浓度的升高,日本新糠虾的体长、体质量和存活率均呈现下降趋势;M组和H组日本新糠虾的体长和体质量显著小于对照组(P0.05),而L组与对照组间无显著差异;较高质量浓度的组织胺(15mg/L)能显著降低日本新糠虾的存活率,H组存活率仅为53.92%±3.58%;各组织胺质量浓度组对雄性日本新糠虾性征出现时间无显著的影响,但对雄性日本新糠虾性成熟时间有不同程度的延迟作用,对照组性成熟时间为(25.71±0.76)d,而H组为(28.00±0.82)d,两组间差异显著(P0.05);雌性日本新糠虾的性成熟时间也有随组织胺质量浓度升高而呈延迟的趋势,但仅H组与对照组存在显著差异(P0.05),延迟近3d。经HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,简称HPLC)法检测日本新糠虾体内组织胺后,发现M和H组中检测出了较高含量的组织胺,分别达到(435.33±56.94)pg/g和(478.67±140.57)pg/g,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。上述结果说明,水体中一定质量浓度的组织胺能抑制日本新糠虾的生长和发育,其体内组织胺含量的升高可能是重要的诱因之一。 相似文献
4.
光色对豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究光色对鱼类摄食、生长和存活的影响,作者在模块化小型循环水养殖系统中,以豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus)幼鱼(体长21.2 cm±1.22 cm,体质量112.46 g±2.632 g)为对象,设置5种光色环境(红、黄、绿、白和黑暗),进行了4个月的循环水养殖实验。结果表明:绿光下豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼摄食率高、饵料转化率高、饵料系数低,但不同光色下豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼的摄食不存在显著性差异(P0.05);幼鱼的体长增长,绿光组和红光组大,且与其余3组间差异显著(P0.05);幼鱼的体质量增长,绿光组最大,红光组和黑暗组次之,白光组和黄光组最小,且三者间差异显著(P0.05);各组幼鱼的肥满度并没有显著性差异(P0.05);除白光组幼鱼存活率(只有50%)最低外,其余各组幼鱼存活率均在80%以上,其中绿光组最高,为88.33%。可见,在循环水养殖生产中,绿光环境有利于豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼的摄食、生长和存活。 相似文献
5.
Evaluation of the Effect of Marine Ranching Activities on the Tongyeong Marine Ecosystem 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Using ecosystem models (Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace), we assessed the structure and function of the Tongyeong marine ranching ecosystem and compared changes in various ecosystem components before and after marine ranching activities. An ecosystem structure model, Ecopath, was used to estimate the changes in biomass and trophic level of major species or groups, the relative contribution of target species or groups to the total flow of energy (throughput), and niche overlaps and impacts of competition between major species or groups. It showed that the Tongyeong ecosystem had 4 trophic levels. A large amount of energy flows occurred at trophic levels 3 and 4, and jacopever rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) and black rockfish (S. inermis) that were target species for stock enhancement belonged to trophic level 3, indicating that those two species played an important role in the ecosystem. Using an ecosystem dynamic model, Ecosim, the mechanism of dynamic changes in the quantity of target species or groups was investigated to identify the effects of stock enhancement activities and impacts of fishing intensity. After marine ranching activities, the biomass of two target species had increased, while those of most other fish groups decreased. Assuming that fishing mortality was double the current level, the biomass of most fish groups decreased but jacopever rockfish maintained its current stock level due to excessive stock enhancement and low fishing mortality in recent years. An ecosystem space model, Ecospace, was employed to simulate the temporal and spatial dynamics of the biomass of organisms in order to examine how resource enhancement activities have changed the distribution and abundance of target species or groups in the ecosystem. The distribution pattern of jacopever rockfish and black rockfish showed stronger aggregations around reefs and rocky areas with high stock densities after ranching. However, most of the other fish groups exhibited lower densities in the marine ranching area, while they showed higher densities outside the marine ranching area. Thus, it would be necessary to take appropriate holistic management actions based on the ecosystem-based approach to keep the ranching ecosystem healthy and to maintain the fishery production of the ecosystem at the maximum sustainable level. 相似文献
6.
Embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus in the 4–8 cell stage were exposed nine Hg++ (as mercuric chloride) concentrations from 0 to 100 μg/litre (ppb) for 32 days, 5 days, 2 days and 1 day. All but the chronically (32-day) exposed embryos were allowed to continue development in mercury-free water (20% S) after the exposure period to determine the effect of duration of exposure on three parameters of development. Ninety-six hour survival, total hatching success and per cent incidence of lateral spinal curvature were measured. Only embryos exposed to mercury for a single day showed a significant increase in survival in comparison with embryos exposed for a longer period of time after four days of development. Under all conditions of exposure, survival was reduced at concentrations greater than 40 ppb Hg++. Hatching success of chronically exposed embryos was significantly reduced at concentrations greater than 10 ppb Hg++. Significant increases in total hatchability were effected by reducing the duration of exposure to five days and one day. Of eleutheroembryos emerging following chronic exposure to mercury, increases in the incidence of lateral spinal curvature were noted at all concentrations above 20 ppb Hg++. Significant reductions of this disorder were observed among eleutheroembryos exposed to mercury for 5 days, 2 days or 1 day. Of the three parameters measured, the incidence of lateral spinal curvature and the resulting VH50 value gave a more sensitive evaluation of the embryotoxic effects of Hg++ as mercuric chloride on the estuarine teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus. 相似文献
7.
Pacific rockfish were sampled from Cordell Bank, off central California, from 1985 to 1990. Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions, involving dermal chromatophores, were observed in five species; yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavidus), bocaccio (S. paucispinis), olive rockfish (S. serranoides), widow rockfish (S. entomelas), and chilipepper rockfish (S. goodei). Yearly prevalences were highest, but static, in S. pancipinis, while prevalences in S. flavidus have risen steadily. The majority of lesions were black, but white, red, orange, yellow, and mixed color variants were also seen. Lesions were found in skin, fins, lips, gingiva, longue, urogenital papilla, and in the conjunctira and cornea of the eye. Flat lesions were consistent with either melanophore (black), erythrophore (red), or xanthophore (yellow) hyperplasia. Neoplastic lesions included melanophoromas, amelanotic melanophoromas, xanthophoromas, erythrophoromas, and mixed chromatophoromas. Electron microscopy did not reveal the presence of viruses and the etiology of the lesions has not been determined. 相似文献
8.
Thomas E. Laidig Diana L. Watters Mary M. Yoklavich 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,83(4):629-637
In 2004, we surveyed demersal fishes and habitats on the continental shelf off central California (65–110 m depth) using the occupied submersible Delta. Our objectives were to estimate the relative abundance of habitats and to examine demersal fish species composition, diversity, density, and sizes relative to these habitats. A total of 112 transects were completed covering 32 km of seafloor. A higher density of fishes was estimated in boulder and cobble habitats than in mud and brachiopod beds. More than 80% of the fishes were small, measuring 20 cm or less in total length. Species with small maximum size (primarily pygmy rockfish, Sebastes wilsoni, and blackeye gobies, Rhinogobiops nicholsii) accounted for nearly half (49%) of the total number of 12,441 fishes. Most fishes were immature, with only 4 of 20 harvested species having more than 50% of the individuals larger than the size at first maturity. Our study area on the continental shelf may be an ontogenetic transition zone for immature fishes before they move to their adult habitat on the slope. Alternatively, historical fishing pressure may have contributed to the lack of large, mature fishes in the survey area. Understanding the importance of these habitats to fishes at various life stages will improve our ability to assess these deepwater fish stocks and effectively manage these living resources on an ecosystem basis. 相似文献
9.
在工厂化循环水养殖系统中,将初始体质量为186 g±2.0 g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)放养于低(9.4 kg/m~2±0.2 kg/m~2)、中(13.6 kg/m~2±0.8 kg/m~2)、高(19.1 kg/m~2±1.3 kg/m~2)3个养殖密度,以研究不同养殖密度对大菱鲆生长、消化酶和蛋白质代谢的影响。养殖120 d后,低、中、高试验组养殖密度分别增长至26.1 kg/m~2±1.2 kg/m~2、38.2 kg/m~2±2.5 kg/m~2、52.3 kg/m~2±3.6 kg/m~2。结果表明:低密度组和中密度组中大菱鲆增质量率、特定生长率、肥满度和蛋白质效率均显著(P0.05)高于高密度组;而饲料系数显著低于高密度组(P0.05)。低密度组和中密度组大菱鲆总蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力显著低于高密度组(P0.05);但脂肪酶活力在3个密度组之间无显著性差异。与低密度组相比,高密度组显著提高了谷氨酸脱氢酶活力,同时降低了谷草转氨酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活力(P0.05),而对谷丙转氨酶活力无任何影响。综上所述,在工厂化循环水系统中,增加养殖密度能提高养殖的产量,但过高的养殖密度会对大菱鲆生长、消化酶活力以及蛋白质代谢产生不利的影响。 相似文献
10.
The chronic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on ovary development, total hepatic lipids and plasma sex- and corticosteroid levels in female flounder (Platichthys flesus) were examined. Sexually mature feral female flounder were exposed via the diet to phenanthrene (0.5, 2.5 or 12.5 nmol/g food) or chrysene (0.4 nmol/g food) for 12 weeks, during the previtellogenic phase of the annual reproductive cycle. PAH exposure did not directly affect germ cell development since no structural and/or developmental differences were observed between control and exposed fish. On the contrary, all treatments resulted in altered plasma steroid levels. The most pronounced effect was the significant decrease in plasma 17β-estradiol to 19±11%, 27±7%, 63±20% and 61±12% in relation to control fish, respectively, in flounders exposed to 12.5, 2.5 or 0.5 nmol phenanthrene/g food and 0.4 nmol chrysene/g food. Impaired ovarian growth was not observed, most likely because experiments were ended before the period of vitellogenesis, even though a non-significant general decline in total hepatic lipids could be observed. Moreover, all exposed flounders, except fish fed with the highest amount of phenanthrene, showed a negative correlation between plasma 17β-estradiol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels (r=−0.46). One possible explanation is that PAH action may be mediated by a specific inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes. These findings provide evidence that selected PAHs are antiestrogenic xenobiotics with the capability to impair female teleost reproductive function. 相似文献
11.
音响驯化技术是控制鱼群和提高放流回捕率的有效方法。目前,对海水鱼类进行音响驯化时关于音响驯化时段选择的研究积累尚少。本试验研究了在7:20、10:20、13:20、16:20和19:20 5个不同驯化时段水平下,许氏平鲉幼鱼在430Hz正弦波连续音刺激下的行为反应,分别探究了在不考虑非音频刺激因素和减轻(甚至避免)非音频刺激因素对音响驯化效果干扰的前提下,许氏平鲉幼鱼的优势音响驯化时段。结果表明,无论考虑非音频刺激因素对音响驯化效果的影响与否,7:20时段都是许氏平鲉幼鱼的优势音响驯化时段。 相似文献
12.
Rainbow trout were exposed to 200 ppb cadmium in the water during four months at 5°C. The liver, kidney and gills were analyzed for cadmium, copper, zinc and metallothionein. Cadmium accumulated in all three organs and reached the highest concentration in the kidney. The zinc and copper concentrations were not altered during the experiment. The metallothionein concentration was significantly higher in liver of exposed fish than in control fish after three months. The kidneys reached significantly elevated levels of metallothionein in the exposed group after four months. These results demonstrate that metallothionein is induced by cadmium after exposure to the metal via water. 相似文献
13.
Size trends and population characteristics of striped marlin, Tetrapturus audax, caught in the New Zealand recreational fishery were evaluated using club records from the Bay of Islands Sword‐fish Club (BOISC) from 1925 to 2003 (n = 15 114) and biological samples from northern New Zealand collected from 1985 to 1994 (n = 684). Average weight (kg) ± SE of striped marlin declined 6–9 kg every 20 years between 1925 (124.2 ± 1.0 kg) and 2003 (100.1 kg ± 0.4). Weight (H14843 = 444.58, P < 0.001) and condition (H443 = 37.54, P < 0.001) increased significantly throughout the recreational fishing season (December‐May). No differences were observed in the lower jaw‐fork length (LJFL)‐weight (W) relationship between sexes or years but average weight of females (106.2 ±1.1 kg) was significantly greater than males (90.2 ±1.2 kg) from 1985 to 1994 (F684 = 88.37, P < 0.001). Negative allometric growth (W = 2E ‐08 LJFL2.88) was recorded for all striped marlin. Individual growth was modelled by fitting backcalculated LJFL to eight age classes derived from dorsal spine measurements (n = 94) using the von Bertalanffy growth equation (r2 = 0.96). The parameters estimated in the von Bertalanffy growth equation were asymptotic length (L ) = 3010 mm, annual growth rate (K) = 0.22, age (yr) at hypothetical length 0 (t0) = ‐0.04. 相似文献
14.
研究分析了嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)感染斑马鱼后肠道生理健康和肠道微生物的变化。以斑马鱼为研究对象,刮伤皮下真皮,使用105 CFU/mL浓度的嗜水气单胞菌暴露6 h后转入清水,分别在暴露前、暴露后6 h、12 h、24 h取样。使用鱼特异性酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒,检测肠道中紧密连接蛋白ZO-2 (TJP2)含量和乙氧基异戊二烯-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)酶活性,结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌暴露引起了斑马鱼肠道生理损伤,表现为肠道TJP2含量、EROD酶活性在暴露后显著下调。采用16S rRNA高通量测序检测肠道微生物及其菌群结构变化,嗜水气单胞菌暴露斑马鱼后致病菌不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)明显增加,OTUs数量明显下降,Alpha多样性降低,结果说明嗜水气单胞菌引起了斑马鱼肠道菌群失调。肠道中微生物的多样性与改善肠道上皮和黏膜屏障功能紧密相关,该研究对从肠道健康的角度评价嗜水气单胞菌毒性,探索嗜水气单胞菌的致病机制具有重要意义。 相似文献
15.
The oxygen consumption reflects the aerobic energy production of an animal. For fish eggs and larvae the normal oxygen consumption represents the optimal conditions for growth and development. Under the stress of environmental pollution gross deviation in oxygen uptake rate of the developing fish embryo may reflect metabolic disturbances and impede the development. Since the eggs and larvae of cod (Gadus morhua L.) are likely to be exposed to oil pollution from offshore installations in the North Sea we decided to investigate the effects of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of North Sea crude oil on the oxygen consumption of cod eggs and larvae. The results showed that oxygen consumption of the larvae at the time of final yolk absorption (5–7 days post hatching at 5°C) is strongly suppressed by oil exposure at concentrations down to 50 ppb. No effect on the oxygen uptake, however, was found during the egg stage. 相似文献
16.
鱼类Ghrelin的研究主要集中在摄食和生长方面,在免疫方面的研究甚少。本文以沿海经济鱼类黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)为研究对象,检测了不同盐度(10、20、30)环境下腹腔注射Ghrelin(生理浓度,10ng/100g体重)对黑鲷部分免疫指标(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、溶菌酶活性LYS、血清补体3含量C3、免疫球蛋白M含量Ig M和丙二醛含量MDA)的影响。结果如下:在30盐度(正常盐度)时,腹腔注射Ghrelin对SOD和C3无显著影响(P0.05),1h后Ig M含量显著提高(P0.05),2h后LYS和MDA也明显增加(P0.05);在20盐度(轻盐度胁迫)时,腹腔注射Ghrelin不影响Ig M含量(P0.05),1h后SOD、LYS、C3均有明显上升(P0.05),而MDA则显著下降(P0.05),影响持续时间较长;在10盐度(重盐度胁迫)时,腹腔注射Ghrelin对所检测的5种免疫指标均有显著影响,其中1h后LYS、C3、Ig M含量明显提高(P0.05),3h后MDA下降,6h后SOD明显升高(P0.05)。以上结果表明:在低盐度肋迫下,Ghrelin可显著提高海水鱼黑鲷血清中SOD、LYS、C3和Ig M水平,降低MDA水平(P0.05),使黑鲷免疫力提高,以缓解其对低盐度胁迫的适应。因此,Ghrelin在海鱼的淡化驯养中具有潜在的应用前景,有望开发为一种海鱼淡化驯养的饲料添加剂。 相似文献
17.
饲料维生素C对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼生长和免疫的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用单因子实验设计方法，进行了饲料中添加维生素C对花鲈幼鱼生长（增重率、存活率、特定生长率、饲料效率）、免疫反应（血清中溶菌酶活性和血清总补体活性）和组织中维生素C积累量影响的研究。结果表明，随着饲料中维生素C添加量由0提高到98．9mg／kg，花鲈的增重率和特定生长率显著提高。以特定生长率为指标，花鲈最佳生长性能的饲料维生素C添加量为103.0mg／kg左右；饲料中维生素C添加量在0-98．9mg／kg时，花鲈幼鱼肌肉和肝脏中维生素C的积累量随饲料中维生素C的增加而显著增加（P〈0．05），花鲈幼鱼获得最大肝脏和肌肉中维生素C的积累量时，饲料中维生素C最低添加量为97．2mg／kg和105.0mg／kg；花鲈幼鱼血清溶菌酶和总补体活性随着维生素C添加量的增加而显著升高，维生素C添加量达到396．4mg／kg时，血清溶菌酶和总补体活性较高。综上所述，花鲈生长和免疫的维生素C适宜添加量为400mg／kg左右。 相似文献
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In this study, we explored the interactive effects of temperature and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the growth, pigment contents, photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, which forms harmful algal blooms globally. Cells were first pre-acclimated to temperatures of 20°C, 25°C or 28°C for 10 days. They were then exposed to three different types of solar radiation for 60?min. We then measured the photochemical efficiency of the cells during the 60-min exposure and a 360-min recovery period under dim light (20?μmol?photons?m?2?s?1). In addition, we analysed the diural change in photochemical efficiency and NPQ over a 10-h period. We found that P. pungens that were exposed to higher temperatures in the short term (i.e. 20–25°C, 20–28°C and 25–28°C) or long term (i.e. 25–25°C and 28–28°C) exhibited lower levels of photoinhibition and faster recovery rates than samples exposed to a lower temperature (i.e. 20–20°C). This indicated that the deleterious effects of UVR can be minimised by both chronic and acute exposure to higher temperatures within the tolerated temperature range for P. pungens. 相似文献
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The assessment of vitellogenin as a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds in two Australian perciformes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vitellogenin (Vtg) is a yolk protein precursor that has been identified as a sensitive biomarker for exposure to estrogenic compounds. We evaluated specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for reactivity with plasma Vtg from two Australian Perciformes, the tropical barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and the temperate black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri). Blood plasma from 17beta-estradiol exposed (E2) male barramundi (20 mg kg(-1)) and male black bream (2.5-5.0 mg kg(-1)) were sent to Biosense Laboratories (Norway) for cross-reactivity testing using their extensive anti-Vtg antibody selection. Indirect ELISA results determined barramundi plasma displayed the highest binding affinities to ND-3G2 (monoclonal-Mab) and PO-1 (polyclonal-Pab). Black bream was most cross-reactive with ND-1C8 (Mab) and PO-2 (Pab). Next, plasma was assessed for Vtg induction in E2-dosed (5 mg kg(-1)), hatchery-reared barramundi and black bream versus a non-injected control group. Vtg production was assessed by Western blot and indirect ELISA using ND-3G2 and ND-1C8 Mabs, respectively. A prominent band was identified in the range of 100-200 kDa for all female black bream and for all E2-treated barramundi and black bream males, which was confirmed as Vtg by Western blot. Indirect ELISA results for barramundi demonstrated highly significant differences in E2-dosed fish as compared to control fish (Student t, P<0.001). E2 male black bream were significantly different than control males (Student t, P<0.001) and control and E2 females displayed highly significant differences (Student t, P<0.001). These results indicate that exposure to 17beta-estradiol induces significant Vtg production in males of the two Australian Perciformes, with potential use as a biomarker for exposure to estrogenic compounds. 相似文献